Compounds > colestipol
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

colestipol

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Description

Colestipol is a non-absorbable bile acid sequestrant used to lower cholesterol levels in patients with high cholesterol. It is a synthetic polymer resin composed of quaternary ammonium groups attached to a polystyrene backbone. Colestipol works by binding to bile acids in the gut, preventing their reabsorption and promoting their excretion in feces. This leads to a reduction in the amount of cholesterol circulating in the blood. It is used to reduce the risk of heart disease and heart attacks in patients with high cholesterol. Colestipol is studied because it is a safe and effective way to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. It is also studied to understand its mechanisms of action and its potential side effects.'

Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID62816
SCHEMBL ID1649962
MeSH IDM0004739

Synonyms (26)

Synonym
egalin
alseroxylon
rau-tab
rautensin
alseroxylon [jan]
rauwiloid
colestipol
C06925
26658-42-4
nsc147003
tetraethylenepentamine,3-epoxypropane
nsc-147003
u 26,597a
colestipolum [inn-latin]
u 26597a
50925-79-6
8001-95-4
SCHEMBL1649962
GMRWGQCZJGVHKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Q3294635
DTXSID00965206
n~1~,n~1'~-[azanediyldi(ethane-2,1-diyl)]di(ethane-1,2-diamine)--2-(chloromethyl)oxirane (1/1)
n1-(2-aminoethyl)-n2-(2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)ethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine compound with 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane (1:1)
n'-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine;2-(chloromethyl)oxirane
AKOS040750357
PD010218

Research Excerpts

Overview

Colestipol is a safe, effective, cholesterol-lowering, bile-acid sequestrant that lowers low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) and total plasma cholesterol levels. It may prove to be very useful in the treatment of children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Colestipol is an anion exchange resin with bile acid sequestering properties resembling those of cholestyramine, another lipid-lowering binding resin. "( Colestipol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Pakes, GE; Speight, TM, 1980)		3.15
"Colestipol is a safe, effective, cholesterol-lowering, bile-acid sequestrant that lowers low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) and total plasma cholesterol levels without consistently affecting high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. "( Colestipol and probucol: treatment of primary and familial hypercholesterolemia and amelioration of atherosclerosis.
Glueck, CJ, 1982)		3.15
"Colestipol is an effective and well-tolerated cholesterol lowering compound which, in conjunction with diet, may prove to be very useful in the treatment of children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia."( Pediatric familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia: therapy with diet and colestipol resin.
Fallat, RW; Glueck, CJ; Mellies, M; Tsang, RC, 1976)		1.21
"Colestipol seems to be an effective and safe drug in the treatment of the famiial type II hyperlipoproteinemia, without escape phenonmenon."( Colestipol in familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia: a three-year trial.
Desager, JP; Harvengt, C, 1976)		2.42
"Colestipol is an effective cholesterol (C)-lowering agent, but it must be taken in large doses and the palatability is poor. "( The effect of encapsulated, low-dose colestipol in patients with hyperlipidemia.
Demke, DM; Grzegorczyk, CR; Linet, OI, 1988)		1.99

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Colestipol tended to increase serum triglyceride concentrations but the changes were not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( Colestipol at varying dosage intervals in the treatment of moderate hypercholesterolaemia.
Fowler, G; Lyons, D; Petrie, JC; Webster, J, 1994)		2.45

Treatment

Colestipol hydrochloride treatment significantly reduced both serum and arterial total cholesterol levels by 50 and 59%, respectively. Treatment produced a disproportionate decrease in LDL cholesterol compared to LDL apoB, resulting in a significant decrease in the LDL cholesterol/apoB ratio.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Colestipol treatment was not associated with any significant change in HDL cholesterol levels and minor increases in triglycerides."( Effect of colestipol and clofibrate on plasma lipid and lipoproteins in type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia.
Crow, LO; Hunninghake, DB; Isaacson, SO; Probstfield, JL, 1981)		1.39
"Colestipol treatment was found to be bioequivalent to the control treatment by Schuirmann's two one-sided t tests, while cholestyramine treatment was found to be bioinequivalent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( The effect of colestipol and cholestyramine on ibuprofen bioavailability in man.
al-Balla, SR; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW, 1994)		1.37
"Colestipol treatment did not change these parameters."( The effect of colestipol and cholestyramine on the systemic clearance of intravenous ibuprofen in rabbits.
al-Angary, AA; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW; Lutfi, KM, 1994)		1.37
"Colestipol hydrochloride treatment significantly reduced both serum and arterial total cholesterol levels by 50 and 59%, respectively."( Anti-atherosclerotic activity of colestipol hydrochloride in SEA quail.
Day, CE, 1990)		1.28
"Colestipol treatment produced a disproportionate decrease in LDL cholesterol compared to LDL apoB, resulting in a significant decrease in the LDL cholesterol/apoB ratio."( Colestipol-induced changes in LDL composition and metabolism. II. Studies in humans.
Carew, TE; Krauss, RW; Lindgren, FT; Witztum, JL; Young, SG, 1989)		2.44
"Treatment with colestipol tablets and colestipol granules resulted in virtually identical, statistically significant (P < or = 0.05) reductions of LDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), TC/HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B (apo B)."( The effects of colestipol tablets compared with colestipol granules on plasma cholesterol and other lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients.
Davidson, MH; Demke, DM; Dujovne, CA; Eckert, SM; Ginsberg, D; Goldberg, AC; Hodis, HN; Hughes, TA; Insull, W; Kane, JP, 1995)		0.98

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, case reports and pharmacokinetic data disclose 3 kinds of adverse effects: (1) the decreased absorption of concomitant medications and sometimes of certain vitamins; (2) the physicochemical alteration of intestinal contents leading to constipation and, very rarely, intestinal obstruction; and (3) modest increases in plasma triglyceride levels due to the alteration of hepatic lipid metabolism."( Safety considerations with gastrointestinally active lipid-lowering drugs.
Armani, A; Guyton, JR; Jacobson, TA; McKenney, JM, 2007)		0.34

Pharmacokinetics

The effect of oral administration of the non-absorbable anion-exchange resins cholestyramine and colestipol on the systemic clearance and other pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen (25 mg kg-1) was studied in rabbits.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" After concomitant single-dose administration, the serum p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid levels, bioavailability parameters, and pharmacokinetic parameters investigated provided no evidence for an interaction and suggested that colestipol and clofibrate can be administered concomitantly or at separated in tervals according to whichever dosage regimen is deemed advisable by the physician."( The effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of clofibrate.
Albert, KS; DeSante, KA; DiSanto, AR; Vecchio, TJ; Weber, DJ; Welch, RD, )		0.68
"The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between two hypolipidemic drugs, colestipol, an ion exchange resin, and fenofibrate, a phenoxyacid derivative, was studied in 6 male volunteers."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction of colestipol and fenofibrate in volunteers.
Desager, JP; Harvengt, C, 1980)		0.76
"The effect of oral administration of the non-absorbable anion-exchange resins cholestyramine and colestipol on the systemic clearance and other pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously administered ibuprofen (25 mg kg-1) was studied in rabbits."( The effect of colestipol and cholestyramine on the systemic clearance of intravenous ibuprofen in rabbits.
al-Angary, AA; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW; Lutfi, KM, 1994)		0.87

Compound-Compound Interactions

The effects of colestipol therapy alone (20 g/d. or combined with simvastatin (20 mg/d) were examined in a group of eight male patients with primary moderate hypercholesterolemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, when colestipol was given with gemfibrozil, there was a decrease in AUC (43."( Apparent reduced absorption of gemfibrozil when given with colestipol.
Cutler, RE; Feng, Y; Forland, SC, 1990)		0.88
"Recent trials have investigated the usefulness of fenofibrate, alone and in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies, in the treatment of hyperlipidemia."( Review of clinical studies of fenofibrate in combination with currently approved lipid-lowering drugs.
Brown, WV, 1989)		0.28
" Fibrates also have the potential to cause rhabdomyolysis, although generally only in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and are subject to binding by concomitantly administered bile acid sequestrants."( Antihyperlipidaemic agents. Drug interactions of clinical significance.
Farmer, JA; Gotto, AM, 1994)		0.29
" Following an 8-week dietary phase, participants were randomized to treatment with 20 mg of lovastatin combined with 5 g or with 10 g of colestipol, or to matching placebo."( Effectiveness of low-dose lovastatin combined with low-dose colestipol in moderate to severe primary hypercholesterolaemia.
de Koning Gans, HJ; Gørbitz, C; Harrison, EM; Ose, L; Tonstad, S, 1993)		0.73

Bioavailability

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a concomitant single oral dose of one of the anion exchange resins colestipol hydrochloride (10 g) or cholestyramine (8 g) administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) would alter the bioavailability of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The data suggest a reduction of gemfibrozil bioavailability when colstipol is administered concomitantly.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" After concomitant single-dose administration, the serum p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid levels, bioavailability parameters, and pharmacokinetic parameters investigated provided no evidence for an interaction and suggested that colestipol and clofibrate can be administered concomitantly or at separated in tervals according to whichever dosage regimen is deemed advisable by the physician."( The effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of clofibrate.
Albert, KS; DeSante, KA; DiSanto, AR; Vecchio, TJ; Weber, DJ; Welch, RD, )		0.68
" Applications are given to a comparative bioavailability trial for attainment of steady state levels and to a clinical trial to compare the effects of two hypolipidemics."( The analysis of the two-period repeated measurements crossover design with application to clinical trials.
Fisher, AC; Wallenstein, S, 1977)		0.26
" The data suggest a reduction of gemfibrozil bioavailability when colestipol is administered concomitantly."( Apparent reduced absorption of gemfibrozil when given with colestipol.
Cutler, RE; Feng, Y; Forland, SC, 1990)		0.76
" The bioavailability was reduced by colestipol 80%, by cholestyramine 95% and by activated charcoal 99."( Effects of resins and activated charcoal on the absorption of digoxin, carbamazepine and frusemide.
Hirvisalo, EL; Kivistö, K; Neuvonen, PJ, 1988)		0.55
" Bile acid sequestrants are the most difficult of these agents to administer concomitantly, because their nonspecific binding results in decreased bioavailability of a number of other drugs, including thiazide diuretics, digitalis preparations, beta-blockers, coumarin anticoagulants, thyroid hormones, fibric acid derivatives and certain oral antihyperglycaemia agents."( Antihyperlipidaemic agents. Drug interactions of clinical significance.
Farmer, JA; Gotto, AM, 1994)		0.29
" The in-vivo data suggest a reduction of diclofenac bioavailability when colestipol or cholestyramine is administered concomitantly."( The effects of cholestyramine and colestipol on the absorption of diclofenac in man.
al-Balla, SR; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW, 1994)		0.8
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether a concomitant single oral dose of one of the anion exchange resins colestipol hydrochloride (10 g) or cholestyramine (8 g) administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) would alter the bioavailability of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent."( The effect of colestipol and cholestyramine on ibuprofen bioavailability in man.
al-Balla, SR; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW, 1994)		0.86
" An illustration of the application of the program is presented to compare the bioavailability of ibuprofen when administered alone or followed by colestipol hydrochloride or by cholestyramine."( Design of crossover microcomputer program and application on drug bioequivalence data.
Abdullah, ME; El-Sayed, YM, 1995)		0.49

Dosage Studied

A dose-response study was performed with three doses of colestipol to assess bile acid sequestering activity in 40 volunteers. The effect was most prominent in the high dosage (75 mg per kg per day) candicidin group. Although it did not completely eliminate teriflunomide with the same effectiveness as cholestyramine, it may offer an alternative method for accelerated elimination of terifnomide.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The effect was most prominent in the high dosage (75 mg per kg per day) candicidin group and moderate in the high dosage (400 mg per kg per day) colestipol group."( Effect of candicidin and colestipol on the testes and prostate glands of BIO 87.20 hamsters.
Schaffner, CP; Wang, GM, 1976)		0.76
" After concomitant single-dose administration, the serum p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid levels, bioavailability parameters, and pharmacokinetic parameters investigated provided no evidence for an interaction and suggested that colestipol and clofibrate can be administered concomitantly or at separated in tervals according to whichever dosage regimen is deemed advisable by the physician."( The effect of colestipol hydrochloride on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of clofibrate.
Albert, KS; DeSante, KA; DiSanto, AR; Vecchio, TJ; Weber, DJ; Welch, RD, )		0.68
"Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either colestipol placebo or colestipol 5 g or 10 g each morning in fixed dosage for 18 weeks."( Successful management of primary hypercholesterolaemia with simvastatin and low-dose colestipol.
Parfitt, A; Simons, J; Simons, LA, 1992)		0.76
" Such combination therapy offers the possibility of improved cholesterol lowering without the need for full dosage of either drug."( Successful management of primary hypercholesterolaemia with simvastatin and low-dose colestipol.
Parfitt, A; Simons, J; Simons, LA, 1992)		0.51
" This retrospective data analysis suggests that the combination of gemfibrozil and lovastatin may be safe in patients with normal renal function when the dosage of lovastatin is limited and when CK and ALT levels are monitored carefully."( A retrospective review of the use of lipid-lowering agents in combination, specifically, gemfibrozil and lovastatin.
McIntyre, TH; Shapiro, ML; Whitney, EJ; Wirebaugh, SR, 1992)		0.28
" This original design allowed to define the most appropriate individual cholesterol-lowering drug dosage in FH patients."( Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in familial hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin and simvastatin plus low-dose colestipol.
Desager, JP; Harvengt, C; Horsmans, Y, 1991)		0.48
"A dose-response study was performed with three doses of colestipol, using postprandial serum bile acid levels to assess bile acid sequestering activity in 40 volunteers with asymptomatic hyperlipidaemia."( The effect of colestipol dose on postprandial serum bile acid concentration: assessment by an enzymic bioluminescence procedure.
Angellotti, MA; Daei, F; Fleishaker, JC; Hofmann, AF; Rossi, SS; Smith, RB; Welshman, IR, 1990)		0.89
" In particular, modest lowering of dosage may preserve considerable LDL cholesterol lowering and virtually eliminate side effects."( Review of clinical studies of bile acid sequestrants for lowering plasma lipid levels.
LaRosa, J, 1989)		0.28
"5% in the diet in combination with feed restriction was not consistently effective in removing body burdens of PBB from chickens previously fed 1 or 10 ppm PBBs, indicating a dose-response effect."( Procedures to enhance withdrawal of xenobiotics from chickens.
Bursian, S; Leavitt, R; Lehning, E; Polin, D; Pullen, D, 1985)		0.27
" Each patient usually received more than one of the four dosage intervals."( The effect of encapsulated, low-dose colestipol in patients with hyperlipidemia.
Demke, DM; Grzegorczyk, CR; Linet, OI, 1988)		0.55
" As with cholestyramine, colestipol may bind with other concomitantly administered drugs reducing their absorption or enterohepatic recirculation; dosage intervals of other concurrent medications should be adjusted to minimise the potential for such an interaction."( Colestipol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Pakes, GE; Speight, TM, 1980)		2.01
" We have investigated a low dosage regimen with varying dosage intervals in order to assess efficacy and tolerability."( Colestipol at varying dosage intervals in the treatment of moderate hypercholesterolaemia.
Fowler, G; Lyons, D; Petrie, JC; Webster, J, 1994)		1.73
" As adjunctive COL treatment in hyperthyroidism allows reducing MMI dosage it may decrease the rate of dose dependent MMI side effects."( Role of colestipol in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Hagag, P; Nissenbaum, H; Weiss, M, 1998)		0.73
" In contrast, Carbosorb AC did not affect the AUC,yet increased Tmax In another study, mortality was assessed 96 h after rats were orally dosed with 5 mg FA/kg followed by gavage with 2 g/kg Carbosorb AC, colestipol or water immediatey or 30 min after dosing."( Sorption of fluoroacetate (compound 1080) by Colestipol, activated charcoal and anion-exchange in resins in vitro and gastrointestinal decontamination in rats.
Ataria, J; Eason, CT; Norris, WR; Temple, WA; Wickstrom, ML; Wright, GR, 2000)		0.75
"The pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, drug interactions, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of colesevelam hydrochloride are reviewed."( Colesevelam hydrochloride.
Steinmetz, KL, 2002)		0.31
" Results from these two studies show that colestipol can cause a significant decrease in diltiazem absorption from both IR and SR dosage forms."( Effect of concomitant colestipol hydrochloride administration on the bioavailability of diltiazem from immediate- and sustained-release formulations.
Jungbluth, GL; Knuth, DW; Turner, SW, 2002)		0.89
" Currently, AEPs with oral cholestyramine or activated charcoal are available but are restricted by adverse effects, limited administration routes, and dosing frequencies."( Tolerability and efficacy of colestipol hydrochloride for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide.
Aungst, A; Casady, L; Dixon, C; Maldonado, J; McCoy, B; Moreo, N; Robertson, D, 2017)		0.75
" Although colestipol HCl did not completely eliminate teriflunomide with the same effectiveness as cholestyramine, it may offer an alternative method for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide with potentially improved tolerability and more favorable dosing and administration options."( Tolerability and efficacy of colestipol hydrochloride for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide.
Aungst, A; Casady, L; Dixon, C; Maldonado, J; McCoy, B; Moreo, N; Robertson, D, 2017)		1.15
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (373)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990214 (57.37)18.7374
1990's113 (30.29)18.2507
2000's30 (8.04)29.6817
2010's13 (3.49)24.3611
2020's3 (0.80)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 92.06

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index92.06 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.23 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.20 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index166.95 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (92.06)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials110 (27.57%)5.53%
Reviews52 (13.03%)6.00%
Case Studies15 (3.76%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.50%)0.25%
Other220 (55.14%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Prospective, Open Label Comparison of Ezetimibe, Niacin, and Colestipol as Adjunct Therapy in Lipid Reduction [NCT00203476]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study [NCT00000512]Phase 3146 participants (Actual)Interventional1984-01-31Completed
[NCT00000599]Phase 30 participants Interventional1980-06-30Completed
An Open-Label Study to Characterize the Incidence and Severity of Diarrhea in Patients With Early-Stage HER2+ Breast Cancer Treated With Neratinib and Loperamide [NCT02400476]Phase 2563 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Sorbent Therapy of the Cutaneous Porphyrias [NCT01422915]Phase 2/Phase 34 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Rapid Elimination Procedure of Teriflunomide With Colestipol Hydrochloride [NCT02263547]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Terminated(stopped due to PK time points were not being met as expected. Determination that risks outweighed benefit.)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00203476 (4) [back to overview]Incidents of Rhabdomyolysis
NCT00203476 (4) [back to overview]LDL Goal Attainment
NCT00203476 (4) [back to overview]LFT Elevation
NCT00203476 (4) [back to overview]Change in HDL From Baseline to 12 Weeks.
NCT01422915 (2) [back to overview]Photosensitivity, Assessed by Measuring the Number of Minutes of Sun Tolerance
NCT01422915 (2) [back to overview]Protoporphyrin Concentration in Blood
NCT02263547 (2) [back to overview]Primary Outcome Measures: Teriflunomide Concentrations at Day 28
NCT02263547 (2) [back to overview]Secondary Outcome Measure: Mean Percentage Change of Serum Teriflunomide Levels Percentage Change of Teriflunomide Concentrations at Day 8, Day 14, Day 26 ad Day 36 Following Administration of Colestipol Hydrochloride Tablets.
NCT02400476 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Grade 3 or Higher Diarrhea, According to NCI CTCAE v4.0.
NCT02400476 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Diarrhea by Grade, According to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria (NCI CTCAE), Version 4.0.
NCT02400476 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Serious Adverse Events and Other Adverse Events of Special Interest

Incidents of Rhabdomyolysis

(NCT00203476)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Niacin0
Colestipol0
Ezetimibe0

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LDL Goal Attainment

Each participant had his LDL goal calculated based on the NCEP ATPIII guidelines. (NCT00203476)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Niacin6
Colestipol6
Ezetimibe9

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LFT Elevation

(NCT00203476)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Niacin1
Colestipol1
Ezetimibe2

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Change in HDL From Baseline to 12 Weeks.

(NCT00203476)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,,
Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
baseline12 weeks
Colestipol39.2237.56
Ezetimibe32.9034.70
Niacin42.3343.00

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Photosensitivity, Assessed by Measuring the Number of Minutes of Sun Tolerance

Minutes of sun tolerance (NCT01422915)
Timeframe: At 60 days of treatment

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Colestipol Treatment65.8

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Protoporphyrin Concentration in Blood

"erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration, ug/dl~plasma protoporphyrin concentration, ug/dl" (NCT01422915)
Timeframe: Samples collected while on treatment (range 93-208 treatment days)

Interventionug/dl (Mean)
Erythrocyte ProtoporphyrinPlasma Protoporphyrin
Colestipol Treatment17125.8

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Primary Outcome Measures: Teriflunomide Concentrations at Day 28

After receiving 14 days of teriflunomide, participants will take 11 days of colestipol to wash out the teriflunomide (measuring the levels of teriflunomide in the blood at each visit) (NCT02263547)
Timeframe: 28 days after the start in the study

Interventionteriflunomide level (mcg/ml) (Mean)
Teriflunomide Elimination With Colestipol9.36

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Secondary Outcome Measure: Mean Percentage Change of Serum Teriflunomide Levels Percentage Change of Teriflunomide Concentrations at Day 8, Day 14, Day 26 ad Day 36 Following Administration of Colestipol Hydrochloride Tablets.

The last blood draw will be about 50 days from the start of the study (NCT02263547)
Timeframe: duration of study about 50 days

Interventionpercentage change in teriflunomide level (Mean)
8 days after colestipol hcl administered14 days after colestipol hcl administered26 days after colestipol hcl administered36 days after colestipol hcl administered
Teriflunomide Elimination With Colestipol-56.4-74.9-94.9-96.9

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Percentage of Patients With Grade 3 or Higher Diarrhea, According to NCI CTCAE v4.0.

The primary objective of this study is to characterize the percentage of patients with Grade 3 or higher diarrhea in patients with early-stage HER2 overexpressed/amplified (HER2+) breast cancer treated with neratinib when administered with intensive loperamide prophylaxis, after prior treatment with trastuzumab. Grade 3: Increase of >=7 stools per day over baseline; incontinence; hospitalization indicated; severe increase in ostomy output compared to baseline; limiting self care ADL. Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated. Grade 5: Death. (NCT02400476)
Timeframe: From first dose of investigational product through 28 days after last dose, up to 15.5 months.

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Loperamide30.7
Budesonide and Loperamide28.1
Colestipol and Loperamide20.6
Colestipol With Loperamide as Needed32.7
Neratinib Dose Escalation 113.3
Neratinib Dose Escalation 227.4

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Percentage of Patients With Diarrhea by Grade, According to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria (NCI CTCAE), Version 4.0.

Assess the percentage of patients with diarrhea after the administration of an anti-inflammatory agent, a bile acid sequestrant, or following two different dose-escalation regimens of neratinib, by maximum CTC grade. Grade 1: an increase of <4 stools per day over baseline; mild increase in ostomy output compared to baseline. Grade 2: Increase of 4 - 6 stools per day over baseline; moderate increase in ostomy output compared to baseline. Grade 3: Increase of >=7 stools per day over baseline; incontinence; hospitalization indicated; severe increase in ostomy output compared to baseline; limiting self care ADL. Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated. Grade 5: Death. (NCT02400476)
Timeframe: From first dose of investigational product through 28 days after last dose, up to 15.5 months.

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Percentage of Patients w Grade 1 DiarrheaPercentage of Patients w Grade 2 DiarrheaPercentage of Patients w Grade 3 Diarrhea
Budesonide and Loperamide23.434.428.1
Colestipol and Loperamide27.934.620.6
Colestipol With Loperamide as Needed32.729.832.7
Loperamide24.124.830.7
Neratinib Dose Escalation 140.045.013.3
Neratinib Dose Escalation 237.133.927.4

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Percentage of Patients With Serious Adverse Events and Other Adverse Events of Special Interest

Assess the percentage of patients with serious adverse events (SAEs) and other adverse events of special interest (AESI). AESIs were selected based on the known safety profile of neratinib as well as typical key body system toxicity concerns generally reviewed for any new drug. These AESIs were grouped into the following categories: gastrointestinal toxicity (diarrhea and stomatitis), hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity (interstitial lung disease), cardiac toxicity (LVEF decreased), and dermatologic toxicity (rash and nail disorders). The AESIs were analyzed by searching the clinical database for all TEAEs and SAEs using either Standardized MedDRA Queries (SMQs) or, if an applicable SMQ did not exist, a Sponsor-defined list of MedDRA preferred terms. (NCT02400476)
Timeframe: From first dose of investigational product through 28 days after last dose, up to 15.5 months.

,,,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Percentage of Patients with SAEsPercentage of Patients with AESI-Gastrointestinal Toxicities (Diarrhoea and Stomatitis Broad Search)Percentage of Patients with-Hepatotoxicities SMQ (Broad Search)Percentage of Patients with AESI- Interstitial Lung Disease SMQ (Broad Search)Percentage of Patients with AESI-Cardiac Toxicities SMQ (Broad Search)Percentage of Patients with AESI - Dermatologic Toxicities (Rash and Nail Disorders)Percentage of Patients with AESI-Gastrointestinal Toxicities (Narrow Search)Percentage of Patients with AESI-Hepatotoxicities SMQ (Narrow Search)Percentage of Patients with AESI- Interstitial Lung Disease SMQ (Narrow Search)Percentage of Patients with AESI-Cardiac Toxicities SMQ (Narrow Search)
Budesonide and Loperamide6.2587.57.8106.2537.5085.947.8100
Colestipol and Loperamide6.6283.824.41010.2923.5383.093.6801.47
Colestipol With Loperamide as Needed2.8896.154.8107.6918.2795.193.8500.96
Loperamide6.5781.7512.4105.8412.4180.2910.9502.92
Neratinib Dose Escalation 18.3398.338.33010.0011.6798.338.3301.67
Neratinib Dose Escalation 28.0698.394.8404.8430.6598.394.8400

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chlordecone
[no description available]		1.9510cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		1.9710tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.420halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		17.738136pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		6.9610aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		6.9710glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0210propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		3.7521uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		6.733aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
phenytoin
[no description available]		6.9610imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		3.0510indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		2.1310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
theophylline
[no description available]		1.9710dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.3511benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		1.9610carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		1.9610aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		1.9810benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.3511dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		1.9510organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9510aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		3.0810cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		13.235713aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		5.5551aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		8.3711amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		1.9510ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.3511piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		8.09123aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.7521chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		1.9810benzoate ester
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		10.96284aromatic etherantilipemic drug
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		7.3620benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		4.6232monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.6320monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		6.9710benzodiazepine
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		5.1431C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		6.4342aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.36202,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		12.253510dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.9610naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		210haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.3511pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		1.9710glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		5.37412-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.752117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.38112-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		1.9510guanidines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.3511adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		1.9610tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9710antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9610beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.0510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.6820amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.95106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		3.1610epoxide;
organochlorine compound
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		5.8270alkylamine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		6.8162pyrrole;
secondary amine
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		3.3311biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		6.9610aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		8.11171aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.		7.3141D-tyrosine derivative;
thyroxine
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		1.9510hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.3510isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		1.9810diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		1.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		1.9610calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.3510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		1.9510organic molecular entity
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.0610ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9710alkali metal hydroxide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		7.1292glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		632alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		1.9510aliphatic nitrile
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		1.9710thujeneplant metabolite
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.0810aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		1.9510epoxide
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		1.9610
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5320bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		1.9610organic calcium salt
halofenate
Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.		1.9510
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		1.9610penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
bezafibrate
[no description available]		10.6673aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		8.39115-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
etofylline clofibrate
etofylline clofibrate: whole issue; structure given in first source		1.9710oxopurine
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		15.967432delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		10.48199delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		5.96423-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		6.8162aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		1.9610
lorazepam glucuronide
[no description available]		6.9710glucosiduronic acid
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination: contains diphenoxylate & atropine sulfate; see also record for Lyspafen whcih contains difenoxine & atropine sulfate		3.0610
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		2.3720aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		1.9610cephalosporinfungal metabolite
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710monocarboxylic acid
mci-196
colestimide: a 2-methylimidazole-epichlorohydrin polymer; bile acid and methotrexate anion-exchange resin		3.1610
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		3.3711iditolfungal metabolite
cholesterylamine
cholesterylamine: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92		3.1310
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		210amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxypropranolol
4-hydroxypropranolol: metabolite of propanolol; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610naphthols
diosgenin
[no description available]		1.97103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
ramosetron
[no description available]		2.1310indoles
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		4.0431short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one: structure. 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position.		4.95213-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid
[no description available]		3.6820corticosteroid hormone
cholesteryl iopanoate
cholesteryl iopanoate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9710
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.7430azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
lubiprostone
[no description available]		2.1310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.4620
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		8.7921very long-chain fatty acid
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		1.981012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.1310
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		3.77213,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.0510cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		1.95101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		7.8840cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0810cyclodextrin
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.6530retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.6530
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		3.35103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		4.85213beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		1.9510triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		1.9510epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.38111,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		1.9710cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.7371cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
nadp
[no description available]		1.9610
prucalopride
prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound		2.1310benzamides
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		8.17122
bilirubin
[no description available]		1.9810biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.61011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		1.9510organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		1.9810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.4420boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		1.9610
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		3.3811(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
mevalonolactone
mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.		1.95104-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-onefungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
dihydroergotoxine
Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.		1.9510
bms201038
BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.		2.1710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
fluorenes;
piperidines		anticholesteremic drug;
MTP inhibitor
hki 272
[no description available]		2.610nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
candicidin
Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.		6.9510macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
eluxadoline
[no description available]		2.1310amino acid amide;
benzamides;
imidazoles;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
methoxybenzoic acid		delta-opioid receptor antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		6.9510
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.1310
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		1.9810
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		1.9810
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.4720
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.3620glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.96101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
19-iodocholesterol
19-Iodocholesterol: 19-Iodocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol. A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex scanning agent used in the assessment of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and adrenal remnants following total adrenalectomy.		1.9610
6-iodomethylcholesterol
6-iodomethylcholesterol: RN given refers to (123)I-labeled cpd (3 beta,6 beta)-isomer		1.9610
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		3.0810organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.3911
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		632ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		7.6530
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		1.9510monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		1.9510benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
teriflunomide
[no description available]		8.5311(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
plecanatide
plecanatide: A uroguanylin analog and guanylate cyclase (GC-C receptor) agonist that activates receptors on gut epithelial cells to maintain barrier function, mucus production, and suppress inflammation. It is used in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.		2.1310
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		1.9510
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.6530folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		2.1310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		16.2713321
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.610
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		013.01104
Microscopic Colitis
[description not available]		02.610
Colitis, Microscopic
A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.		02.610
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.5331
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		03.520
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		04.530
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.5331
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		03.520
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.1510
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		015.979431
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.1510
Xanthoma
[description not available]		010.7783
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.1510
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.1510
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		015.979431
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.1510
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.1510
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		02.1710
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.1710
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.1710
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria
[description not available]		03.4811
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.		03.4811
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.1110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.511
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.511
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		02.1310
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.2260
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.4130
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.4130
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		013.847619
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		018.847619
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		016.26030
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		016.26030
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.9310
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		0762
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		0762
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.9310
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		02.0210
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		02.0210
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		04.7421
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		04.7421
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.4111
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		03.4111
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		03.4111
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.49161
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		013.876017
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		013.413113
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		013.876017
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.7521
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.7521
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9610
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.0331
Cramp
[description not available]		03.3511
Emesis
[description not available]		03.3511
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		03.3511
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		03.3511
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.3511
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9610
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		01.9610
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.9610
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		01.9610
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		09.09114
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		03.3511
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		09.09114
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		03.3511
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		01.9610
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		01.9610
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		01.9610
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		01.9610
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9610
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		01.9610
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		05.5132
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		06.992
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		05.5132
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		06.992
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.3411
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		09.632
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.3411
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		07.0751
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV
A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.		07.0751
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.0331
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		01.9610
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9610
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		01.9610
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.3620
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.3620
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		01.9810
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		014.253633
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		014.253633
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9810
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9810
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.910
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.3120
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.7940
Itching
[description not available]		02.910
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.7940
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.910
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		04.2811
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		04.2811
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
[description not available]		06.941
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.		06.941
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		01.9910
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.2911
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		01.9810
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		01.9810
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		03.3811
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		08.3811
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		03.3811
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		03.3811
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		03.3811
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		08.3811
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		03.3811
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		0210
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.7422
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		04.311
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		04.311
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		04.311
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		04.311
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.6921
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		0210
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		0210
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		03.3911
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.3911
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.3911
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.3911
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		01.9510
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		03.3411
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.7421
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.7421
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		04.9531
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		04.9531
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9510
Impotence
[description not available]		01.9510
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		01.9510
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9510
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		01.9510
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		04.3222
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9710
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3611
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		03.3611
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.7621
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		01.9710
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		01.9710
Diathesis
[description not available]		01.9710
Acid Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolase Deficiency, Wolman Type
[description not available]		01.9710
Wolman Disease
The severe infantile form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage diseases due to deficiency of acid lipase (STEROL ESTERASE). It is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly CHOLESTEROL ESTERS in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. It is also known as Wolman's xanthomatosis and is an allelic variant of CHOLESTEROL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE.		01.9710
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.2711
Broad Beta Disease
[description not available]		05.5260
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.		05.5260
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		07.3944
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.8810
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset
[description not available]		04.6720
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency
[description not available]		04.6720
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I
An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.		04.6720
Abetalipoproteinemia
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.		03.810
Hypolipoproteinemia
[description not available]		03.810
Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia
[description not available]		03.810
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.810
Hypobetalipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.		03.810
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		01.9610
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		01.9610
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		01.9610
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		01.9610