Compounds > apramycin
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

apramycin

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Description

apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3081545
CHEMBL ID1230961
CHEBI ID2790
SCHEMBL ID18388
MeSH IDM0058148

Synonyms (61)

Synonym
AB01275497-01
CHEMBL1230961
chebi:2790 ,
d-streptamine, o-4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-8)-o-(8r)-2-amino-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-d-glycero-alpha-d-allo-octadialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranosyl-(1-4)-2-deoxy-
cas-37321-09-8
NCGC00016836-01
apramycin
37321-09-8
C01555
nebramycin ii
DB04626
4-o-(3alpha-amino-6alpha-((4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2,3,4,5abeta,6,7,8,8aalpha-octahydro-8beta-hydroxy-7beta-(methylamino)pyrano(3,2-b)pyran-2alpha-yl)-2-deoxy-d-streptamine
4-o-((8r)-2-amino-8-o-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-d-glycero-alpha-d-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl)-2-deoxy-d-streptamine
D02322
apramycin (usan/inn)
AM2 ,
einecs 253-460-1
apramycinum [inn-latin]
nebramycin factor 2
d-streptamine, 4-o-((8r)-2-amino-8-o-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-d-glycero-alpha-d-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl)-2-deoxy-
apramicina [inn-spanish]
apralan
apramycine [inn-french]
ambylan
el-857/820
el 857
HMS2090I15
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6s)-2-[[(2r,3s,4r,4ar,6s,7r,8as)-7-amino-6-[(1r,2r,3s,4r,6s)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)-2,3,4,4a,6,7,8,8a-octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl]oxy]-5-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
apramycinum
(2r,3s,4r,4ar,6s,7r,8as)-7-amino-6-{[(1r,2r,3s,4r,6s)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl 4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranoside
apramycine
apramicina
tox21_110639
dtxcid3025465
dtxsid5045465 ,
d-streptamine, o-4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.8)-o-(8r)-2-amino-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-d-glycero-alpha-d-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.4)-2-deoxy-
apramycin [usan:inn:ban]
388k3tr36z ,
unii-388k3tr36z
el-857
nsc 758938
ebl-1003
apramycin [usan]
apramycin [mart.]
apramycin [mi]
4-o-((8r)-2-amino-8-o-(4-amino-4-deoxy-.alpha.-d-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-d-glycero-.alpha.-d-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl)-2-deoxy-d-streptamine
apramycin [inn]
d-streptamine, 4-o-((8r)-2-amino-8-o-(4-amino-4-deoxy-.alpha.-d-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-d-glycero-.alpha.-d-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl)-2-deoxy-
HY-17558
SCHEMBL18388
apramycin, antibiotic for culture media use only
W-106548
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6s)-5-amino-2-(((2r,3s,4r,4ar,6s,7r,8as)-7-amino-6-(((1r,2r,3s,4r,6s)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl)oxy)-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4-diol
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6s)-5-amino-2-((2r,3s,4r,4ar,6s,7r)-7-amino-6-((1r,2r,3s,4r,6s)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyloxy)-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4-diol
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6s)-5-amino-2-{[(2r,3s,4r,4ar,6s,7r,8as)-7-amino-6-{[(1r,2r,3s,4r,6s)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4-diol (non-preferred name)
apramycin (nebramycin ii)
AKOS032944905
Q418940
gtpl10760
el857
A936645

Research Excerpts

Overview

Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with broad-spectrum in vitro activity against MDR Gram-negative pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus. It is a structurally unique member of the 2-deoxystreptamine class.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from "( Biosynthetic Origin of the Octose Core and Its Mechanism of Assembly during Apramycin Biosynthesis.
Fan, PH; Liu, HW; Sato, S; Yeh, YC, 2023)		2.58
"Apramycin is a key aminoglycoside antibiotic used by veterinarians against E."( Tentative epidemiologic cut-off value and resistant characteristic detection of apramycin against Escherichia coli from chickens.
Chen, C; Hu, W; Li, J; Li, R; Lu, X; Muhammad, I; Tian, E; Wu, Z, 2019)		1.46
"Apramycin is a structurally unique member of the 2-deoxystreptamine class of aminoglycoside antibiotics characterized by a monosubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine ring that carries an unusual bicyclic eight-carbon dialdose moiety. "( Apralogs: Apramycin 5-
Böttger, EC; Crich, D; Fang, QJ; Gysin, M; Haldimann, K; Hobbie, SN; Osinnii, I; Quirke, JCK; Rajasekaran, P; Sarpe, VA; Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Shcherbakov, D; Sonousi, A; Vasella, A, 2020)		2.4
"Apramycin is a clinically promising aminoglycoside antibiotic (AGA). "( Two Cryptic Self-Resistance Mechanisms in Streptomyces tenebrarius Reveal Insights into the Biosynthesis of Apramycin.
Chi, HT; Deng, Z; Wu, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, Q, 2021)		2.28
"Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with the potential to be developed to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. "( ApmA Is a Unique Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Acetyltransferase That Inactivates Apramycin.
Bordeleau, E; Evdokimova, E; Koteva, K; Savchenko, A; Stogios, PJ; Wright, GD, 2021)		2.29
"Apramycin is an aminocyclitol aminoglycoside with broad-spectrum in vitro activity against MDR Gram-negative pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus."( Evaluation of apramycin against spectinomycin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Berg, G; Kang, AD; Kirby, JE; Riedel, S; Smith, KP; Vijayakumar, D, 2019)		1.6
"Apramycin is a unique aminoglycoside with a dissociation of antibacterial activity and ototoxicity. "( In vivo efficacy of apramycin in murine infection models.
Böttger, EC; Freihofer, P; Lenaerts, A; Meyer, M; Scherman, M; Teague, J, 2014)		2.17
"Apramycin is a clinically interesting aminoglycoside antibiotic (AGA) containing a highly unique bicyclic octose moiety, and this octose is deoxygenated at the C3 position. "( Characterization of a C3 Deoxygenation Pathway Reveals a Key Branch Point in Aminoglycoside Biosynthesis.
Deng, Z; Ding, W; Ji, X; Li, Y; Lv, M; Su, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, Q; Zhao, J, 2016)		1.88
"Apramycin is a recently developed aminoglycoside restricted to veterinary therapy. "( Detection of apramycin resistant Enterobacteriaceae in hospital isolates.
Chaslus-Dancla, E; Courvalin, P; Gerbaud, G; Glupcznski, Y; Lafont, JP; Lagorce, M, 1989)		2.09

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Apramycin has broad-spectrum, rapidly bactericidal activity against N. "( Evaluation of apramycin against spectinomycin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Berg, G; Kang, AD; Kirby, JE; Riedel, S; Smith, KP; Vijayakumar, D, 2019)		2.32

Treatment

Apramycin treatment (0.5g/l in the drinking water) of 3-to 5-week-old Leghorn chicks for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a reduction, to an undetectable level, in the number of coliforms in the digestive tract for at least the first 24 h.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Apramycin treatment in pen 2 was initiated immediately after inoculation."( Apramycin treatment affects selection and spread of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain able to colonize the human gut in the intestinal microbiota of pigs.
Hansen, MH; Hendriksen, RS; Herrero-Fresno, A; Nielsen, A; Nielsen, SS; Olsen, JE; Zachariasen, C, 2016)		2.6
"Apramycin treatment (0.5g/l in the drinking water) of 3-to 5-week-old Leghorn chicks for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a reduction, to an undetectable level, in the number of coliforms in the digestive tract for at least the first 24 h."( The effect of apramycin on colonization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of chicks.
Heller, ED; Leitner, G; Waiman, R, 2001)		1.39
"Apramycin treatment appeared to have little effect on apramycin- (12.5 versus 20.9%) or streptomycin- (76.4 versus 73.5%) resistant Salmonella isolates when averaged across farms and compared to control animals."( Evaluation of subtherapeutic use of the antibiotics apramycin and carbadox on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection in swine.
Edrington, TS; Farrington, LA; Harvey, RB; Nisbet, DJ, 2001)		1.28

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In concentrations of up to 300 mg/l the preparation did not produce an essential effect on the clinico-laboratory indices, and did not lead to toxic alterations of the viscera."( [Subchronic toxicity of apramycin in pigs].
Diakov, L; Lashev, L; Pashov, D, 1987)		0.58
"5-Å resolution, our results provide a conceptual framework for further development of less toxic aminoglycosides by hypothesis-driven chemical synthesis."( Dissociation of antibacterial activity and aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the 4-monosubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine apramycin.
Akbergenov, R; Böttger, EC; Dubbaka, SR; Duscha, S; Lang, K; Matt, T; Meyer, M; Ng, CL; Perez-Fernandez, D; Ramakrishnan, V; Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Shcherbakov, D; Vasella, A; Xie, J, 2012)		0.59

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Comparative studies on some selected pharmacokinetic parameters for kanamycin in sheep, goats, rabbits, chickens and pigeons, and for apramycin in sheep, rabbits, chickens and pigeons were carried out after intravenous administration of the two drugs at a dose of 10 mg/kg."( Interspecies differences in the pharmacokinetics of kanamycin and apramycin.
Lashev, LD; Marinkov, TN; Pashov, DA, 1992)		0.72
"To perform a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis and predict an efficacious dose based on data from a first-in-human Phase I trial."( Population pharmacokinetics of apramycin from first-in-human plasma and urine data to support prediction of efficacious dose.
Chirkova, A; Friberg, LE; Hobbie, SN; Lindberg, J; Palma Villar, R; Rosenborg, S; Zhao, C, 2022)		1.01

Bioavailability

A new compound granular premix of amoxicillin (20% w/w dry mass) andapramycin was developed. Its pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability were determined in pigs following oral administration following a cross-over study design.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Apramycin was administered to chickens orally, intramuscularly and intravenously to determine blood concentration, kinetic behaviour, bioavailability and tissue residues."( Kinetic disposition, systemic bioavailability and tissue distribution of apramycin in broiler chickens.
Afifi, NA; Ramadan, A, )		1.81
"A new compound granular premix of amoxicillin (20% w/w dry mass)/apramycin (5% w/w dry mass) was developed, and its pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability were determined in pigs following oral administration following a cross-over study design."( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of an oral amoxicillin-apramycin combination in pigs.
Dai, C; Tang, S; Velkov, T; Xiao, X; Yang, X; Zhao, T, 2017)		0.93
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

apramycin influence on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of intestinal Escherichia coli in young broiler chickens. oral administration of the antibiotic at a dosage equivalent to a prophylactic course of treatment for 10 d.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" This investigation was carried out in terms of a dose-response study."( Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens.
Guo, FC; Kwakkel, RP; Li, HS; Li, WK; Li, XP; Luo, JY; Verstegen, MW; Williams, BA, 2004)		0.32
" For bacterial infections, the choice of dosing regimen is typically relying on preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data, because the bacterial load and disease severity, and consequently the PK/PD relationship, cannot be quantified well on clinical data, given the low-information end points used."( Pivotal Role of Translation in Anti-Infective Development.
Friberg, LE, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
antimicrobial agentA substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
antibacterial drugA drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
2-deoxystreptamine derivativeAny derivative of 2-deoxystreptamine.
organic heterobicyclic compound
aminoglycoside
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (30)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1328385Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hrs by MTT based microdilution assay2016Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9
Total Synthesis of (±)-Isoperbergins and Correction of the Chemical Structure of Perbergin.
AID1264892Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 for 17 to 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Journal of natural products, Nov-25, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Identification of Elaiophylin Skeletal Variants from the Indonesian Streptomyces sp. ICBB 9297.
AID1882862Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12 expressing modified luxABCDE genes assessed as reduction in bacterial growth by measuring reduction in bioluminescence at 40 uM incubated for 16 hrs by microplate reader analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237The role of the maleimide ring system on the structure-activity relationship of showdomycin.
AID1882861Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12 expressing modified luxABCDE genes assessed as reduction in bacterial growth by measuring reduction in optical density at 40 uM incubated for 16 hrs by microplate reader analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237The role of the maleimide ring system on the structure-activity relationship of showdomycin.
AID1328387Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli after 24 hrs by MTT based microdilution assay2016Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9
Total Synthesis of (±)-Isoperbergins and Correction of the Chemical Structure of Perbergin.
AID1264895Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 11775 for 17 to 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Journal of natural products, Nov-25, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Identification of Elaiophylin Skeletal Variants from the Indonesian Streptomyces sp. ICBB 9297.
AID1638003Antiribosomal activity against humanized bacterial ribosome incorporating human cytoplasmic ribosome Cyt14 assessed as inhibition of luciferase production by cell-free translation assay2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638006Selectivity ratio of IC50 for antiribosomal activity against humanized bacterial ribosome incorporating human cytoplasmic ribosome Cyt14 to IC50 for antiribosomal activity against wild type bacterial ribosomes2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638011Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa AG2202019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1264891Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 for 17 to 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Journal of natural products, Nov-25, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Identification of Elaiophylin Skeletal Variants from the Indonesian Streptomyces sp. ICBB 9297.
AID1638007Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli AG0012019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638002Antiribosomal activity against humanized bacterial ribosome incorporating A1555G mutant of human mitochondrial ribosome assessed as inhibition of luciferase production by cell-free translation assay2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1264894Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9721 for 17 to 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Journal of natural products, Nov-25, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Identification of Elaiophylin Skeletal Variants from the Indonesian Streptomyces sp. ICBB 9297.
AID1328383Antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus fascians after 24 hrs by MTT based microdilution assay2016Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9
Total Synthesis of (±)-Isoperbergins and Correction of the Chemical Structure of Perbergin.
AID1328384Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis after 48 hrs by MTT based microdilution assay2016Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9
Total Synthesis of (±)-Isoperbergins and Correction of the Chemical Structure of Perbergin.
AID1638001Antiribosomal activity against humanized bacterial ribosome incorporating complete decoding A site from human mitochondrial ribosome Mit13 assessed as inhibition of luciferase production by cell-free translation assay2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638000Antiribosomal activity against wild type bacterial ribosomes assessed as inhibition of luciferase production by cell-free translation assay2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638012Antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus AG0382019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638005Selectivity ratio of IC50 for antiribosomal activity against humanized bacterial ribosome incorporating A1555G mutant of human mitochondrial ribosome to IC50 for antiribosomal activity against wild type bacterial ribosomes2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1264893Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 for 17 to 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Journal of natural products, Nov-25, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Identification of Elaiophylin Skeletal Variants from the Indonesian Streptomyces sp. ICBB 9297.
AID1638009Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae AG2902019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638010Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii AG3092019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638008Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae AG2152019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1638004Selectivity ratio of IC50 for antiribosomal activity against humanized bacterial ribosome incorporating complete decoding A site from human mitochondrial ribosome Mit13 to IC50 for antiribosomal activity against wild type bacterial ribosomes2019MedChemComm, Apr-01, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Synthesis of saccharocin from apramycin and evaluation of its ribosomal selectivity.
AID1328386Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 24 hrs by MTT based microdilution assay2016Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9
Total Synthesis of (±)-Isoperbergins and Correction of the Chemical Structure of Perbergin.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (162)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199023 (14.20)18.7374
1990's30 (18.52)18.2507
2000's39 (24.07)29.6817
2010's40 (24.69)24.3611
2020's30 (18.52)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.24

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index44.24 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.16 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.79 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index67.11 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (44.24)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials6 (3.59%)5.53%
Reviews3 (1.80%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other158 (94.61%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Phase I, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Single Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Apramycin Administered Intravenously in Healthy Adults. [NCT04105205]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-25Completed
A Phase I, Open-label Study to Assess Lung Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Single Dose of Apramycin Administered Intravenously in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT05590728]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-16Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
glycine
[no description available]		7.0310alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.1310organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		6.9610nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		4.62260
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.43201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0210isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.0710aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0610aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		8.76100kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		210monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		1.9510amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.1550beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		1.9710mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.72100aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		8.150cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		8.811zinc molecular entity
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		7.9340cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.9740antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rhamnose
[no description available]		2.0210L-rhamnose
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.7220monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
showdomycin
Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.		2.4110
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.1350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		10.921546amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.5820alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
kasugamycin
kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.		1.9710
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.4720cephalosporinfungal metabolite
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		7.4220cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
danofloxacin
[no description available]		2.3110quinolines
olaquindox
olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure		1.9710quinoxaline derivative
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0310lividomycinsmetabolite
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		1.9810carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		7.7220organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
antibiotic g 418
antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea		2.5420
carbapenems
[no description available]		3.3850
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		8.4570amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		3.4111
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620kanamycins
puromycin
[no description available]		1.9510puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
paromamine
paromamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. paromamine : An aminoglycoside that is 4alpha,6alpha-diaminocyclohexane-1beta,2alpha,3beta-triol in which the pro-R hydroxy group has been converted into its 2-amino-alpha-D-glucoside derivative.		2.5420aminoglycoside;
primary amino compound;
triamine
glycosides
[no description available]		2.7730
tiamulin
tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.		3.4811carbotricyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
cyclic ketone;
organic sulfide;
secondary alcohol;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antibacterial drug
nadp
[no description available]		2.1510
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		1.9810carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
gentamicin c
gentamicin C: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also record for micronomicin for which gentamicin C2b is synonym		7.2110
myomycin
myomycin: antibiotic whose hydrolysis products are myo-inositol lysine & 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-mannose		1.9710
salinomycin
salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310polyketide;
spiroketal		animal growth promotant;
potassium ionophore
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.2510trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.0410
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0210acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		7.2510
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		210maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		3.5120hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
lankacidins
lankacidins: RN refers to lankacidin C; RN given refers to (1S-(1R*,2S*,3E,5E,7R*,9E,11E,13R*,15S*,19S*))-isomer; structure		1.9710organic molecular entity
elaiophylin
[no description available]		2.1110lactol;
macrodiolide;
monosaccharide derivative		antifungal agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite
furaltadon
furaltadon: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. furaltadone : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted at position 1 by a (5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 5 by a morpholin-4-ylmethyl group. An antibacterial formerly used oraly but withdrawn due to toxicity, it is used topically (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of ear disorders.		1.9810
zeolites
[no description available]		2.2510
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.0210
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		2.0810glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
ceftiofur
ceftiofur: structure in first source		210
thiostrepton
Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.		1.9910
hygromycin b
[no description available]		9.4770
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.7930
tilmicosin
tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.		710
tylosin
[no description available]		7.3920
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0510ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.4520
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0210
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.4851
ribosomal protein l7-l12
[no description available]		2.0810
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		9.3141quinoxaline derivative
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0310
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.0310
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.9340
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.3110
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.3110
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.9340
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		07.3110
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		07.3110
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.4110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.4951
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.7191
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		0591
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		010.7191
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		05.47151
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.4820
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.4820
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.6620
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.3110
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.3110
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.3110
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.3110
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.7330
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.7330
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.2110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.2110
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity
[description not available]		02.2110
Ototoxicity
Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.2110
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		07.2110
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.0810
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.4920
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.110
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.4920
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.110
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		05.08101
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		02.1310
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.1310
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.1310
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.0710
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.0710
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.3920
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.420
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3770
Edema Disease of Swine
An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.		01.9610
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		01.9810
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		01.9810
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		0210
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		0210
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		0210
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.2741
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.3720
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.3720
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		01.9710
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		01.9710
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		01.9710
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		01.9710