1-bromopropane profile

## 1-Bromopropane: A Versatile Tool in Research

1-Bromopropane, also known as **n-propyl bromide**, is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It's a **haloalkane**, meaning it contains a halogen atom (bromine in this case) bonded to an alkane (propane).

**Here's why it's important in research:**

**1. Synthetic Chemistry:**

* **Alkylation Reagent:** 1-Bromopropane is a versatile alkylating agent. It can be used to introduce a propyl group (CH3CH2CH2-) into organic molecules via nucleophilic substitution reactions. This is crucial for synthesizing a wide range of organic compounds with diverse functionalities.
* **Grignard Reagent:** 1-Bromopropane can be used to prepare propyl magnesium bromide, a common Grignard reagent. Grignard reagents are highly reactive and are widely used in organic synthesis for reactions like carbon-carbon bond formation.

**2. Material Science:**

* **Solvent:** 1-Bromopropane can serve as a solvent for various reactions and processes. Its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds make it a suitable solvent for many applications.
* **Monomer:** 1-Bromopropane can be used as a monomer for the synthesis of polymers. This is due to its ability to undergo polymerization reactions through its bromine atom.

**3. Biomedical Research:**

* **Drug Discovery:** 1-Bromopropane has been investigated as a potential drug for treating conditions like Alzheimer's disease. However, its toxicity has limited its further development.
* **Antimicrobial Agent:** Some studies have shown potential antimicrobial activity of 1-Bromopropane against certain bacteria and fungi.

**4. Environmental Science:**

* **Soil Fumigant:** 1-Bromopropane was previously used as a soil fumigant to control pests and diseases. However, its high toxicity and environmental concerns have led to its phasing out.

**Safety Concerns:**

While 1-Bromopropane is a valuable research tool, it's important to note that it is **highly toxic**, both by inhalation and skin contact. It can cause severe health effects, including respiratory irritation, central nervous system depression, and liver damage. Therefore, it must be handled with extreme caution and appropriate safety measures.

**Overall:**

1-Bromopropane plays a significant role in research across various fields, from synthetic chemistry and material science to biomedical research and environmental science. Its versatility, reactivity, and unique properties make it a valuable tool for scientists. However, its toxicity demands careful handling and responsible use.

1-bromopropane: used as a solvent [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	7840
CHEMBL ID	1230095
CHEBI ID	47105
SCHEMBL ID	2478
SCHEMBL ID	6999850
MeSH ID	M0303801

Synonym
LS-12961
n-propylbromide
CHEMBL1230095
chebi:47105 ,
propane, 1-bromo-
1-bromo-propane
1-bromopropane
n-propyl bromide
inchi=1/c3h7br/c1-2-3-4/h2-3h2,1h
NCGC00091561-01
106-94-5
ccris 30
hsdb 1068
einecs 203-445-0
propyl bromide
ai3-18129
1-bromopropane, 99%
3BR ,
B0638
AKOS000118833
FT-0656570
1-bromanylpropane
A801541
NCGC00091561-02
bromopropane
NCGC00258173-01
cas-106-94-5
tox21_200619
dtxsid6021874 ,
dtxcid401874
propane, bromo-
26446-77-5
unii-y9746dne68
ec 203-445-0
y9746dne68 ,
1-bp
1-propyl bromide
FT-0607548
1-bromopropane [iarc]
1-bromopropane [hsdb]
propyl bromide [mi]
bromopropane, 1-
1-bromopropane-d7
STL264215
BR1117
1-bromo propane
3-bromo propane
1-propylbromide
3-bromopropane
prbr
1-brompropane
bromo-propane
propylbromide
n-prbr
SCHEMBL2478
J-504471
SCHEMBL6999850
n-c3h7br
1-bromopropane, analytical standard
mfcd00000254
40422-05-7
F0001-0130
EN300-19391
Q161589

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thus, this solvent may have serious reproductive toxic effects in men, and should be used very cautiously in the workplace."	( Reproductive toxicity of 1-bromopropane, a newly introduced alternative to ozone layer depleting solvents, in male rats. Asaeda, N; Ichihara, G; Iwai, H; Kitoh, J; Kumazawa, T; Maeda, K; Shibata, E; Takeuchi, Y; Tsukamura, H; Wang, H; Xie, Z; Yamada, T; Yu, X, 2000)	0.61
" In conclusion, 2-BP is neurotoxic to the peripheral nerves in addition to its toxic effects on the reproductive and hematopoietic systems at 1000 ppm."	( Neurotoxicity of 2-bromopropane and 1-bromopropane, alternative solvents for chlorofluorocarbons. Ichihara, G; Kamijima, M; Kitoh, J; Shibata, E; Takeuchi, Y; Xie, Z; Yu, X, 2001)	0.59
" Further studies should focus more on the differences and commonality between animals and humans in response to toxic agents."	( [Investigation of toxicity through human cases and animal experiments--study of bromopropanes]. Ichihara, G, 2005)	0.33
" The lowest observed adverse effect level and the no observed adverse effect level of 1-BP inhalation for disinhibition were 400 and 200 ppm, respectively."	( New approach to risk assessment of central neurotoxicity induced by 1-bromopropane using animal models. Fueta, Y; Hori, H; Ishidao, T; Kunugita, N; Ueno, S; Yoshida, Y, 2007)	0.58
" Here we investigated the reversibility of the toxic effects of 1-BP in rats."	( Reversibility of the adverse effects of 1-bromopropane exposure in rats. Ando, H; Banu, S; Fukunaga, Y; Furuhashi, K; Huang, F; Ichihara, G; Ichihara, S; Inaguma, Y; Ito, H; Kikkawa, F; Kitoh, J; Wang, Q, 2007)	0.61
"To study the reproductive toxicity of male rats exposed to 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane and to explore the toxic mechanism of two isomers."	( [Reproductive toxicity of male rats exposed to two isomers of bromopropanes]. Huang, F; Song, X; Wang, H; Xin, Q; Ye, D; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.6
"This study indicates that bromopropanes can cause reproductive disorder in male rats, the rats treatment with 2-BP had more toxicity than that with 1-BP, and it might have different toxic mechanism between two isomers."	( [Reproductive toxicity of male rats exposed to two isomers of bromopropanes]. Huang, F; Song, X; Wang, H; Xin, Q; Ye, D; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
" Taken together, this study indicated that those two isomers both have toxicity in male rats, however, the testicular toxicity and the role of apoptosis in the toxic mechanism induced by 1-BP and 2-BP may be different."	( Apoptosis contributes to testicular toxicity induced by two isomers of bromopropanes. Xin, QQ; Ye, DQ; Zhang, WJ, 2010)	0.36
" Occupational exposure to 1-BP is associated with adverse peripheral sensory, motor, and central nervous system (CNS) effects."	( Neurotoxicity associated with exposure to 1-bromopropane in golf-club cleansing workers. Deng, JF; Lin, KP; Tsai, WJ; Wang, CL; Wang, TH; Wu, ML; Wu, YH; Yang, CC, 2015)	0.68
" Occupational exposure to 1-BP may result in peripheral neuropathy as well as adverse CNS effects."	( Neurotoxicity associated with exposure to 1-bromopropane in golf-club cleansing workers. Deng, JF; Lin, KP; Tsai, WJ; Wang, CL; Wang, TH; Wu, ML; Wu, YH; Yang, CC, 2015)	0.68
"Our findings indicate that prenatal 1-BP exposure in dams can cause delayed adverse effects on excitability of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of offspring."	( Prenatal exposure to 1-bromopropane causes delayed adverse effects on hippocampal neuronal excitability in the CA1 subfield of rat offspring. Fueta, Y; Hori, H; Ishidao, T; Kanda, Y; Ueno, S; Yoshida, Y, 2018)	0.8

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for 1-BP has been developed to examine 2 metabolic pathway assumptions for gas-uptake inhalation study."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for 1-bromopropane in F344 rats using gas uptake inhalation experiments. Garner, CE; Liang, S; Yin, L; Yu, X, 2015)	0.67

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Six recently completed toxicological studies were critically reviewed to identify (1) toxicologically significant endpoints, (2) dose-response information on these endpoints, and (3) uncertainties and limitations associated with the studies."	( Development of an occupational exposure limit for n-propylbromide using benchmark dose methods. Stelljes, ME; Wood, RR, 2004)	0.32
" The dose-response of bromopropanes in humans and mechanism(s) underlying the differences in the toxic effects of the two bromopropanes remain to be determined."	( Neuro-reproductive toxicities of 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane. Ichihara, G, 2005)	0.61
" Thus, these serial studies revealed that 1-bromopropane is neurotoxic, but its dose-response relationship in humans remains unknown."	( [Investigation of toxicity through human cases and animal experiments--study of bromopropanes]. Ichihara, G, 2005)	0.59
"Quantitative risk assessment proceeds by first estimating a dose-response model and then inverting this model to estimate the dose that corresponds to some prespecified level of response."	( Monotonic Bayesian semiparametric benchmark dose analysis. Bailer, AJ; Wheeler, M, 2012)	0.38
" The NTP assumed that these tumors were due to genotoxic effects and that a linear dose-response relationship was appropriate."	( 28-Day somatic gene mutation study of 1-bromopropane in female Big Blue Stelljes, M; Weinberg, J; Young, R, 2019)	0.78

Role	Description
neurotoxin	A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
solvent	A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
bromoalkane	Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one bromine atom.
bromohydrocarbon	A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	65.6706	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.1863	0.0008	17.5051	59.3239	AID1159527
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.3548	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID588514
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.8529	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1259385
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	42.1632	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741
lethal factor (plasmid)	Bacillus anthracis str. A2012	Potency	12.5893	0.0200	10.7869	31.6228	AID912
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (0.76)	18.7374
1990's	2 (1.53)	18.2507
2000's	47 (35.88)	29.6817
2010's	73 (55.73)	24.3611
2020's	8 (6.11)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	7 (5.22%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (4.48%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.75%)	0.25%
Other	120 (89.55%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.43	2	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.41	7	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
melatonin [no description available]	7.13	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.54	2	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.13	1
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.04	1	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.05	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.05	1	diarylmethane
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.6	1	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	2.03	1	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.44	2	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
2-bromopropane 2-bromopropane: used as a substitute for freon	5.02	7
isopropyl iodide isopropyl iodide: structure	2.08	1
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2	1	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.6	1	epoxide
1,2-dibromopropane 1,2-dibromopropane: structure given in first source	2.1	1
propylene dichloride propylene dichloride: Russian drug; structure. 1,2-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.	2.01	1	chloroalkane; volatile organic compound
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.06	1	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
hexachlorobutadiene hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure	2.01	1	organochlorine compound
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.6	1	alkylbenzene
1,2-epoxybutane 1,2-epoxybutane: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2	1	epoxide
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.06	1	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.6	1	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.6	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.06	1	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.6	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.06	1	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
1,3-dibromopropane 1,3-dibromopropane: see also record for dibromopropane	2.1	1
1-bromohexane [no description available]	2.08	1
1-bromohexadecane [no description available]	2.08	1
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.11	1	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	7.05	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.99	4	dialdehyde	biomarker
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	7.21	1	organic sulfide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.57	8	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
formal glycol [no description available]	2	1	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.08	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.08	1
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.11	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.03	1	diatomic bromine
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	7.71	3	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.05	1	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.05	1	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.51	2	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.13	1	1,2,3-triazole
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.01	1
s-propylcysteine S-propylcysteine: RN given refers to (DL-Cys)-isomer	7.03	1	cysteine derivative; organic sulfide
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.6	1	enal
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.08	1
nervonic acid (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid : A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15.	7.08	1	tetracosenoic acid
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.08	1	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.04	1	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.03	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.03	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.48	2	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.	1.94	1
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.21	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.08	1
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.31	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.88	12
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.6	1
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.54	2
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.6	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.6	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.25	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	3.23	5
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.49	7
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.31	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.31	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.15	1
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	4.34	4
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	4.34	4
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.21	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.21	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.21	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.81	3
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	7.21	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.21	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.08	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.08	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.08	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.5	2
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	4.93	8
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.11	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	2.11	1
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.11	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.46	2
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.46	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.63	9
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.77	3
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.77	3
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	7.15	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.05	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.43	2
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2.06	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.47	2
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.47	2
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.47	2
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.06	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.06	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.06	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.06	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.06	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.06	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.07	1
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.07	1
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	2.07	1
Ache [description not available]	2.07	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.07	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.07	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.73	3
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.73	3
Affective Disorders [description not available]	2.02	1
Lassitude [description not available]	2.02	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	2.02	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	2.02	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.94	1
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	2.03	1
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.03	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.03	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.04	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.04	1
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.04	1
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	2	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.01	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.01	1

1-bromopropane

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (64)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Research

Studies (131)

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Research Demand Index: 70.82

Study Types