asiaticoside profile

Asiaticoside is a triterpene glycoside found in the leaves and roots of the Centella asiatica plant. It has been extensively studied for its various pharmacological properties, including wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Asiaticoside is believed to promote collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and fibroblast proliferation, contributing to its wound-healing activity. It has shown potential in treating various skin conditions such as burns, ulcers, and scars. Asiaticoside is also investigated for its ability to reduce inflammation, protect against oxidative stress, and enhance cognitive function. Its potential applications in dermatology, wound care, and neurology are driving ongoing research efforts.'

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	108062
SCHEMBL ID	664796
MeSH ID	M0045500

Synonym
asiaticoside ,
16830-15-2
urs-12-en-28-oic acid,3,23-trihydroxy-, o-6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.4)-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.6)-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl ester, (2.alpha.,3.beta.,4.alpha.)-
nsc166062
madecassol
ba 2742
emdecassol
AC-6028
[6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] 10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1h-picene-4a-carb
AKOS015960549
SCHEMBL664796
WYQVAPGDARQUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
[6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] 10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,
blastostimulina
marticassol
fk 1080
AS-75237
B0005-465086

Research Excerpts

Overview

Asiaticoside (ASI) is a triterpene saponin compound obtained from Centella Asiatica. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in various diseases.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Asiaticoside (ASI) is a triterpene saponin compound obtained from Centella Asiatica and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in various diseases."	( Asiaticoside ameliorates osteoarthritis progression through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Chen, S; Dou, H; Huang, Q; Luo, P; Wang, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Asiaticoside (AC) is a triterpenoid saponin found in Centella asiatica (L.) urban extract that has a wide range of pharmacological properties. "	( Asiaticoside Prevents Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells by Activating ROS-dependent p53/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway. Chen, Y; Gu, R; Guo, Q; Liang, Z; Nie, X, 2023)	3.8
"Asiaticoside is a natural triterpene compound derived from Centella asiatica, possessing confirmed cardioprotective property. "	( Asiaticoside attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-caused injury of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting autophagy. Feng, H; Guo, Y; Jia, X; Ni, Z; Wang, J; Yao, M; Zhang, J, 2023)	3.8
"Asiaticoside (AST) is a naturally available phytoconstituent that enables effective wound healing mainly by promoting collagen biosynthesis. "	( Asiaticoside polymeric nanoparticles for effective diabetic wound healing through increased collagen biosynthesis: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Chitkara, D; Mittal, A; Narisepalli, S; Salunkhe, SA, 2023)	3.8
"Asiaticoside (AS) is a triterpene compound with confirmed apoptosis-and necrosis-related activities."	( Asiaticoside ameliorates acinar cell necrosis in acute pancreatitis via toll-like receptor 4 pathway. Ding, Y; Gong, W; Hu, L; Liu, X; Lu, G; Shi, X; Wu, K; Yang, Q; Yao, G; Zhang, H; Zhu, Q, 2021)	2.79
"Asiaticoside (AS) is a saponin monomer extracted from a medicinal plant called Centella asiatica, which had a preventing effect of hypoxia‑induced pulmonary hypertension (hypoxic PH) by blocking transforming growth factor‑β1/SMAD family member 2/3 signaling in our previous study."	( Effect of asiaticoside on endothelial cells in hypoxia‑induced pulmonary hypertension. Cai, X; Chen, M; Huang, X; Jin, Y; Wang, L; Wang, W; Wang, X; Zhu, X, 2018)	1.6
"Asiaticoside is a compound isolated from Herb Centella asiatica, which has been shown to promote osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. "	( Asiaticoside induces osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells through the Wnt pathway. Chamni, S; Fitri, AR; Pavasant, P; Sumrejkanchanakij, P, 2018)	3.37
"Asiaticoside is a triterpenoid derivative isolated from Centella asiatica, which exhibits varying biological effects like angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, wound healing, and osteogenic differentiation."	( Asiaticoside, a component of Centella asiatica attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via NFATc1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Fang, J; Han, X; He, L; He, W; Hong, G; Tickner, J; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhao, L; Zhou, L, 2019)	2.68
"Asiaticoside is a compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Centella asiatica, and mainly used in wound healing and scar repair in clinical, with notable efficacy. "	( [Analysis on preparation and characterization of asiaticoside-loaded flexible nanoliposomes]. Bao, XK; He, XD; Ma, JS; Ren, Y; Shang, BC; Wang, YF, 2013)	2.09
"Asiaticoside (AS) is a saponin monomer extracted from the medicinal plant Centella asiatica, which has a variety of biological effects. "	( The potential of asiaticoside for TGF-β1/Smad signaling inhibition in prevention and progression of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Cai, H; Huang, XY; Wang, LX; Wang, W; Wang, XB; Wu, PL; Ye, WJ; Zhu, XC, 2015)	2.2
"Asiaticoside is a natural compound possessing diverse pharmacological effects with great potential for clinical use. "	( Porous microspheres as promising vehicles for the topical delivery of poorly soluble asiaticoside accelerate wound healing and inhibit scar formation in vitro &in vivo. Chong, YS; Chu, Y; Huang, YF; Jiang, ZH; Niu, J; Peng, LH; Xie, SY; Zhang, CZ, 2016)	2.1

Effects

Asiaticoside (AC) has antitumor effects, while its role in gastric cancer is elusive. AC has been known to have anti-oxidative activity, however, the effect of AC on the progression of high glucose-induced hearing loss has not been studied.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Asiaticoside A has a docking score value (- 7.08466Kcal/mol) close to the co-crystallize compound."	( In-silico and in-vitro screening of Asiatic acid and Asiaticoside A against Cathepsin S enzyme. Ajani, TA; Chauke, CG; Egieyeh, S; Magwebu, ZE; Obikeze, K, 2023)	1.88
"Asiaticoside (AC) has antitumor effects, while its role in gastric cancer is elusive."	( Asiaticoside Suppresses Gastric Cancer Progression and Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through the miR-635/HMGA1 Axis. Chen, Z; Ji, X; Yao, Z; Zhang, C, 2022)	2.89
"Asiaticoside A has a docking score value (- 7.08466Kcal/mol) close to the co-crystallize compound."	( In-silico and in-vitro screening of Asiatic acid and Asiaticoside A against Cathepsin S enzyme. Ajani, TA; Chauke, CG; Egieyeh, S; Magwebu, ZE; Obikeze, K, 2023)	1.88
"Asiaticoside has potential for hydrogen peroxide cytotoxicity, and the caspase-3 activity increased with increasing asiaticoside dose in MCF-7 cells treated for 48 h."	( Study of the cytotoxicity of asiaticoside on rats and tumour cells. Al-Saeedi, FJ, 2014)	1.41
"Asiaticoside has potent pharmacological activity and broader pharmacological effects, including anti‑oxidant, antidepressant and hepatic protection effects, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. "	( Asiaticoside attenuates the effects of spinal cord injury through antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects, and inhibition of the p38‑MAPK mechanism. Fu, C; Liu, Y; Luo, Y; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Zhang, Z, 2015)	3.3
"Asiaticoside (AC) has been known to have anti-oxidative activity, however, the effect of AC on the progression of high glucose-induced hearing loss has not been studied. "	( Asiaticoside protects cochlear hair cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress via suppressing AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB pathway. Ji, Q; Li, X; Lin, Y; Ming, J; Xing, Y; Zha, D; Zhang, N, 2017)	3.34
"Asiaticoside (AS) has antidepressant effects, with poor druggability characterized with inaccessibility into the brain. "	( Borneol enhances the antidepressant effects of asiaticoside by promoting its distribution into the brain. Hou, T; Li, X; Peng, C, 2017)	2.15
"Asiaticoside has protective effects against sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, which were probably associated with the inhibition of IL-6 in serum and iNOS protein in kidney tissues."	( [Protective effects of asiaticoside on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice]. Li, X; Wan, J; Wu, M; Zhang, L; Zheng, J, 2010)	2.11
"Asiaticoside has been identified as the most active compound in Centella asiatica. "	( A rapid one-step immunochromatographic assay for the detection of asiaticoside. Juengwatanatrakul, T; Morimoto, S; Putalun, W; Sritularak, B; Tanaka, H, 2012)	2.06

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The asiaticoside NO gel can inhibit the growth of bacteria in the wound surface, alleviate the inflammatory reaction of wound, and increase the expression of VEGF, iNOS, eNOS and CD34."	( Asiaticoside nitric oxide gel accelerates diabetic cutaneous ulcers healing by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chen, Y; Li, X; Nie, X; Shi, X; Wu, F; Yang, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, J, 2020)	2.48

Treatment

Asiaticoside treatment increased the mRNA and protein levels of synaptopodin, nephrin and podocin in a dose-dependent manner. Asiat was associated with a switch in the host from a Th2- to a Th1-type immune response.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In asiaticoside‑treated rats, VD‑mediated increases in Beclin 1 and microtubule‑associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II expression in the hippocampal tissues were alleviated."	( Asiaticoside reduces autophagy and improves memory in a rat model of dementia through mTOR signaling pathway regulation. Dong, B; Guo, M; Wang, S; Xu, J, 2021)	2.58
"Asiaticoside treatment in healing of skin wounds would greatly be beneficial to fish farmers as it could protect fish from invasion of pathogens and check fish mortality."	( Effect of asiaticoside on the healing of skin wounds in the carp Cirrhinus mrigala: An immunohistochemical investigation. Kumari, U; Mittal, AK; Mittal, S; Verma, N, 2017)	1.58
"Asiaticoside treatment increased the mRNA and protein levels of synaptopodin, nephrin and podocin in a dose-dependent manner."	( Effects of asiaticoside on levels of podocyte cytoskeletal proteins and renal slit diaphragm proteins in adriamycin-induced rat nephropathy. Liu, J; Sun, W; Wang, Z, 2013)	1.5
"Asiaticoside pretreatment significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced increased permeability."	( Asiaticoside Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Endothelial Hyperpermeability of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Arifah, AK; Baharuldin, MT; Fong, LY; Hakim, MN; Ng, CT; Zakaria, ZA; Zuraini, A, 2015)	2.58
"Asiaticoside treatment was associated with a switch in the host from a Th2- to a Th1-type immune response accompanied by the induction of TNF-α-mediated nitric oxide production, all of which are important elements for macrophage function in antileishmanial defence mechanisms."	( Asiaticoside induces tumour-necrosis-factor-α-mediated nitric oxide production to cure experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by antimony-susceptible and -resistant Leishmania donovani strains. Bhaumik, SK; De, T; Karmakar, S; Naskar, K; Paul, J, 2012)	2.54
"Treatment with asiaticoside also caused G1 cell cycle arrest in QGY-7703 and Bel-7402 cells."	( Asiaticoside Antagonizes Proliferation and Chemotherapeutic Drug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Cells. Feng, X; Li, J; Ma, Y; Wang, C; Wang, J; Wen, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L, 2020)	2.34
"Treatment of asiaticoside decreased miR-142-5p levels and increased ACTN4 levels."	( Asiaticoside inhibits renal fibrosis development by regulating the miR-142-5p/ACTN4 axis. Fang, L; Liu, S; Wang, G; Yin, L; Zhang, M, 2022)	2.52
"Treatment with asiaticoside was found to protect dopaminergic neuron by antagonizing MPTP induced neurotoxicity and to improve locomotor dysfunction."	( Asiaticoside: attenuation of neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in a rat model of Parkinsonism via maintaining redox balance and up-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Deng, JM; Li, LF; Li, XM; Ma, SP; Sun, LM; Wang, QZ; Xu, CL; Xu, R; Zhang, J, 2012)	2.16

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic comparison of madecassoside and asiaticoside was performed in rats following intravenous and oral administration of ECa 233, or an equivalent dose of the individual compounds."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics between madecassoside and asiaticoside presented in a standardised extract of Centella asiatica, ECa 233 and their respective pure compound given separately in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Hengjumrut, P; Khemawoot, P; Tantisira, B; Tantisira, MH, 2018)	0.98
" However, the pharmacokinetic properties of AS differed according to species."	( A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside, a major active constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. He, Z; Hu, W; Hu, Y; Ji, L; Liu, T; Niu, Z; Yang, M; Zhong, K, 2023)	1.15
"This review comprehensively summarized current information regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of AS, and supported the pharmaceutical value of this compound."	( A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside, a major active constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. He, Z; Hu, W; Hu, Y; Ji, L; Liu, T; Niu, Z; Yang, M; Zhong, K, 2023)	1.15

Bioavailability

The comparative steady-state bioavailability of asiatic acid was studied in 12 healthy male and female volunteers. The pharmacokinetic study showed low oral bioavailability for both triterpenoids, with the maximum plasma concentration reached at 4 h for as iaticoside and at 0.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The comparative steady-state bioavailability of asiatic acid was studied in 12 healthy male and female volunteers following oral administration of approximately equimolar doses of either asiatic acid (12 mg) or the glycoside derivative of asiatic acid, asiaticoside (24 mg)."	( The comparative steady-state bioavailability of the active ingredients of Madecassol. Graham, DJ; Murray, GR; Rush, WR, )	0.31
" Centell-S increased oral bioavailability of major triterpenoid glycosides and can be further developed into a phytopharmaceutical product."	( Increase water solubility of Centella asiatica extract by indigenous bioenhancers could improve oral bioavailability and disposition kinetics of triterpenoid glycosides in beagle dogs. Boonyarattanasoonthorn, T; Buranasudja, V; Khemawoot, P; Kijtawornrat, A; Nuengchamnong, N; Songvut, P, 2022)	0.72
" Future research should focus on improving bioavailability of AS and conducting clinical assessment."	( A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside, a major active constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. He, Z; Hu, W; Hu, Y; Ji, L; Liu, T; Niu, Z; Yang, M; Zhong, K, 2023)	1.15

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The above study will provide the experimental evidence and a reference for the development of the oral dosage forms of Centella total glucosides."	( CTG-loaded liposomes as an approach for improving the intestinal absorption of asiaticoside in Centella Total Glucosides. Guo, C; Ma, C; Wang, J; Yuan, R; Zhan, X, 2016)	0.66
" Blood, tissues, urine and faeces were collected after dosing to determine drug and metabolite levels using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics between madecassoside and asiaticoside presented in a standardised extract of Centella asiatica, ECa 233 and their respective pure compound given separately in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Hengjumrut, P; Khemawoot, P; Tantisira, B; Tantisira, MH, 2018)	0.73

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	33 (14.60)	18.7374
1990's	13 (5.75)	18.2507
2000's	31 (13.72)	29.6817
2010's	94 (41.59)	24.3611
2020's	55 (24.34)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	4 (1.70%)	5.53%
Reviews	9 (3.83%)	6.00%
Case Studies	5 (2.13%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	217 (92.34%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	7.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
allantoin [no description available]	5.55	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.08	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.17	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.04	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dapsone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.11	1	0
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.11	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.51	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.31	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	7.11	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.01	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.59	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
anthrone anthrone: used in colorimetric determination of sugar & animal starch in body fluids; structure. anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenes that is 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at C-9.	6.93	1	0	anthracenone	radical scavenger
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.14	5	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.23	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.6	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.02	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.46	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.02	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.14	5	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
methylprednisolone aceponate methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.01	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3	4	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2	1	0
acemannan acemannan: prepared from extract of the Aloe barbadensis plant	3.23	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
obovatol obovatol: antineoplastic agent from Magnolis obovata; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
hydnocarpic acid hydnocarpic acid: cyclopentenyl fatty acid; component of chaulmoogra oil. hydnocarpic acid : A cyclopentenyl fatty acid consisting of undecanoic acid having a cyclopent-2-enyl group at the 11-position.	1.97	1	0	cyclopentenyl fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid
asiatic acid [no description available]	6.05	21	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
astragaloside a [no description available]	3.65	2	0
cycloastragenol [no description available]	3.21	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloartane cycloartane : A triterpene that is lanostane in which there is a methylene bridge between the 5- and 9-positions.	2.03	1	0	triterpene
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.07	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lupeol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.25	1	0	cyclodextrin
glycosides [no description available]	6.8	11	2
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.05	1	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	7.05	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.06	1	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine: structure in first source. 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine : A tetramethylrhodamine compound having a carboxy substituent at the 5-position	2.11	1	0	xanthenes	fluorochrome
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.21	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	7.13	1	0
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.25	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.74	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
daidzein [no description available]	2.21	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.06	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	7.52	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
icariin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	7.07	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.05	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	2.25	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
beta-escin [no description available]	5.74	10	0
madecassic acid [no description available]	10.44	11	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.15	1	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
ursane ursane: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.45	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	3.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.05	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.52	2	0	glycoside
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	4.13	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.25	5	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	2.06	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	8.14	5	0
madecassoside [no description available]	6.93	27	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
mannans [no description available]	3.23	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.15	1	0
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	tannin
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.23	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.44	2	0
teca TECA: titrated extract of Centella asiatica; contains asiaticoside	2	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.08	1	0
bacoside a bacoside A: from Bacopa monnieri; structure in first source	3.63	2	0	triterpenoid saponin
technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.05	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.97	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.6	7	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	3.6	7	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	7.76	2	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.13	4	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.53	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.49	21	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.41	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	7.41	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.41	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	7.9	14	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	7.9	14	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.41	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.6	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.52	4	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.57	5	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3	4	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3	4	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	4.89	8	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.14	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.6	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.12	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	3.4	7	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.25	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	3.4	7	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	7.86	4	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.74	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	7.25	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	7.25	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.25	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.25	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.83	3	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	7.25	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.57	2	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.25	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.25	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.25	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.31	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.31	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.41	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.57	2	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	3.29	6	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.58	2	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.58	2	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.31	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	4.47	5	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.15	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.54	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.54	2	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.17	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.53	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.17	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.52	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.5	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.08	1	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	2.08	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.46	5	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.46	5	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.1	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.1	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.1	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.1	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.87	4	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.47	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.11	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.11	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.11	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.11	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.11	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.15	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.15	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	1.92	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	7.63	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	1.92	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	1.92	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.35	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.69	3	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.05	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.06	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.37	2	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	2.05	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.42	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	7.05	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2.47	2	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	7.06	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.37	2	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.07	1	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	1.93	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	7.34	2	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cervix Erosion [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.94	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.64	3	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bruise [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	1.94	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.34	2	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	1.93	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	6.93	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	3.82	2	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	3.34	1	1
Varices [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	3.34	1	1
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	3.34	1	1
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	3.34	1	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	1.99	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	1.97	1	0

asiaticoside

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asiaticoside

Cross-References

Synonyms (18)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

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Research

Studies (226)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 50.44

Study Types

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