tilmicosin profile

tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	45357310
MeSH ID	M0148552
PubMed CID	5282521
CHEMBL ID	1908333
CHEBI ID	195409
SCHEMBL ID	149192
MeSH ID	M0148552

Synonym
108050-54-0
tilmicosin
AKOS015951255
AC-8389
D02492
micotil (tn)
tilmicosin (usp/inn)
tylosin, 4a-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-
micotil
4(sup a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidino)tylosin
tylosin, 4(sup a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-, 20(cis)-
tilmicosina [inn-spanish]
hsdb 7446
tilmicosinum [inn-latin]
tilmicosine [inn-french]
pulmotil
tilmicosinum
ly 177370
tilmicosina
el 870
20-deoxy-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-desmycosin
ly177370
el870
tilmicosine
ly-177370
el-870
CHEBI:195409
[(2r,3r,4e,6e,9r,11r,12s,13s,14r)-12-{[3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy}-11-{2-[(3r,5s)-3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-di-o-methyl
antibiotic el 870
tox21_111546
dtxcid3026011
cas-108050-54-0
dtxsid5046011 ,
S4122
unii-xl4103x2e3
tylosin, 4a-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-((3r,5s)-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-
nsc 759584
tilmicosin [usan:usp:inn:ban]
xl4103x2e3 ,
nsc-759584
CHEMBL1908333
tilmicosin [who-dd]
tilmicosin [mart.]
tilmicosin [usp monograph]
tilmicosin [usp-rs]
tilmicosin [hsdb]
tilmicosin [mi]
tilmicosin [green book]
4 sup(a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-.alpha.-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidino)tylosin
tilmicosin [usan]
tilmicosin [inn]
tylosin, 4 sup(a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-.alpha.-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-, (20(cis))-
SCHEMBL149192
JTSDBFGMPLKDCD-XVFHVFLVSA-N
tilmicosine, antibiotic for culture media use only
Q-100992
HY-B0905
AB01566912_01
AKOS030526067
NCGC00348375-02
20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin
DB11471
tilmicosin 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
Q722387
CCG-270545
NCGC00348375-01
Z2583154269
tilmovet 90
tilmicosine (inn-french)
4(superscript a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)tylosin
tilmicosin (mart.)
4 sup(a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidino)tylosin
tilmicosin (usan:usp:inn:ban)
tylosin, 4 sup(a)-o-de(2,6-dideoxy-3-c-methyl-alpha-l-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-, (20(cis))-
tilmicosinum (inn-latin)
tilmicosin (usp-rs)
tilmicosin (usp monograph)
tilmicosina (inn-spanish)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

The present study evaluated the toxic effects of Tilmicosin (TIL) on adult rats. Administration of L-carnitine could ameliorate these adverse toxic effects in mice.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, administration of L-carnitine could ameliorate these adverse toxic effects of tilmicosin in mice."	( The possible protective effect of L-carnitine on tilmicosin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Citil, M; Karapehlivan, M; Kart, A; Yapar, K, 2007)	0.34
" The high nanoparticle dose induced transient clinical symptoms of treatment effect such as transient reversible action retardation, anorexy and gloomy spirit, increased spleen and liver coefficients and decreased heart coefficients, microscopic pathological changes of liver, spleen and heart, and minor changes in hematologic and biochemical parameters, but no adverse effects were observed in the nanoparticle low dose group."	( Acute toxicity study of tilmicosin-loaded hydrogenated castor oil-solid lipid nanoparticles. Dong, Z; Li, X; Wang, F; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xie, S; Zhou, W; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.37
"The results revealed that the LD50 of Til-HCO-SLN and blank HCO-SLN exceeded 5 g/kg."	( Acute toxicity study of tilmicosin-loaded hydrogenated castor oil-solid lipid nanoparticles. Dong, Z; Li, X; Wang, F; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xie, S; Zhou, W; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.37
" We conclude that myrrh and (or) vitamin C administration minimizes the toxic effects of TIL through their free-radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activities."	( Synergistic protective role of mirazid (Commiphora molmol) and ascorbic acid against tilmicosin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Abdel-Daim, MM; Fayez, M; Ghazy, EW, 2015)	0.42
"The present study evaluated the toxic effects of Tilmicosin (TIL) on adult rats."	( Astragalus polysaccharides alleviate tilmicosin-induced toxicity in rats by inhibiting oxidative damage and modulating the expressions of HSP70, NF-kB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Ahmed, SYA; Alagawany, M; Elhady, WM; Farag, MR; Taha, HSA, 2019)	0.51

Pharmacokinetics

The intravenous pharmacokinetic profile of tilmicosin is yet to be achieved because of the cardiovascular effects.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) values for 3 cows were 46."	( Tilmicosin antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics in cows. Glickman, A; Saran, A; Shem-Tov, M; Winkler, M; Ziv, G, 1995)	0.29
" Various pharmacokinetic parameters including area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-72)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), time to peak concentration (t(max)), elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)), elimination rate (k(el)), clearance (Cl(B)), mean residence time (MRT) and volume of distribution (V(d,area)) were determined for both formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin (Provitil powder and Pulmotil liquid AC) oral formulations in chickens. Abu-Basha, EA; Al-Shunnaq, AF; Idkaidek, NM, 2007)	0.34
" A pharmacokinetic study evaluated the disposition of tilmicosin in the horse after oral (4 mg/kg) or subcutaneous (s."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in equine tissues and plasma. Boison, JO; Clark, C; Dowling, PM; Ross, S; Woodbury, M, 2008)	0.35
"The intravenous pharmacokinetic profile of tilmicosin is yet to be achieved because of the cardiovascular effects of tilmicosin."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in beef cattle following intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Hassfurther, R; Hunter, RP; Lombardi, KR; Portillo, T, 2011)	0.37
"23 µg/mL, the time required to reach the peak concentration (t max) was found to be 2nd and 4th h, and elimination half-lives (t 1/2β ) were found to be 20."	( Milk and blood pharmacokinetics of tylosin and tilmicosin following parenteral administrations to cows. Avci, T; Elmas, M, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, a pharmacokinetic study was performed."	( Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin taste-masked formulation via hot-melt extrusion technology. Deng, R; Deng, X; Feng, X; He, J; Ji, M; Liang, Q; Lv, L; Peng, J; Wen, X; Wu, L; Yan, G, 2020)	0.56

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Left ventricular function, systemic arterial blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) responses to TM alone and in combination with propranolol(P) or dobutamine HCl(DOB) were evaluated."	( Cardiovascular effects of the macrolide antibiotic tilmicosin, administered alone and in combination with propranolol or dobutamine, in conscious unrestrained dogs. Main, BW; Means, JR; Rinkema, LE; Sarazan, RD; Smith, WC, 1996)	0.29
" Despite that, little is comprehended about influences of the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by EF and TIM."	( A new drug-drug interaction-tilmicosin reduces the metabolism of enrofloxacin through CYP3A4. Badawy, S; Liu, Z; Tao, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xie, C; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

TMS-sNLCs were the most efficient drug delivery carriers, with a relative oral bioavailability of 203. NLCs could enhance oral absorption of TMS compared to 10% tilmicosin phosphate solution in broilers.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" bioavailability was 22%."	( Tilmicosin antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics in cows. Glickman, A; Saran, A; Shem-Tov, M; Winkler, M; Ziv, G, 1995)	0.29
"A bioavailability and pharmacokinetics study of powder and liquid tilmicosin formulations was carried out in 18 healthy chickens according to a single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, crossover randomized design."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin (Provitil powder and Pulmotil liquid AC) oral formulations in chickens. Abu-Basha, EA; Al-Shunnaq, AF; Idkaidek, NM, 2007)	0.34
" The data from the two different studies were used to calculate bioavailability values, which support the assumption that tilmicosin is 100% bioavailable in cattle."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in beef cattle following intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Hassfurther, R; Hunter, RP; Lombardi, KR; Portillo, T, 2011)	0.37
" Furthermore, TMS-NLCs showed higher oral bioavailability in piglets compared to the API suspension."	( Nanostructured lipid carriers with exceptional gastrointestinal stability and inhibition of P-gp efflux for improved oral delivery of tilmicosin. Gao, X; Guo, D; Ji, H; Jiang, S; Li, X; Peng, L; Sahito, B; Wang, L; Yang, H; Zhang, Q, 2020)	0.56
" NLCs could enhance oral absorption of TMS compared to 10% tilmicosin phosphate solution in broilers, among which the TMS-sNLCs were the most efficient drug delivery carriers, with a relative oral bioavailability of 203."	( Synthesis of Tilmicosin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Oral Delivery in Broilers: Physiochemical Characterization and Cellular Permeation. Gao, X; Guo, D; Jiang, S; Kashif, J; Peng, L; Sahito, B; Ul Aabdin, Z; Wang, L; Yang, H; Zhang, Q, 2020)	0.56
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Tilmicosin is a veterinary antibiotic with significant human toxicity at doses commonly used in animals. The parenteral dose-response relationship has not been well characterized. Treatment with tilmicosIn was effective at all dosage levels, as determined by significant (P less than or equal to 0.1) Residue depletion of tilmicOSin in broiler chickens was examined after dosing over a 5-day period.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To determine the effective dosage of tilmicosin phosphate when fed to pigs for the control of pneumonia attributable to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae."	( Efficacy dose determination study of tilmicosin phosphate in feed for control of pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine. Lechtenberg, KF; Moore, GM; Mowrey, DH; Schneider, JH; Tonkinson, LV, 1996)	0.29
" The method was tested on milk from a cow dosed with tilmicosin."	( Determination of tilmicosin in bovine milk by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Ngoh, MA, )	0.13
"0 mg/kg) were administered to complete a dose-response curve."	( Cardiovascular effects of the macrolide antibiotic tilmicosin, administered alone and in combination with propranolol or dobutamine, in conscious unrestrained dogs. Main, BW; Means, JR; Rinkema, LE; Sarazan, RD; Smith, WC, 1996)	0.29
"When intermittent dosing is used during treatment, the concentrations of antibiotics fluctuate and subinhibitory concentrations may occur between doses."	( Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of erythromycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin on Pasteurella multocida. Lim, J; Yun, H, 2001)	0.31
"Three studies were conducted to determine and confirm the effective dosage rate of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid sterile suspension (CCFA-SS, 200 mg ceftiofur equivalents [CE]/ml), a long-acting ceftiofur formulation, for control and treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)."	( Dose determination and confirmation for ceftiofur crystalline-free acid administered in the posterior aspect of the ear for control and treatment of bovine respiratory disease. Bryson, WL; Chester, ST; Dame, KJ; Hibbard, B; Moseley, WW; Robb, EJ, 2002)	0.31
" Residue depletion of tilmicosin in broiler chickens was examined after dosing over a 5-day period by incorporation of the drug into drinking water at 37."	( Residue depletion of tilmicosin in chicken tissues. Fu, C; Guo, J; Jiang, H; Jin, X; Shen, J; Shen, Z; Zhang, Y, 2004)	0.32
"Administration of erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin at the label dosage increased abomasal emptying rate in calves."	( Effect of parenteral administration of erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin on abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves. Constable, PD; Nouri, M, 2007)	0.34
"Tilmicosin is a veterinary antibiotic with significant human toxicity at doses commonly used in animals, but the parenteral dose-response relationship has not been well characterized."	( American association of poison control centers database characterization of human tilmicosin exposures, 2001-2005. Oakes, J; Seifert, S, 2008)	0.35
" A dose-response relationship could be demonstrated."	( American association of poison control centers database characterization of human tilmicosin exposures, 2001-2005. Oakes, J; Seifert, S, 2008)	0.35
"5 times of the clinic dosage and below the median lethal dose (LD(50)) was subcutaneously administered twice on the first and 7th day."	( Acute toxicity study of tilmicosin-loaded hydrogenated castor oil-solid lipid nanoparticles. Dong, Z; Li, X; Wang, F; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xie, S; Zhou, W; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.37
" Normal clinic dosage of Til-HCO-SLN is safe as evaluated by acute toxicity."	( Acute toxicity study of tilmicosin-loaded hydrogenated castor oil-solid lipid nanoparticles. Dong, Z; Li, X; Wang, F; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xie, S; Zhou, W; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing to achieve MPC concentrations (where possible) may serve to reduce the selection of bacterial subpopulations with reduced antimicrobial susceptibility."	( Comparative minimum inhibitory and mutant prevention drug concentrations of enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, florfenicol, tilmicosin and tulathromycin against bovine clinical isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica. Blondeau, BJ; Blondeau, JM; Blondeau, LD; Borsos, S; Hesje, CE, 2012)	0.38
" None of the three suspensions were cytotoxic at clinical dosage levels."	( Preparation and evaluation of tilmicosin-loaded hydrogenated castor oil nanoparticle suspensions of different particle sizes. Chen, X; Lu, M; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Zhou, W; Zhu, L, 2014)	0.4
" MPC concentrations provide a dosing target which may serve to reduce amplification of bacterial subpopulations with reduced antimicrobial susceptibility."	( Mutant prevention and minimum inhibitory concentration drug values for enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, florfenicol, tilmicosin and tulathromycin tested against swine pathogens Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis. Blondeau, JM; Fitch, SD, 2019)	0.51
" The blood samples were taken before dosing and at 4th, 8th, 24th and 72nd hour post-dosing for measurement of cardiac markers such as H-FABP, cTn-I, CK-MB."	( The effect of tilmicosin and diclofenac sodium combination on cardiac biomarkers in sheep. Atik, O; Corum, O; Durna Corum, D; Ider, M; Ok, M; Uney, K; Yildiz, R, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
cardiotoxic agent	A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the heart and cardiomyocytes.
antibacterial drug	A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
calcium channel blocker	One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
macrolide antibiotic	A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.
monosaccharide derivative	A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
enone	An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8493	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743040
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.9185	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	6.3096	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID117681	Protective dose at which 50% of infected, treated mice survive	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID1231422	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 assessed as growth inhibition at 15 ug after 24 hrs by disc agar diffusion method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Synthesis and biological evaluation of caracasine acid derivatives.
AID261794	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261781	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 6301	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID26832	Dissociation constant (pKa)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID261793	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID19403	Calculated partition coefficient (logD)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID19662	Calculated partition coefficient (clogP)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID261795	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID1231425	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 assessed as growth inhibition at 15 ug after 24 hrs by disc agar diffusion method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Synthesis and biological evaluation of caracasine acid derivatives.
AID261786	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 700906	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261787	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261784	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 700677	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID23096	The negative logarithm of the fraction of neutral molecules	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID261785	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 700905	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261783	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 700676	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261788	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID117677	Protected dose at which the test compound protects 50% of challenged mice from death owing to the Pasteurella multocida infection	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Repromicin derivatives with potent antibacterial activity against Pasteurella multocida.
AID1231424	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 assessed as growth inhibition at 15 ug after 24 hrs by disc agar diffusion method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Synthesis and biological evaluation of caracasine acid derivatives.
AID1231423	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as growth inhibition at 15 ug after 24 hrs by disc agar diffusion method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Synthesis and biological evaluation of caracasine acid derivatives.
AID24865	The negative logarithm of the fraction of singly charged molecules.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID23733	Calculated partition coefficient (clogP)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID26629	Dissociation constant (pKa)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID21658	Calculated partition coefficient (clogP)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID155915	Minimum inhibitory concentration against Pasteurella multocida.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID155774	Minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit Pasteurella multocida 59A006 in vitro	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Repromicin derivatives with potent antibacterial activity against Pasteurella multocida.
AID261791	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261782	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 700671	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261792	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-44	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID19425	HPLC capacity factor (k)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 40, Issue:9	Quantitative structure-activity relationships among macrolide antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo potency against Pasteurella multocida.
AID261789	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID261790	Antibacterial activity against macrolide resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 141541	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro antibiotic activity of 16-membered 9-O-arylalkyloxime macrolides.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (1.62)	18.7374
1990's	54 (21.86)	18.2507
2000's	95 (38.46)	29.6817
2010's	66 (26.72)	24.3611
2020's	28 (11.34)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	51 (19.62%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	3 (1.15%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	4 (1.54%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	202 (77.69%)	84.16%
Other	7 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.6	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
carnitine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.42	1	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	3.4	1	1	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.99	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.07	2	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.06	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.46	2	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.52	2	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.21	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oxopurine
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	6.99	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	6.99	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	7.72	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamonomethoxine Sulfamonomethoxine: Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.	2.6	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.6	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.39	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.64	3	2	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	4.13	3	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.42	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.06	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkane
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.99	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	1.99	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.48	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.55	16	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.47	2	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	4.07	3	1	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	6.99	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	3.39	1	1
thiamphenicol [no description available]	7.33	20	6	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
fluorides [no description available]	1.99	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.71	3	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	7	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	9.13	3	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	6.99	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.44	2	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	1.98	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
marbofloxacin [no description available]	3.39	1	1	quinolines
carfentanil carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	2.06	1	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; tranquilizing drug
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.08	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
benzathine cloxacillin benzathine cloxacillin: Orbenin D.C. contains 500 mg of benzathine cloxacillin	2.42	2	0	benzathine(2+) salt
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	6.82	14	5	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	5.97	13	2	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
danofloxacin [no description available]	5.03	9	1	quinolines
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.25	1	0
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	7.28	19	6	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
pirlimycin pirlimycin: RN given refers to (mono-HCl(2S-cis)-isomer)	2.1	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.03	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	8.4	1	1	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
valnemulin valnemulin: a pleuromutilin derivative	7.15	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	7.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	7.79	3	0
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.05	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
potassium fluoride potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.	1.99	1	0	fluoride salt; potassium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound; poison
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	3.48	7	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	4.34	4	1	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	7	1	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.06	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.66	3	2	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.8	2	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.06	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2.06	1	0	prostanoid
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.6	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
tylosin b [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tylvalosin 3-acetyl-4''-isovaleryltylosin: structure given in first source	7.15	1	0
tulathromycin tulathromycin: structure in first source	8.51	16	8	aminoglycoside
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.41	1	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.71	3	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.99	1	0
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	6.76	13	5
chitosan [no description available]	2.41	1	0
tildipirosin 20,23-dipiperidinyl-mycaminosyl-tylonolide: a veterinary antibiotic	7.48	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.41	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	13.76	234	50
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.11	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.42	2	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	3.1	5	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	7.17	21	5
gamithromycin gamithromycin: an antibiotic used in cattle. gamithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C40H76N2O12. It is used for the treatment of of bovine respiratory disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle. The compound is also licensed in Europe for the treatment of footrot in sheep caused by Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium nodosus.	3.61	2	0	macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
pyrethrins [no description available]	1.99	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.21	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.06	1	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	1.99	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.41	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	7.15	1	0
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.11	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.11	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.41	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.11	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
oleandomycin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oleandomycins
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	1.99	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.4	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hmr 3647 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.69	3	0	aldehyde; disaccharide derivative; enone; leucomycin; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	allergen; bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
rosaramicin rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.	2.4	2	0	aldehyde; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	bacterial metabolite

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	10.14	49	18
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	6.64	14	4
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.06	10	3
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	6.06	10	3
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.41	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.41	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.41	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	5.14	10	1
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.02	4	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	7.6	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.6	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	7.21	18	6
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	6.74	11	6
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	6.19	7	5
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.	6.7	7	3
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	5.46	8	2
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.86	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.7	6	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.63	2	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.41	2	2
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	4.9	4	2
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.41	2	2
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	4.9	4	2
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.17	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.17	1	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.56	1	1
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	6.69	21	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.12	5	0
Enzootic Calf Pneumonia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.13	1	0
Bovine Digital Dermatitis [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Foot Rot A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)	3.51	1	1
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	5.43	5	3
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	7.02	11	8
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.47	8	2
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	8.02	14	7
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	8.02	14	7
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.05	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.05	1	0
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	7.05	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	2.05	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	7.05	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.06	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.06	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	3.39	1	1
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.	7.78	18	11
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.42	2	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	7.02	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	4.75	7	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	4.75	7	1
Johne Disease [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	6.16	7	5
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	6.16	7	5
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.	2.42	2	0
Adenitis [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	3.81	2	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	3.81	2	1
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.03	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Injuries, Needlestick [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.69	3	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.03	1	0
Infections, Pasteurellaceae [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.04	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.04	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.04	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.04	1	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.98	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.39	2	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	1.98	1	0
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	1.98	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	1.99	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.79	2	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.77	2	1
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2	1	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	8.39	1	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	3.39	1	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	3.36	1	1
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0

tilmicosin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (78)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

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Dosage Studied

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Studies (247)

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Research Demand Index: 54.03

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tilmicosin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (78)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (37)

Research

Studies (247)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 54.03

Study Types

Related Drugs (107)

Related Conditions (118)