ascorbic-acid and cyanidin

In the presence of vitamin C, cyanidin and cyanidin glycosides are degraded during the processing and storage of food products. To solve this issue, we investigated the protective effects and mechanism of action of five amino acids on the stability of cyanidin and its glycosides from chokeberry. The results showed that 0.3% tryptophan most effectively inhibited the degradation of cyanidin and its glycosides in the presence of vitamin C, under ultraviolet, dark, and sucrose-rich conditions. Fluorescence spectrum analysis showed that tryptophan could form noncovalent binding complexes with cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin through hydrophobic and electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds. Molecular docking results showed that the indole structure of tryptophan could form hydrophobic interactions with cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin via hydrogen bonding, resulting in greater protection. Therefore, tryptophan could effectively protect cyanidin and its glycosides in cyanidin- and cyanidin glycoside-rich food products.

Topics: Amino Acids; Anthocyanins; Ascorbic Acid; Galactosides; Glycosides; Molecular Docking Simulation; Protective Agents; Tryptophan; Vitamins

In Japan, adzuki bean is cooked with rice. During the cooking, the colour of rice becomes pale red. It is postulated that the red pigment is produced from procyanidins and that the ingestion of red rice causes the production of nitric oxide (

Topics: Anthocyanins; Ascorbic Acid; Biflavonoids; Catechin; Cooking; Dehydroascorbic Acid; Gastric Juice; Hot Temperature; Humans; Japan; NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; Nitric Oxide; Nitrites; Oryza; Oxidation-Reduction; Proanthocyanidins; Saliva; Starch; Vigna

The impact of glycosylation on anthocyanin stability has largely been associated with sugar type, site, and size, with glycosyl stereochemistry being under-explored. Seven cyanidin-3-glycosides were isolated by HPLC, diluted in pH 1-9, mixed with bisulfite or ascorbic acid at pH 3, and stored for 8 weeks (25 °C, dark). Spectral changes, half-lives, and bleaching rates were determined. Cyanidin-3-galactoside was more reactive (susceptible to hydration and bleaching) than cyanidin-3-glucoside. The 1 → 2 disaccharides exhibited greater λ

Topics: Anthocyanins; Ascorbic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Galactosides; Glycosides; Glycosylation; Half-Life; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Morus; Sulfites

There are large differences between flavonoids to protect against apoptosis, a process in which cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a key role. In this work, we show that 7 of 13 flavonoids studied have a capacity to reduce Cyt c similar or higher than ascorbate, the flavonols quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin, flavanol epigallocatechin-gallate, anthocyanidins cyanidin and malvidin, and the flavone luteolin. In contrast, the kaempferol 3(O)- and 3,4'(O)-methylated forms, the flavanone naringenin, and also apigenin and chrysin, had a negligible reducing capacity. Equilibrium dialysis and quenching of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence experiments showed that flavonoids did not interfere with Cyt c binding to cardiolipin (CL)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. However, the CL-induced loss of Cyt c Soret band intensity was largely attenuated by flavonoids, pointing out a stabilizing action against Cyt c unfolding in the complex. Moreover, flavonoids that behave as Cyt c reductants also inhibited the pro-apoptotic CL-induced peroxidase activity of Cyt c, indicating that modulation of Cyt c signaling are probable mechanisms behind the protective biological activities of flavonoids. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):451-468, 2017.

Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Ascorbic Acid; Cardiolipins; Catechin; Cytochromes c; Diphenylhexatriene; Flavonoids; Fluorescent Dyes; Horses; Kaempferols; Luteolin; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxidases; Phosphatidylcholines; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Quercetin; Reducing Agents; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Static Electricity; Unilamellar Liposomes

Overall phenolic content in plants is on average higher in organic farming, including when renewable resources such as composts are used as soil amendments. In most cases, however, the composting process needs to be optimized to reach the desired outcome. Using composts obtained from chestnut, red and white grapes, olive and broccoli wastes, the relative antioxidative abilities of lettuces cultivated in greenhouse were examined. Results clearly coupled high phenolic levels with high yield in lettuce grown on the chestnut-based compost. A huge accumulation of phenolics was observed with the white grape-based compost, but this coincided with low yield. Three compounds were identified as discriminating factors between treated samples, namely quercetin 3-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-(6″-malonyl)-β-d-glucoside; these are also some of the compounds receiving health claims on lettuce consumption. On a negative note, all composts led to decreased vitamin C levels. Collectively, the data suggest that compost amendments can help add value to lettuce by increasing its antioxidant activity as compared to other organic resources.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Fertilizers; Flavones; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Industrial Waste; Lactuca; Olea; Organic Agriculture; Phenols; Quercetin; Soil; Vitis

We profiled and quantified glucosinolates (GSLs), anthocyanins, free amino acids, and vitamin C metabolites in forty-five lines of green and red cabbages. Analysis of these distinct cabbages revealed the presence of 11 GSLs, 13 anthocyanins, 22 free amino acids, and vitamin C. GSL contents were varied amongst the different lines of cabbage. The total GSL content was mean 10.6 μmol/g DW, and sinigrin was the predominant GSL accounted mean 4.0 μmol/g DW (37.7% of the total) followed by glucoraphanin (1.9) and glucobrassicin (2.4). Amongst the 13 anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-(sinapoyl) diglucoside-5-glucoside levels were the highest. The amounts of total free amino acids in green cabbage lines ranged 365.9 mg/100g fresh weight (FW) to 1089.1mg/100g FW. Vitamin C levels were much higher in red cabbage line (129.9 mg/100g FW). Thus, the amounts of GSLs, anthocyanins, free amino acids, and vitamin C varied widely, and the variations in these compounds between the lines of cabbage were significant.

Topics: Amino Acids; Anthocyanins; Ascorbic Acid; Brassica; Food Analysis; GABA Agents; Glucosinolates; Imidoesters; Indoles; Oximes; Sulfoxides; Vitamins

The aim of this article was to determine the chemical composition (anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents, total phenols, and tannins), and the antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities of the juices and methanol extracts of 4 varieties-Tenah, Triton, Ben Sarek, and Ometa. The juices were made during 2008, 2009, and 2010 from the berries grown on the same location. Statistically significant differences were found in all the tested parameters of each variety for every year. Ometa variety exhibited the best antioxidative activity. The highest ascorbic acid value had Tenah juice from 2010 (211 mg/100 g) and Ben Sarek methanol extract (656 mg/100 g). Delphinidin-3-ruthenoside was the dominant anthocyanin in Triton, Tenah, and Ben Sarek variety during all 3 y and Ometa in 2010 where Ometa in 2008 and 2009 had slightly higher content of cyanidin-3-ruthenoside. The minimum inhibitory and microbicidal concentrations ranged from MIC/MBC(MFC) = 62.5 to 500 mg/mL for juices and 0.4 to 500 mg/mL for extracts. There was no significant difference in the effect of the juices against Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria. All the extracts acted in lower concentrations than juices.. Data contained in this article provide an insight into the effects the weather condition has on the content of the bioactive compounds in genetically different types of black currants, during the 3-y observation period. This article is relevant to the commercial application of black currants-based dietary supplements.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Bacteria; Beverages; Diet; Fruit; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Ribes; Species Specificity

There is a long history of use and modern commercial importance of large and small cranberries in North America. The central objective of the current research was to characterize and compare the chemical composition of 2 west coast small cranberry species traditionally used (Vaccinium oxycoccos L. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) with the commercially cultivated large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) indigenous to the east coast of North America. V. oxycoccos and V. macrocarpon contained the 5 major anthocyanins known in cranberry; however, the ratio of glycosylated peonidins to cyanidins varied, and V. vitis-idaea did not contain measurable amounts of glycosylated peonidins. Extracts of all three berries were found to contain serotonin, melatonin, and ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity was not found to correlate with indolamine levels while anthocyanin content showed a negative correlation, and vitamin C content positively correlated. From the metabolomics profiles, 4624 compounds were found conserved across V. macrocarpon, V. oxycoccoS, and V. vitis-idaea with a total of approximately 8000-10 000 phytochemicals detected in each species. From significance analysis, it was found that 2 compounds in V. macrocarpoN, 3 in V. oxycoccos, and 5 in V. vitis-idaea were key to the characterization and differentiation of these cranberry metabolomes. Through multivariate modeling, differentiation of the species was observed, and univariate statistical analysis was employed to provide a quality assessment of the models developed for the metabolomics data.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; British Columbia; Fruit; Glycosylation; Melatonin; Metabolomics; Multivariate Analysis; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serotonin; Species Specificity; Vaccinium; Vaccinium macrocarpon; Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Flavonols (quercetin and rutin) and flavanes (cyanidol and meciadonol) were studied for their effect on non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase activities, binding to albumin and platelet membranes. These biochemical properties of four flavonoids were compared with respect to their antithrombotic action in vivo and their efficacy at influencing the platelet-endothelium interaction in vitro. All four flavonoids inhibited the ascorbate-stimulated formation of malondialdehyde by boiled rat liver microsomes (quercetin greater than rutin approximately cyanidol approximately meciadonol) and inhibited platelet lipoxygenase activity (quercetin greater than cyanidol greater than meciadonol greater than rutin) whereas only flavonols, but not flavanes, stimulated cyclo-oxygenase and were bound to platelet membranes. The same two flavonols dispersed platelet thrombi which were adhering to the rabbit aortic endothelium in vitro (EC50 for quercetin was 80 nM and for rutin 500 nM) and prevented platelets from aggregation over blood-superfused collagen strip in vivo (ED50 for quercetin was 5 nmol/kg and for rutin 33 nmol/kg i.v.). Cyanidol and meciadonol were not effective as anti-thrombotic agents. It is concluded that activated platelets adhering to vascular endothelium generate lipid peroxides and oxygen-free radicals which inhibit endothelial biosynthesis of prostacyclin and destroy endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Flavonols are anti-thrombotic because they are selectively bound to mural platelet thrombi and owing to their free radical scavenging properties resuscitate biosynthesis and action of endothelial prostacyclin and EDRF. Thus, flavonols release the thrombolytic and vasoprotective endothelial mediators only in these vascular segments which are covered by a carpet of aggregating platelets.

Topics: Albumins; Animals; Anthocyanins; Antithrombins; Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase; Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; Arachidonic Acids; Ascorbic Acid; Benzopyrans; Blood Platelets; Catechin; Flavonoids; Leukotrienes; Lipid Peroxides; Malondialdehyde; Microsomes, Liver; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Quercetin; Rats; Rutin