calcium dobesilate profile

Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	29963
CHEMBL ID	2106191
SCHEMBL ID	148396
MeSH ID	M0003167

Synonym
calcii dobesilas [inn-latin]
dobesilato calcio [inn-spanish]
dobesilate de calcium
toraxine
dexium
benzenesulfonic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy-, calcium salt (2:1)
rasexinium
nugatex
calcium hydrochinonsulfonat
dobesilato calcico
hydroquinone calcium sulfonate
dobesilate de calcium [inn-french]
calcium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate
dobesilate calcium
benzenesulfonic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy-, calcium salt
calcium bis(2,5-dihydroxybenzolsulfonat)
2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid calcium salt
calcium dobesilate
doxium
calcii dobesilas
dobesilato di calcio [dcit]
einecs 243-531-5
doxi-om
calcium dobesilate [inn]
205 e
D07427
doxium (tn)
20123-80-2
calcium dobesilate (inn)
AKOS005267175
calcium bis(2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate)
A814261
calcium 2,5-bis(oxidanyl)benzenesulfonate
calcium doxybensylate
205-e
CHEMBL2106191
dobesilato di calcio
unii-5921x1560q
5921x1560q ,
dobesilato calcio
FT-0625554
calcium dobesilate [who-dd]
calcium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulphonate
dobesilate calcium [mi]
2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid calcium salt (2:1)
SCHEMBL148396
calciumdobesilate
exo-2-aminonorbornane99
C2789
DTXSID60173946 ,
dobesilate calcium, >=98% (hplc)
J-013032
Q5018825
calcium dobesilate hydrate
calcium dobesilate,(s)
BCP13786
CS-0088365
HY-111603
D70205
calcii dobesilas (inn-latin)
dobesilate, calcium
calcio dobesilato
dobesilato calcio (inn-spanish)
dtxcid0096437
calcium, dobesilate
dobesilato de calcio
c05bx01
dobesilate de calcium (inn-french)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Calcium dobesilate (CD) is a synthetic venoactive drug used in veterinary medicine to treat equine navicular disease. Calcium Dobesilate Drug (CAD) is an established vasoactive and angioprotective drug that has shown a unique, multitarget mode of action in several experimental studies.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Calcium dobesilate (CD) is a synthetic venoactive drug used in veterinary medicine to treat equine navicular disease. "	( Novel holistic pharmacokinetic model applied to plasma and urine concentrations of 2,5-dihydroxybenzene sulphonate following administrations of calcium dobesilate and etamsylate to exercised horses. Habershon Butcher, J; Harding, C; Hincks, PR; Paine, SW; Viljanto, M; Waller, CC; Zemenova, J, 2023)	2.55
"Calcium dobesilate (CaD) is a small molecule with vasoprotective properties that has been used for the treatment of diabetic microangiopathy."	( Calcium dobesilate reduces VEGF signaling by interfering with heparan sulfate binding site and protects from vascular complications in diabetic mice. Bollin, R; Haller, H; Menne, J; Njau, F; Schenk, H; Shushakova, N; Wulfmeyer, VC, 2020)	2.72
"Calcium dobesilate is a pharmacologically active agent used to treat many disorders due to its vasoprotective and antioxidant effects."	( Does Calcium Dobesilate Have Therapeutic Effect on Gentamicin-induced Cochlear Nerve Ototoxicity? An Experimental Study. Altunay, ZÖ; Ataş, A; Çınar, Z; Edizer, DT; Gül, M; Yiğit, Ö, 2020)	1.79
"Calcium Dobesilate Drug (CAD) is an established vasoactive and angioprotective drug that has shown a unique, multitarget mode of action in several experimental studies and in different animal models of diabetic microvascular complications."	( Calcium Dobesilate and Micro-vascular diseases. Li, S; Liu, J; Sun, D, 2019)	2.68
"Calcium dobesilate (CaD) is a member of the synthetic veno-active drug family. "	( Can calcium dobesilate be used safely for peripheral microvasculopathies that require neoangiogenesis? Caliskan, A; Demirtas, S; Guclu, O; Karahan, O; Mavitas, B; Yavuz, C; Yazici, S, 2013)	2.39
"Calcium dobesilate is an antioxidant drug and this study is aimed to investigate the effects of calcium dobesilate on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity."	( Calcium dobesilate for prevention of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Changizi Ashtiyani, S; Jafarey, M; Najafi, H, 2014)	3.29
"Calcium dobesilate is a vascular protective compound used for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and chronic venous insufficiency."	( Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Diabetic Kidney Disease by Decreasing Bim and Inhibiting Apoptosis of Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Cai, T; Dong, JJ; Liao, L; Shang, HX; Wu, XY; Zhang, XQ; Zhang, ZW, 2017)	2.62
"Calcium dobesilate (CD) is a synthetic benzene sulfonate derivative and an angioprotective agent used orally. "	( Calcium dobesilate reduces oxidative stress in cardiac surgery. CERRAHOGLU, M; ISKESEN, I; ONUR, E; SIRIN, H; TANER KURDAL, A, 2009)	3.24
"Calcium dobesilate is an angio-protective agent that has positive effects on hemorheological parameters. "	( The effects of calcium dobesilate on the mechanical function of rat hearts. Arslan, C; Cantürk, E; Cihan Ozbek, I; Süzer, O, 2009)	2.15
"Calcium dobesilate is a synthetic venoactive drug acting on several levels."	( Calcium dobesilate and oxerutin: effectiveness of combination therapy. Akbulut, B, 2010)	2.52
"Calcium dobesilate is an angioprotective agent that has positive effects on hemorheological parameters. "	( Calcium dobesilate may improve hemorheology in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Arslan, C; Aydemir, B; Besirli, K; Canturk, E; Kayhan, B; Kiziler, AR, )	3.02
"Calcium dobesilate is an effective adjuvant therapy, with an absence of significant side-effects, in patients with venous ulcers and stasis dermatitis. "	( An open trial of calcium dobesilate in patients with venous ulcers and stasis dermatitis. Attri, AK; Dabra, AK; Kanwar, AJ; Kaur, C; Kochhar, S; Sarkar, R, 2003)	2.1
"Calcium dobesilate (Doxium) is a veno-tonic drug, which is widely prescribed in more than 60 countries from Europe, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East for three main indications: chronic venous disease, diabetic retinopathy and the symptoms of haemorrhoidal attack."	( Safety of calcium dobesilate in chronic venous disease, diabetic retinopathy and haemorrhoids. Allain, H; Bentué-Ferrer, D; Polard, E; Ramelet, AA, 2004)	1.45
"2. Calcium dobesilate (DOBE) is a drug used in diabetic retinopathy and its mechanism of action is not yet understood."	( Effects of calcium dobesilate on the synthesis of endothelium-dependent relaxing factors in rabbit isolated aorta. Lorente, R; Ruiz, E; Tejerina, T, 1997)	1.2
"Calcium dobesilate (DOBE) is an orally administered angioprotective agent which is used in some vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, although its mechanism of action is not yet fully understood. "	( Calcium dobesilate increases endothelium-dependent relaxation in endothelium-injured rabbit aorta. Ruiz, E; Tejerina, T, 1998)	3.19
"Calcium dobesilate is a vasoactive drug with well-known effects on endothelial integrity, vascular wall permeability and blood viscosity. "	( [Modification of eicosanoid synthesis by calcium dobesilate]. Sinzinger, H; Vinazzer, H, 1987)	1.98
"Calcium dobesilate appears to be a dose-dependent, highly effective antiplatelet agent."	( Prevention of platelet deposition by ibuprofen and calcium dobesilate in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts. Dewanjee, MK; Fowl, RJ; Gloviczki, P; Hollier, LH; Kaye, MP; Plate, G, 1985)	1.24

Effects

Calcium dobesilate (Doxium) has been shown to significantly reduce the attachment of activated and quiescent macrophages to subcutaneously implanted coverslips in guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action are not elucidated. Calcium dobsilate has been used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy in the last decades.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Calcium dobesilate (CaD) has been used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to its potential in protecting against retinal vascular damage. "	( Efficacy of calcium dobesilate in treating Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (CALM-DR): protocol for a single-blind, multicentre, 24-armed cluster-randomised, controlled trial. Hu, H; Liu, J; Qiu, S; Song, Q; Sun, ZL; Wang, D; Wang, F; Wen, L; Yuan, Y, 2021)	2.44
"Calcium dobesilate (CaD) has been prescribed to some patients in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy to delay its progression. "	( Calcium Dobesilate Is Protective against Inflammation and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in the Retina of a Type 1 Diabetic Rat Model. Ambrósio, AF; Bauer, J; Cunha-Vaz, J; Leal, EC; Liberal, J; Santiago, AR; Voabil, P, 2017)	3.34
"Calcium dobesilate has shown to improve endothelial function. "	( Calcium dobesilate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus. Angulo, J; Drábek, F; García, C; Kawaciuk, I; Louda, M; Pavlik, I; Sáenz de Tejada, I; Sust, M; Videla, S; Villoria, J; Všetička, J, 2008)	3.23
"Calcium dobesilate (CaD) has been used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy in the last decades, but its mechanisms of action are not elucidated. "	( Calcium dobesilate inhibits the alterations in tight junction proteins and leukocyte adhesion to retinal endothelial cells induced by diabetes. Ambrósio, AF; Bauer, J; Chiavaroli, C; Cunha-Vaz, J; Leal, EC; Liberal, J; Martins, J; Voabil, P, 2010)	3.25
"Calcium dobesilate (Cd) has been tried successfully in many vascular disorders."	( Calcium dobesilate (Cd) in pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD): a pilot evaluation. Agrawal, SK; Bhattacharya, SN; Gandhi, V, 2004)	2.49
"Calcium dobesilate (DOBE) has been tested in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy showing a slowdown of the progression of the disease after long-term oral treatment."	( Calcium dobesilate attenuates vascular injury and the progression of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ganado, P; Hoz, Rd; Padilla, E; Ramírez, AI; Ramírez, JM; Rojas, B; Ruiz, E; Salazar, JJ; Sanz, M; Tejerina, T; Triviño, A; Zeini, M, )	2.3
"Calcium dobesilate (Doxium) has been shown to significantly reduce the attachment of activated and quiescent macrophages to subcutaneously implanted coverslips in guinea pigs. "	( Assessment of the anti-inflammatory action of calcium dobesilate. Effect on macrophages attaching to subcutaneously implanted coverslips in guinea pigs. Piller, NB, 1990)	1.98

Treatment

Calcium dobesilate (CaD) treatment have protective effects on blood retinal barrier (BRB) and anti-oxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties. Calcium do Besilate, a treatment for chronic venous disease, shares some pharmacological actions with iloprost but appears to be better tolerated.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Calcium dobesilate (CaD) treatment have protective effects on blood retinal barrier (BRB) and anti-oxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties."	( Effect of calcium dobesilate on retrobulbar blood flow and choroidal thickness in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Akbari, M; Ashraf, H; Ghaffari, M; Jahanbani-Ardakani, H; Khalili, MR; Lotfi, M, 2021)	1.75
"Calcium dobesilate treatment resulted in no significant volume change in the most pathological leg between baseline and end of treatment. "	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study on the efficacy and safety of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Ballarini, S; Lehr, L; Rabe, E, 2016)	2.1
"Calcium dobesilate, a treatment for chronic venous disease, shares some pharmacological actions with iloprost but appears to be better tolerated."	( Modulation of the intramedullary pressure responses by calcium dobesilate in a rabbit knee model of osteoarthritis. Fricker, C; Miles, JE; Svalastoga, EL; Wenck, A, 2011)	1.34
"Calcium dobesilate-treated rats showed significantly low level muscle (p = 0.025) and lung TBARS (p = 0.004), compared with the control group."	( Calcium dobesilate ameliorates lung injury following lower limb ischemia/reperfusion. Bozkurt, AK; Konukoğlu, D; Mayda, AS; Ustündağ, N; Yüceyar, L, 2002)	2.48
"Treatment with calcium dobesilate was not found to be superior to placebo on the QoL of CVD patients. "	( A randomized, double-blind multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of calcium dobesilate with placebo in the treatment of chronic venous disease. Bonfill, X; Gich, I; Martínez-Zapata, MJ; Moreno, RM; Urrútia, G, 2008)	0.93

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The aim of the present review is to consider the adverse effects and the safety profile of calcium dobesilate."	( Safety of calcium dobesilate in chronic venous disease, diabetic retinopathy and haemorrhoids. Allain, H; Bentué-Ferrer, D; Polard, E; Ramelet, AA, 2004)	0.95

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Therefore the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between these three drugs were studied after a single-dose in beagle dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction in beagle dogs of antiplatelet drugs: acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole and calcium dobesilate. Asimakopoulos, G; Dontas, I; Gogas, J; Karayannacos, PE; Kotsarelis, D; Plessas, CT; Plessas, ST; Souras, S, )	0.35
"A pharmacokinetic study was carried out in beagle dogs after a single intravenous infusion of 100 mg/kg of calcium dobesilate, a dose claimed to produce a cardiac lymphagogue effect."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium dobesilate in beagle dogs after a single administration. Costakis, A; Donta, I; Karayannakos, P; Plessas, CT; Plessas, ST; Skalkeas, G, )	0.67
" Non-compartmental analysis was applied to identify the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties."	( A single-dose, randomized crossover study in healthy Chinese subjects to evaluate pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two capsules of calcium dobesilate 0.5 g under fasting and fed conditions. Cheng, J; Jia, J; Liang, L; Liu, Y; Ou, M; Peng, K; Qian, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, M, 2023)	1.11
" The aim of the research was to be able to provide detection time (DT) advice from pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in Thoroughbred horses to better inform trainers, and their veterinary surgeons, prescribing these substances for treatment of Thoroughbred racehorses."	( Novel holistic pharmacokinetic model applied to plasma and urine concentrations of 2,5-dihydroxybenzene sulphonate following administrations of calcium dobesilate and etamsylate to exercised horses. Habershon Butcher, J; Harding, C; Hincks, PR; Paine, SW; Viljanto, M; Waller, CC; Zemenova, J, 2023)	1.11

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To observe the clinical curative effects of alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate in type 2 diabetes patients with peripheral neuropathy."	( Effects of alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Han, K; Liu, C; Rao, X; Shi, X, 2018)	0.99
"This study investigates the efficacy of CaD combined with intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with nonproliferative DR."	( Intravitreal Ranibizumab Alone or in Combination with Calcium Dobesilate for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: 12-Month Outcomes of a Retrospective Study. Wang, D; Wang, H; Wu, S; Xu, J; Yang, X, 2022)	0.97
"We reviewed 102 eyes of 102 patients; 54 patients received IVR combined with oral CaD (IVR + CaD group) and 48 received only IVR (IVR group)."	( Intravitreal Ranibizumab Alone or in Combination with Calcium Dobesilate for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: 12-Month Outcomes of a Retrospective Study. Wang, D; Wang, H; Wu, S; Xu, J; Yang, X, 2022)	0.97

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, concurrent DP or CaDb improved the bioavailability of ASA, particularly the increased Cmax and (AUC)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction in beagle dogs of antiplatelet drugs: acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole and calcium dobesilate. Asimakopoulos, G; Dontas, I; Gogas, J; Karayannacos, PE; Kotsarelis, D; Plessas, CT; Plessas, ST; Souras, S, )	0.35
"Absolute and relative bioavailability of two commercial calcium dobesilate tablets were evaluated in ten healthy volunteers in a cross-over trial using a newly developed HPLC detection method."	( Bioavailability studies of calcium dobesilate--a case of flip-flop kinetics. Franke, G; Scherber, A; Schneider, T; Siegmund, W, 1985)	0.81

Dosage Studied

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the blood levels of calcium dobesilate and the pharmacological effect described above using the same dosage schedule. 30 rats as the treatment group and fed with the same Gal solution as the model group.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" A third series of rats received the same dosage schedule of CLS 2210 or placebo, but mortality was evaluated after 1 week, to ascertain whether CLS 2210 merely postponed death."	( Effect of CLS 2210 (calcium dobesilate) on survival and myocardial infarction size in the rat: influence of dose and duration of treatment. Hollenberg, NK; Huttl, K, 1992)	0.61
" The first group received calcium dobesilate orally in dosage of 750 mg daily while the second remained untreated."	( Plethysmographic confirmation of the beneficial effect of calcium dobesilate in primary varicose veins. Androulakis, G; Panoysis, PA, 1989)	0.82
" Groups I and II were administered perioperatively a daily dosage of 1000 mg (2 x 1 capsule) of the preparation Doxium (Ebewe Arzneimittel GmbH, Unterach am Attersee) during 8 weeks - 2 weeks preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively."	( [Perioperative treatment of patients with varicose veins using calcium dobesilate]. Duma, S; Mühleder, J; Ohner, W, 1988)	0.51
" The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the blood levels of calcium dobesilate and the pharmacological effect described above using the same dosage schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium dobesilate in beagle dogs after repeated administration. Costakis, A; Donta, I; Karayannakos, P; Plessas, CT; Plessas, ST; Skalkeas, G, )	0.67
" Also there was achieved a parallel analysis of buthylhydroxyanisol, as a preservative, and hydroquinone, as a degradation product of calcium dobesilate, present in these dosage forms."	( Validation of liquid chromatographic method for analysis of lidocaine hydrochloride, dexamethasone acetate, calcium dobesilate, buthylhydroxyanisol and degradation product hydroquinone in suppositories and ointment. Ivanovic, I; Markovic, S; Petrovic, S; Zecevic, M; Zivanovic, Lj, 2005)	0.74
" Group C received CD in a dosage of 1500 mg po daily after the GSV was harvested below the knee."	( The effect of calcium dobesilate on venous function following saphenectomy in coronary artery bypass grafting. Bakuy, V; Cagli, K; Cobanoglu, A; Emir, M; Gurkahraman, S; Ozisik, K; Pac, M; Tola, M; Yurdakok, O, )	0.49
" The proposed methods were checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures and were successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation containing the cited drugs with no interference from other dosage form additives."	( Successive spectrophotometric resolution as a novel technique for the analysis of ternary mixtures of pharmaceuticals. Fahmy, NM; Lotfy, HM; Shehata, MA; Tawakkol, SM, 2014)	0.4
" The method was applied for the determination of the studied drugs in different dosage forms and biological fluids."	( Simultaneous determination of some dihydroxybenzenesulphonic acid derivatives and their degradation product and main impurity (hydroquinone) by ion-pair liquid chromatography. Tolba, MM, 2014)	0.4
"5% Gal solution from 1 to 7 days and 10%Gal solution from 8 to 21 days except for normal diet ) ; 30 rats as the treatment group and fed with the same Gal solution as the model group, besides they were divided into high dosage group, medium dosage group and low dosage group equally and gave 300 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1), 150 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1), 75 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1) dose of calcium dobesilate respectively from the first day to the end of experiment."	( [Evaluation of calcium dobesilate for its anti-cataract potential in experimental rat models]. Hao, LL; Jiang, Y; Wang, RN; Xu, D; Zheng, GY, 2013)	0.91
" There were no statistic significant differences among high dosage group, medium dosage group and low dosage group ."	( [Evaluation of calcium dobesilate for its anti-cataract potential in experimental rat models]. Hao, LL; Jiang, Y; Wang, RN; Xu, D; Zheng, GY, 2013)	0.74

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	79 (33.19)	18.7374
1990's	31 (13.03)	18.2507
2000's	49 (20.59)	29.6817
2010's	53 (22.27)	24.3611
2020's	26 (10.92)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	54 (20.30%)	5.53%
Reviews	27 (10.15%)	6.00%
Case Studies	23 (8.65%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.38%)	0.25%
Other	161 (60.53%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine [NCT03167918]	Phase 2/Phase 3	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-21	Completed
Clinical Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Tangningtongluo Tablet in Treating Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - The Syndrome of Yin Asthenia Generating Intrinsic Heat and Eye Collateral Stasis [NCT05007262]	Phase 2	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-08-31	Active, not recruiting
Calcium Dobesilate Versus Coasting for Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome [NCT02290002]	Phase 2/Phase 3	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
[NCT01382498]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Enrolling by invitation
Efficacy of Calcium Dobesilate in Treating Chinese Patients With Mild to Moderate Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (CALM-DR): a Single-blind, Multicenter, Cluster-randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT04283162]	Phase 4	1,200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-03-01	Not yet recruiting
CaDoBio (Calcium Dobesilate Bioavailability): a Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics Research Project to Measure the Concentrations of Calcium Dobesilate (Doxium®) in the Nasal Mucosal Tissue, Saliva and Blood of Treated Patients [NCT04922996]		14 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-04-15	Active, not recruiting
Randomized, Double-blind Multicenter Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Calcium Dobesilate With Placebo in the Treatment of Ulcer Secondaries to Chronic Venous Disease [NCT00979836]	Phase 3	230 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Suspended(stopped due to The financial support was withdrawn.)
Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea [NCT00945373]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Non-inferiority Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Entelon® as Compared to Doxium Tab. And Placebo for the Treatment of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy [NCT03962296]	Phase 4	153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-21	Completed
Calcium Dobesilate Versus Cabergoline for Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome [NCT02271360]	Phase 2/Phase 3	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Monocenter, Phase II Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Calcium Dobesilate (CaD) vs. Placebo on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Amongst Outpatients With COVID-19. [NCT05305508]	Phase 2	74 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-31	Not yet recruiting
the Effect of Calcium Dobesilate on Non Dialysis Patients With Chronic Renal Failure [NCT03427944]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
Tranexamic Acid Versus Calcium Dobesilate for the Treatment of Copper Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device Associated Heavy Menstrual Blood Loss : A Randomized , Open-labelled , Clinical Trial. [NCT03139422]	Phase 3	140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-07-01	Recruiting
Effect of Heart-Protecting Musk Pill on Diabetic Microangiopaemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients [NCT05095922]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-28	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.45	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.1	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.56	1	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
histamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydroquinone [no description available]	7.76	3	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	9.59	10	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.05	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.17	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.48	1	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.91	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beta-resorcylic acid beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
theophylline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.87	4	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
bencyclane Bencyclane: A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.	1.95	1	0	benzenes
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	5.13	3	1	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.96	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.94	2	1
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	6.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	9.28	4	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	1.95	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	1.95	1	0	naphthalenes
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	1.98	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.77	3	0	oxopurine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.99	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	9.59	10	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	1.95	1	0	pyridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	6.97	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.38	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	10.11	3	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	7.25	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.41	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.05	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.36	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	1.97	1	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2.06	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.91	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	3.48	2	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.04	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.95	4	2	dialdehyde	biomarker
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.03	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	1.95	1	0	methylpyridines
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.02	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	1.95	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	4.33	1	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
ethamsylate Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.	4.2	5	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.05	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.31	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.05	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	7.6	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.97	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.92	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
aminaftone [no description available]	9.59	10	0	naphthols
tetramethylene glutaric acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	5.19	4	3	iditol	fungal metabolite
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	3.59	1	1	proanthocyanidin
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.91	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	3.4	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.91	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
tribenoside tribenoside: anti-inflammatory agent used in edema of extremities, varicose veins & phlebitis; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search GLYCOSIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.34	1	1	glycoside
epinastine dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.37	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	3.74	2	1
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	6.97	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
hidrosmin hidrosmin: a benzopyrone derivative; water-soluble flavonoid	9.57	10	0	flavonoids; glycoside
alprostadil [no description available]	8.56	1	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	1.99	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	17.3	18	2	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	15.21	15	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.35	1	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rutin sulfate rutin sulfate: RN refers to Na salt	3.1	1	0
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.05	1	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	6.88	4	1
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.96	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	1.95	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	8.47	1	1
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	1.99	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	5.41	4	1
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	4.83	3	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.46	2	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.52	4	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
rutascorbin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.02	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.03	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.97	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.02	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.91	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.01	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	7.88	9	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	5.73	6	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	12.99	11	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	7.88	9	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	5.73	6	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	5.54	7	2
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	2.66	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	7.41	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	7.76	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	15.51	65	19
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Crush Fractures [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	2.41	1	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	5.3	4	1
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	10.3	4	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	4.23	6	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	7.6	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.6	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	4.23	6	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	7.44	2	0
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	0	2.6	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	7.44	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	5.73	14	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	3.94	2	1
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	3.94	2	1
Itching [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	2.48	2	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	2.25	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	2.48	2	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	7.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	6.04	5	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	6	9	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	7.63	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	17.81	71	7
Angioedema, Hereditary [description not available]	0	14.09	49	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	14.34	56	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	14.31	53	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	17.81	71	7
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	19.34	56	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	0	18.43	79	12
Angioedemas, Hereditary Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	14.09	49	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	0	7.41	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	2.42	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	7.43	10	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	1	9.43	10	5
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	2.44	2	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	2.15	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	2.21	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	3.56	1	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	3.56	1	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	2.17	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.88	2	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	13.06	6	2
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.21	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	5.55	7	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	3	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	2.94	4	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	3	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	3	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	0	12.63	20	2
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	3	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.61	3	0
Varices [description not available]	0	6.81	9	3
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	1	8.81	9	3
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	4.63	3	2
Impotence [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	8.82	2	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	7.46	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	0	2.4	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.05	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	2.05	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	4.73	2	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	9.73	2	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.05	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	2.05	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	3.51	8	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	2.73	3	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	2.73	3	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	2.06	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	0	2.07	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	4.09	3	1
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	0	2.07	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	9.63	3	2
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.07	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	2.07	1	0
Fundus Flavimaculatus [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Stargardt Disease A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.	0	2.07	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	7.01	1	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	8.4	1	1
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	0	3.4	1	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	3.83	4	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	3.4	1	1
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	2.68	3	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	2.42	2	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	0	2.02	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	2.02	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	2.02	1	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	1	4.02	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.38	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	2.03	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	2.03	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	4.32	2	2
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	4.32	2	2
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	5.52	3	2
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	1.96	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	6.79	8	2
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	1.96	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	4.61	3	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	1.96	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	3.35	1	1
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	1.96	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	1.96	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	5.23	2	2
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	3.38	1	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.38	1	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	2.92	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	4.03	3	1
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	0	1.95	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	4.03	3	1
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	5.62	5	4
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	1.95	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.35	2	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	0	1.95	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	2.38	2	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	1.98	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	4.84	4	2
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	4.84	4	2
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	1.97	1	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	3.58	3	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	9.96	3	1
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	3.58	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	3.35	1	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	3.33	1	1

calcium dobesilate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (68)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (238)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.17

Study Types

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

calcium dobesilate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (68)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (238)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.17

Study Types

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (96)

Related Conditions (195)