ascorbic-acid and sodium-sulfate

Low-volume bowel preparation has been developed to increase patient compliance. We compared 1 L of polyethylene glycol/ascorbic acid (PEG/Asc) and oral sodium sulfate (OSS) with respect to bowel preparation efficacy, compliance, and safety.. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blinded, non-inferiority trial was conducted in 3 hospitals. Patients were randomized to receive a bowel-cleansing agent. Bowel-cleansing efficacy was evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Satisfaction, feeling, taste of the bowel cleanser, and adverse events after taking the bowel cleanser were investigated through a questionnaire. Additionally, blood samples were analyzed before and after bowel cleansing.. In total, 172 patients were analyzed (85 with 1 L PEG/Asc and 87 with OSS), and the mean BBPS scores were comparable between agents. The 1L PEG/Asc group tended to have a higher BBPS score in the right colon (2.22 vs 2.02; P = .08). The compliance of 1 L of PEG/Asc was comparable to that of OSS. Patients taking 1 L PEG/Asc reported greater thirst and dizziness (P = .04 and P = .047, respectively) than the OSS cohort. On the other hand, gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and abdominal distension were more common in the OSS group, without statistical significance. In terms of laboratory adverse events, elevation of serum creatinine was found in both groups after taking the bowel cleansing agent (P < .001 for the 1L PEG/Asc group; P = .04 for the OSS group). However, most of the increased values were within the normal ranges.. The 1L PEG/Asc treatment was comparable to OSS in terms of bowel preparation efficacy, compliance, and safety.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Cathartics; Colonoscopy; Creatinine; Detergents; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Prospective Studies; Sulfates

No bowel preparation for colonoscopy is optimal with regard to efficacy, safety, and tolerability. New options for bowel preparation are needed.. To compare a new hybrid preparation consisting of a reduced dose of oral sulfate solution (OSS) plus 2 L of sulfate-free electrolyte lavage solution (SF-ELS) with 2 low-volume preparations based on polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS).. Two randomized, controlled trials.. Twenty-four U.S. centers.. A total of 737 outpatients undergoing colonoscopy.. In study 1, OSS plus SF-ELS was given as a split dose, and in study 2, OSS plus SF-ELS was given in its entirety the evening before colonoscopy. In study 1, the active control was 2 L of PEG-ELS plus ascorbic acid (PEG-EA) given as a split dose. In study 2, the control was 10 mg of bisacodyl plus 2 L of SF-ELS taken the evening before colonoscopy.. Rates of successful (good or excellent) bowel preparation.. In study 1, the rates of successful (excellent or good) preparation with OSS plus SF-ELS and PEG-EA were identical at 93.5% for split-dose preparation. OSS plus SF-ELS was noninferior to PEG-EA (P < .001). In study 2, OSS plus SF-ELS resulted in successful preparation in 89.8% of patients compared with 83.5% with bisacodyl plus SF-ELS in a same-day preparation regimen. OSS plus SF-ELS was noninferior to bisacodyl plus SF-ELS (P <.001). In study 1, vomiting was more frequent with OSS plus SF-ELS (13.5% vs 6.7%; P = .042), and bloating was rated worse with PEG-EA (P = .025). In study 2, overall discomfort was rated worse with OSS plus SF-ELS (mean score 2.1 vs 1.8; P = .032). There were no deaths in either study and no serious adverse events considered related to the preparation.. Bowel cleansing was not scored by colon segment. Adenoma detection was not compared between the regimens.. OSS plus SF-ELS is a new, safe, and effective bowel preparation for colonoscopy.

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Bisacodyl; Cathartics; Colonoscopy; Electrolytes; Female; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Middle Aged; Polyethylene Glycols; Single-Blind Method; Sulfates

The current main treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC) is induction therapy by long-term administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), but various side effects have been reported. Therefore, a radical cure for UC is desired. A vitamin C (VC) has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study investigated whether a VC solution enema shortens induction of remission in colitis model rats. Wistar rats (6 wk old/male) were allowed to freely ingest a 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution for 10 d and then switched to tap water for normal breeding for 10 d (UC group). At the time of switching to tap water, an enema was performed with a 5-ASA solution (40 mg/kg/d) or VC solution (460 mg/kg/d) for 10 d. The neutrophil number, COX-2, which is an index of inflammation, and type III collagen, which is an early healing marker, were significantly increased in the UC group. However, the VC group showed decreases compared with UC groups. Furthermore, compared with UC and 5-ASA groups, the VC group showed increased expression of type I collagen, which is expressed late in healing, and significant epithelial regeneration was observed in colon tissue. The VC solution enema shortened the induction of remission by directly suppressing inflammation of damaged large intestinal tissues and promoting mucosal healing.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Colitis; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Enema; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Remission Induction; Sulfates

Burbank and Norkotah potato slices were dipped into 3% sodium acid sulfate (SAS), citric acid (CA), sodium erythorbate (SE), malic acid (MA), sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), or a combination of SAS-CA-SE. Browning by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) obtained from potato extract with 0.04 to 0.016 g/mL of antibrowning solutions at pH 2.0 to 6.9 were measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The color of slices dipped in antibrowning solutions at pHs 2 to 7 and stored at 4 °C for 15 d was measured every 5 d by colorimeter. Headspace analysis of volatiles in raw and cooked potato samples was performed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS) and soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) analysis of the calculated odor activity values (OAV) determined interclass distances. Microbial growth was measured at 15 d. At unadjusted pHs (1.1 to 7.1), the PPO browning of the control and samples with SAPP was not significantly different, SAS, CA, and MA produced some inhibition and SE and SAS-CA-SE prevented browning. At pH 5 to 7, only SE and SAS-CA-SE were effective browning inhibitors. Based on the color of potato slices, SE was the most effective at pH 2 to 7, but SAS was most effective at unadjusted pH. Cooking increased volatile levels in the treated potatoes and decreased differences between volatile profiles. Differences between cooked samples may not be noticeable by the consumer because volatiles with high discriminating powers have low OAVs. SAS, CA, and SAS-CA-SE treatments inhibited microbial growth but SAPP, control, and SE did not, most likely due to pH.. Antibrowning agents inhibit polyphenol oxidase, increasing shelf life and consumer acceptability of processed raw potato products by preserving the color. Their effectiveness was shown to be mainly due to a pH effect, except SE, which was not pH dependent. MA, CA, and SAS-CA-SE are better acidulants for inhibition of color change as well as growth of spoilage bacteria, yeast, and mold than SAPP, the industry standard.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Catechol Oxidase; Citric Acid; Colony Count, Microbial; Color; Consumer Behavior; Diphosphates; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Maillard Reaction; Malates; Odorants; Solanum tuberosum; Sulfates; Volatile Organic Compounds

The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of acidulant dip treatments (with or without aqueous ozone) to reduce enzymatic browning and to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut potato slices during refrigerated storage (4 °C) for 28 d. Potato slices subjected to aqueous ozone (2 ppm) had significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher L-values and lower a-values, but ozone did not appear to have any effect on aerobic plate counts (APCs) or polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. NatureSeal (NS) and sodium acid sulfate (SAS) were the most effective acidulant treatments in reducing browning (significantly [P≤ 0.05] higher L-values, lower a-values, and browning index values) regardless of ozone treatment. NS and SAS also had lower PPO activity compared to other treatments on days 0 and 28, and significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower APCs (≤2.00 log CFU/g) over refrigerated storage. Therefore, the SAS treatment was comparable to NS, a commercially available product, and showed promise as an effective antibrowning dip to reduce browning and spoilage in fresh-cut potato products. Practical Application:  A 1% SAS dip treatment which included 1% citric and 1% ascorbic acid was found to be an effective antibrowning dip for fresh-cut potatoes along with NatureSeal®'s PS-10, compared to other treatments. They were both effective in maintaining low microbial counts over refrigerated storage. Additionally, aqueous ozone washes (2 ppm) showed significant benefits to reduce browning; however, ozone did not affect microbial counts or PPO enzyme activity. Therefore, the SAS treatment could have potential use in the fruit and vegetable industry to reduce browning and spoilage in fresh-cut potato products.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Preservation; Food Storage; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Maillard Reaction; Ozone; Solanum tuberosum; Sulfates; Water

Soils and ground water in nature are dominated by chloride and sulphate salts. There have been several studies concerning NaCl salinity, however, little is known about the Na(2)SO(4) one. The effects on antioxidative activities of chloride or sodium sulphate in terms of the same Na(+) equivalents (25 mM Na(2)SO(4) and 50 mM NaCl) were studied on 30 day-old plants of Ocimum basilicum L., variety Genovese subjected to 15 and 30 days of treatment. Growth, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), relative ion leakage ratio (RLR), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), ascorbate and glutathione contents as well as the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11); glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) and peroxidases (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were determined. In leaves, growth was more depressed by 25 mM Na(2)SO(4) than 50 mM NaCl. The higher sensitivity of basil to Na(2)SO(4) was associated with an enhanced accumulation of H(2)O(2), an inhibition of APX, GR and POD activities (with the exception of POD under the 30-day-treatment) and a lower regeneration of reduced ascorbate (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH). However, the changes in the antioxidant metabolism were enough to limit oxidative damage, explaining the fact that RLR and TBARS levels were unchanged under both Na(2)SO(4) and NaCl treatment. Moreover, for both salts the 30-day-treatment reduced H(2)O(2) accumulation, unchanged RLR and TBARS levels, and enhanced the levels of antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes, thus achieving an adaptation mechanism against reactive oxygen species.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Antioxidants; Ascorbate Peroxidases; Ascorbic Acid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutathione; Glutathione Reductase; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ocimum basilicum; Oxidative Stress; Peroxidases; Salinity; Sodium Chloride; Sulfates; Time Factors

Ointments of the skin depigmentation agent hydroquinone (HQ) have been prepared by extemporaneous nonsterile compounding in our hospital. The HQ ointments were highly effective in the treatment of various types of skin pigmentations; however, various problems have emerged including chromatic aberration of the ointments, a relatively large variability of efficacy, and mild topical side effects including irritation. In this paper, the cytotoxicity of HQ was assessed in vitro using rat skin fibroblasts as the concentration with 50% survival after 24 h exposure to be 16.5 microM. The intradermal concentrations at 2 h after application of the HQ ointments was also estimated to be 358 mM and 51.7 mM in stratum corneum and viable tissue (viable epidermis+dermis), respectively, by an in vitro rat skin permeation study with rat full-thickness abdominal skin and Franz-type diffusion cells. It was demonstrated that the intradermal concentration of HQ was much higher than that eliciting cytotoxicity, suggesting that the topical side effects after application of HQ ointment were due to the cytotoxicity of HQ.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Colorimetry; Diffusion; Fibroblasts; Hydroquinones; Male; Ointments; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Skin; Skin Absorption; Sulfates

In thermally-accelerated aging followed by EPR spectroscopy of beer samples of various stabilities, free radical 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPOL) was shown to be an effective indicator of the breakdown of a sample's stability, comparable to the commonly used spin trapping agent alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN). Both indicators were then employed to investigate the influence of additives on beer stability. The addition of L-ascorbic acid (ASC) to the beer samples accelerated the radical processes and a lower stability was found. DL-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC) did not influence beer stability significantly (probably due to its limited solubility). Na2SO3, described as a very effective stabilizer in experiments with the PBN spin trap, was found not to be effective using the TEMPOL indicator. This is probably due to inhibition in the formation of spin adducts or their degradation by Na2SO3.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Ascorbic Acid; Beer; Cyclic N-Oxides; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Food Additives; Indicators and Reagents; Spin Labels; Sulfates; Time Factors; Vitamin E

The effects of cultivation conditions, winter storage, peeling method, browning prevention chemicals replacing sodium bisulfite, and packing methods on the sensory, nutritional and microbiological quality of pre-peeled potato were examined. Two different cultivation lots of the potato variety Van Gogh were used. Cultivation and harvesting conditions and peeling method were the most important facts reducing the sensory quality, especially the appearance, of prepeeled and sliced potatoes. Cooking and baking of potatoes decreased the appearance defects detected in raw potatoes. The levels of vitamin C in packaged samples decreased during winter storage. Cooking for 10 min and keeping potatoes at 60 degrees C for 1 h after cooking also decreased the content of vitamin C. In potato samples immediately after treatments aerobic bacteria were present at levels of 400 to 2,950 CFU/g and lactic acid bacteria at levels of 8 to 16 CFU/g. The number of aerobic bacteria did not increase during storage, and the number of lactic acid bacteria increased at the most to 90 CFU/g. Peeling, washing and packaging methods, cultivation conditions, and winter storage did not have important effects on the number of microbes present.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Bacteria, Aerobic; Colony Count, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Food Handling; Food Preservation; Food Preservatives; Lactobacillus; Solanum tuberosum; Sulfates; Temperature

This study was undertaken to determine whether the cells of the fibrocartilaginous meniscal substance are capable of proliferation and matrix synthesis. Cells were isolated from the fibrocartilaginous menisci of young New Zealand white rabbits, and grown in two alternative culture regimens differing only in the basal nutrient medium used to initiate primary monolayer growth. Under each culture regimen, the cells attached and proliferated both initially and after passage into secondary (2 degrees) culture. Differences were noted in cell morphology and time to reach confluence in primary (1 degrees) culture. Upon passage into 2 degrees culture, the fibrochondrocytes assumed two distinct morphologies depending upon the type of medium used for 1 degree culture. These morphological changes were accompanied by differences in the population doubling time and incorporation of 35SO4 into sulfated proteoglycans. The proliferation of both fibrochondrocyte subtypes was stimulated by the addition of either pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or human platelet lysate in a dose-dependent manner. Both FGF (10 ng/ml) and ascorbate (40 micrograms/ml) decreased 35-sulfate incorporation, whereas only ascorbate was found to alter the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan in the pericellular coat. We conclude that the fibrochondrocytes of the meniscal substance are capable of replication and synthesis of matrix macromolecules if given the proper stimuli. Additionally, there may be two subpopulations of fibrochondrocytes that can be distinguished by their in vitro behavior.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; DNA; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Growth Substances; Proteoglycans; Rabbits; Sulfates

Rabbit lens epithelial cells display a similar "cobblestone" morphology and produce the same complement of sulphated macromolecules (also see Heathcote, J.G., and R.W. Orkin, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:852-860) whether grown on plastic or glass, dried films of gelatin or type IV collagen with laminin, or on gels of type I collagen. There was no evidence of basement membrane formation by these cells when they were grown on plastic, glass, or dried films. In contrast, cultures that had been grown on gels deposited a discrete basement membrane that followed the contours of the basal surfaces of the cells and in addition, they secreted amorphous basement membrane-like material that diffused into the interstices of the gel and associated with the collagen fibrils of the gel. A significant proportion (approximately 70%) of the heparan sulphate proteoglycan fraction that was secreted into the culture medium (fraction MI) when the cells were grown on plastic became associated with the cell-gel layer in the gel cultures. Further, when basement membrane was isolated by detergent extraction, greater than 90% of the 35S-labeled material present was in this heparan sulphate proteoglycan.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Basement Membrane; Cell Fractionation; Cells, Cultured; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; Epithelium; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; Heparitin Sulfate; Lens, Crystalline; Male; Proline; Proteoglycans; Rabbits; Sulfates; Sulfur Radioisotopes; Tritium

Depletion of endogenous inorganic sulfate can have pronounced effects on the elimination kinetics and metabolic fate of phenolic drugs. Our purpose was to determine the effects of acetaminophen (which is partly metabolized to acetaminophen sulfate), ascorbic acid (subject to more limited sulfation than acetaminophen), and sodium sulfate (useful for sulfate repletion by the oral route) on the serum concentration and renal excretion of inorganic sulfate in healthy adults. Six men and two women, 26 to 35 yr old, were studied on four occasions that were at least 4 days apart. They received no medication, 1.5 gm acetaminophen, 6 gm ascorbic acid, or 9 gm sodium sulfate decahydrate orally, in aqueous solution. A blood sample was obtained 2 hr later and urine was collected from 1 to 3 hr. Serum inorganic sulfate concentrations (mean +/- SD), 0.410 +/- 0.043 mM in the control period, were decreased after acetaminophen (0.311 +/- 0.043 mM, P less than 0.001), increased after sodium sulfate (0.513 +/- 0.055 mM, P less than 0.001), and apparently unchanged after ascorbic acid (0.417 +/- 0.059 mM). The urinary excretion of inorganic sulfate was decreased after acetaminophen and increased after sodium sulfate. The renal clearance of endogenous creatinine was not affected by any of the treatments. The renal tubular reabsorption of inorganic sulfate is capacity limited, as evidenced by the decrease of the reabsorbed fraction with increasing glomerular filtration rate of the anion (r = -0.54, P less than 0.005). This saturable reabsorption facilitates sulfate homeostasis.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Creatinine; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Sulfates

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Sulfates; Vitamins