Compounds > radon
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radon

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Description

Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID24857
CHEBI ID33314
CHEBI ID49997
MeSH IDM0018452
PubMed CID61773
CHEBI ID33492
MeSH IDM0018452

Synonyms (40)

Synonym
einecs 233-146-0
hsdb 6369
alphatron
radon, radioactive
rn
radium emanation
CHEBI:33314
radon
86rn
niton
radon atom
10043-92-2
radon 222
q74s4n8n1g ,
unii-q74s4n8n1g
niton /radon-222/
niton /(222)radon
[rn]
radon(0)
CHEBI:49997
radon [hsdb]
radon-222 [iarc]
radon [mi]
Q1133
DTXSID701015778
radon hydride
CHEBI:33492
radon-222 atom
radon, isotope of mass 222
(222)86rn
(222)rn
14859-67-7
radon-222
3z30nqn07c ,
unii-3z30nqn07c
radon rn-222
rn-222
DTXSID7024295
Q27258231
radon222

Research Excerpts

Overview

Radon gas is a cancer risk and exists naturally in certain soils, such as loess, which is an important raw earth construction material in arid regions such as northwestern China and southern USA. Radon is a preventable cause of lung cancer, but the percentage of homes tested for radon is low.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Radon is a predominant indoor air pollutant and second leading cause of lung cancer in radon-prone areas. "( A Mixed Methods Population Health Approach to Explore Radon-Induced Lung Cancer Risk Perception in Canada.
Chreim, S; Gomes, J; Khan, SM, )		1.82
"Radon is a ubiquitous radioactive gas that decays into a series of solid radioactive decay products. "( Does protracted radon exposure play a role in the development of dementia?
Chen, C; D'Alton, M; Field, RW; Kahe, K; Lu, L; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.51
"Radon is a radioactive gas produced from the natural radioactive decay of uranium and is found in almost all rocks and soils. "( Estimation of the Radon Risk Under Different European Climates and Soil Textures.
Benavente, D; Gil-Oncina, S; Pla, C; Valdes-Abellan, J, 2022)		2.5
"Radon gas is a cancer risk and exists naturally in certain soils, such as loess, which is an important raw earth construction material in arid regions such as northwestern China and southern USA. "( Radon exhalation from temperature treated loess.
Geng, J; Li, P; Sun, Q; Tang, L; Yan, X, 2022)		3.61
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that enters homes through cracks in the foundation where accumulated levels can cause lung cancer. "( Characterization of Colorado residents and radon reduction behaviors through latent class analysis and path models.
Allshouse, WB; James, KA; Kelley, C; Lohmiller, K; Macaluso, F; Van Dyke, M; Vaughn, AM; Whitesell, N, 2022)		2.43
"Radon is a preventable cause of lung cancer, but the percentage of homes tested for radon is low. "( Interventions to promote home radon testing: A randomized clinical trial of a smartphone app vs. printed brochures.
Chiu, T; Kim, S; Klug, MG; Schmitz, D; Schwartz, GG, 2023)		2.64
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas and considered as a serious carcinogen to humans. "( Proteomic and miRNA profiling of radon-induced skin damage in mice: FASN regulated by miRNAs.
Cao, J; Cui, F; Hong, M; Jiao, Y; Mo, W; Nie, J; Shi, Y; Xu, W; Yang, T; Zhang, S, 2022)		2.45
"Radon is a potent indoor air pollutant, especially in radon prone areas and in countries with long winters. "( Residents' perception and worldview about radon control policy in Canada: A pro-equity social justice lens.
Gomes, J; Khan, SM; Nicol, AM, 2022)		2.43
"Radon is a routinely used groundwater tracer in mass-balances for evaluating GD to surface water bodies."( Factors affecting the radon (
Dimova, N; Grondona, S; Martinez, DE; Vital, M, 2022)		1.76
"Radon is a ubiquitous occupational and environmental lung carcinogen. "( Radon and lung cancer in the pooled uranium miners analysis (PUMA): highly exposed early miners and all miners.
Bertke, SJ; Deffner, V; Demers, PA; Fenske, N; Kelly-Reif, K; Kreuzer, M; Laurier, D; Rage, E; Richardson, DB; Samet, J; Schubauer-Berigan, MK; Tomasek, L; Wiggins, C; Zablotska, LB, 2023)		3.8
"Radon is a prevalent carcinogenic gas and the leading cause of lung cancer in the United States besides smoking. "( Radon sampling methodologies: A case for accurate, accessible measurements using household instruments.
Koutrakis, P; Lawrence, J; Li, L; Stern, RA; Wolfson, JM, 2023)		3.8
"Radon (Rn-222) is a noble gas formed in the uranium path (U-238) as a decay product of radium (Ra-226). "( Indoor radon exposure and living conditions in patients with advanced lung cancer in Lublin region, Poland.
Chmielewska, I; Dos Santos Szewczyk, K; Grządziel, D; Grzywa-Celińska, A; Kozak, K; Krusiński, A; Mazur, J; Milanowski, J, 2023)		2.81
"As radon exposure is a modifiable risk factor for lung cancer, it is extremely important to find factors that may reduce its concentration in dwelling places. "( Indoor radon exposure and living conditions in patients with advanced lung cancer in Lublin region, Poland.
Chmielewska, I; Dos Santos Szewczyk, K; Grządziel, D; Grzywa-Celińska, A; Kozak, K; Krusiński, A; Mazur, J; Milanowski, J, 2023)		1.99
"Radon is a major indoor air pollutant that poses a significant risk of lung cancer to those exposed in their homes. "( A psycho-social-environmental lens on radon air pollutant: authorities', mitigation contractors', and residents' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to domestic radon mitigation.
Apers, S; Bradley, G; Hevey, D; Martell, M; Perko, T; Rovenská, KN, 2023)		2.62
"Radon is a high impact environmental pollutant and is the second leading cause of lung cancer in Canada. "( Residents' perceptions of radon health risks: a qualitative study.
Chreim, S; Khan, SM, 2019)		2.26
"Radon is a natural radioactive gas present in the environment, which is considered as the second most important lung cancer cause worldwide. "( Numerical analysis and modeling of two-loop experimental setup for measurements of radon diffusion rate through building and insulation materials.
Szajerski, P; Zimny, A, 2020)		2.23
"Radon is a radioactive gas which is naturally occurring in soil and can accumulate to concentrated levels inside homes and buildings. "( A comparison of consumer-grade electronic radon monitors.
Bjorndal, B; Curry, E; Michael, O; Warkentin, P, 2020)		2.27
"Radon gas is a pulmonary carcinogen and the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. "( Residential Radon in Central and South America: A Systematic Review.
Barros-Dios, JM; Giraldo-Osorio, A; Pérez-Ríos, M; Ruano-Ravina, A; Varela-Lema, L, 2020)		2.38
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas and presents everywhere on the Earth at varying concentration in workplaces and at homes. "( Evaluation of occupational radon exposure and comparison with residential radon exposure in Canada-a population-level assessment.
Chen, J, 2021)		2.36
"Radon (Rn) is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless gas which has a half-life of 3.83 days. "( Investigation of Radon Sources, Health Hazard and Risks assessment for children using analytical and geospatial techniques in District Bannu (Pakistan).
Jehan, N; Khan, S; Khattak, NU; Shakoor, H, 2022)		2.5
"Radon gas is a result from the decomposition of uranium/thorium leaks into enclosed areas (e.g."( Radiological environmental studies of Al Aziziah area and vicinity, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Saudi Arabia.
Aboud, E; Abuelnaga, HSO; Alqahtani, FA; Bamousa, AOM; Harbi, HM, 2021)		1.34
"Home radon testing is a primary lung cancer prevention strategy, yet the majority of Americans have not tested their home. "( Social Determinants of Health, Environmental Exposures and Home Radon Testing.
Hahn, EJ; Rayens, MK; Stanifer, SR; Wiggins, A, 2022)		1.47
"Radon is a leading cause of lung cancer in indoor public and mining workers. "( Multi-scaled Monte Carlo calculation for radon-induced cellular damage in the bronchial airway epithelium.
Abu Shqair, A; Kim, EH, 2021)		2.33
"Radon is a natural gas with radioactive properties, which can have a hermetic effect when used in small doses."( The effect of balneotherapy on the oxidative system and changes in anxiety behavior, enhanced by low doses of radon.
Dondoladze, K; Nikolaishvili, M; Zurabashvili, D, 2021)		1.55
"Radon is a known human lung carcinogen, whose underlying carcinogenic mechanism remains unclear. "( Circular RNA profiles in mouse lung tissue induced by radon.
Cao, J; Jiao, Y; Nie, J; Pei, W; Tao, L; Tong, J; Zhang, LW; Zhang, S, 2017)		2.15
"Radon is a recognised lung carcinogen. "( An analysis of radon levels in the basements of UK workplaces and review of when employers should test.
Gooding, TD, 2018)		2.28
"Radon is a chemically inert noble radioactive gas found in several radioactive decay chains. "( Radon in Brazilian underground mines.
Ayres da Silva, ALM; de Eston, SM; Diegues Francisca, D; Iramina, WS, 2018)		3.37
"Radon is a naturally occurring gas, classified as a Class 1 human carcinogen, being the second most significant cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. "( Estimation of residential radon exposure and definition of Radon Priority Areas based on expected lung cancer incidence.
Crowley, Q; Elío, J; Hodgson, J; Scanlon, R; Zgaga, L, 2018)		2.22
"Radon is a risk factor for lung cancer and uranium miners are more exposed than the general population. "( Genetic modifiers of radon-induced lung cancer risk: a genome-wide interaction study in former uranium miners.
Albanes, D; Aldrich, MC; Amos, CI; Andrew, AS; Bickeböller, H; Bojesen, SE; Brennan, P; Brüning, T; Brunnsstöm, H; Caporaso, NE; Chen, C; Christiani, DC; Doherty, JA; Fernández-Tardón, G; Field, JK; Gomolka, M; Goodman, GE; Haiman, CA; Haugen, A; Hung, RJ; Johansson, M; Johnen, G; Kiemeney, B; Lam, S; Landi, MT; Lazarus, P; Le Marchand, L; Liu, G; Manz, J; Muley, TR; Pesch, B; Rennert, G; Risch, A; Rosenberger, A; Schabath, MB; Tardon, A; Teare, MD; Wichmann, HE; Zienolddiny, S, 2018)		2.24
"Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive, colorless, odorless gas, and the second leading cause of lung cancer. "( Radon Testing Status in Schools by Radon Zone and School Location and Demographic Characteristics: United States, 2014.
Berens, AS; Foster, S; Jones, SE, 2019)		3.4
"Radon is a water-soluble radioactive noble gas produced from the alpha decay of 226Ra in uranium series. "( RADON IN GROUNDWATER OF MAGADI TALUK, RAMANAGARA DISTRICT IN KARNATAKA.
Bubbly, SG; Chandrashekara, MS; Gudennavar, SB; Hamsa, KS; Vipin Kumar, P, 2019)		3.4
"Radon, known to be a human carcinogen, is one of the most concerned radionuclides in uranium mining which need to be monitored and controlled. "( Estimation of radon release rate for an underground uranium mine ventilation shaft in China and radon distribution characteristics.
Deng, J; Liu, S; Pan, Z; Xiao, D; Xu, L; Zhang, H; Zhou, Q, 2019)		2.32
"Radon is a leading cause of lung cancer. "( Evaluation of percentage-based radon testing requirements for federally funded multi-family housing projects.
Neri, A, 2019)		2.24
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive material formed by the slow decay of uranium and thorium found in the earth's crust or construction materials. "( Health effects of exposure to radon: implications of the radon bed mattress incident in Korea.
Ha, WH; Jin, YW; Kang, JK; Kwon, TE; Lee, D; Park, S; Seo, S, 2019)		2.25
"Radon is a radioactive gas permanently produced in rocks, soils, building materials as an indirect decay product of uranium and thorium. "( Radiation in different types of building, human health.
Olszewski, SR; Tchorz-Trzeciakiewicz, DE, 2019)		1.96
"Radon is a naturally released radioactive carcinogenic gas. "( Confluent impact of housing and geology on indoor radon concentrations in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
Dai, D; Deocampo, DM; Diem, J; Dignam, T; Neal, FB; Stauber, C, 2019)		2.21
"Radon is an inert gas formed from the decay of naturally-occurring materials in the earth's crust. "( County-level radon exposure and all-cause mortality risk among Medicare beneficiaries.
Blomberg, AJ; Coull, BA; Dominici, F; Kloog, I; Koutrakis, P; Schwartz, JD; Yitshak-Sade, M; Zanobetti, A, 2019)		2.33
"Radon is a natural source of radioactivity and it can be found in all soils and rocks in the Earth. "( Estimation of soil gas permeability for assessing radon risk using Rosetta pedotransfer function based on soil texture and water content.
Benavente, D; Pla, C; Sanz-Rubio, E; Valdés-Abellán, J, 2019)		2.21
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive material that is formed as the decay product of uranium and thorium, and is estimated to contribute to approximately half of the average annual natural background radiation. "( Health Effects of Radon Exposure.
Jin, YW; Kang, JK; Seo, S, 2019)		2.29
"Radon gas is a significant health threat linked to thousands of preventable deaths each year. "( Determination of 222RN level in groundwater using a Rad7 detector in the Bathinda district of Punjab, India.
Duggal, V; Mehra, R; Rani, A, 2013)		1.83
"Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is responsible for approximately half of the human annual background radiation exposure globally. "( The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review.
Allen, J; Curnow, A; Laney, R; Robertson, A, 2013)		2.08
"Radon is an important contributor to lung cancer deaths in Ontario. "( Lung cancer risk from radon in Ontario, Canada: how many lung cancers can we prevent?
Aker, A; Brand, K; Copes, R; Kim, J; Li, Y; Peterson, E, 2013)		2.15
"Radon-222 is a radioactive natural gas produced by the decay of radium-226, known to be the main contributor to natural background radiation exposure. "( A statistical evaluation of the influence of housing characteristics and geogenic radon potential on indoor radon concentrations in France.
Clavel, J; Demoury, C; Guillevic, J; Hemon, D; Ielsch, G; Laurent, O; Laurier, D, 2013)		2.06
"Radon exposure is a major environmental risk in health. "( [Knowledge about radon and its associated risk perception in France].
Beck, F; Benmarhnia, T; Deutsch, A; Peretti-Watel, P; Pirard, P; Richard, JB; Roudier, C, 2013)		2.17
"Radon (Rn) is a naturally occurring radioactive noble gas, which is ubiquitous in soil gas. "( (220)Rn/(222)Rn isotope pair as a natural proxy for soil gas transport.
Brennwald, MS; Henneberger, R; Huxol, S; Kipfer, R, 2013)		1.83
"Radon is an important risk factor for lung cancer. "( Geographic variation in radon and associated lung cancer risk in Canada.
Brauer, M; Cervantes-Larios, A; Demers, PA; Hystad, P; Johnson, KC; McFarlane, A; Nicol, AM; Poplawski, K; Setton, E; Whitehead, A, 2014)		2.15
"Radon is a well-known carcinogen for lung, but the link between radiation exposure and other diseases remains controversial, particularly for kidney cancer."( Kidney cancer mortality and ionizing radiation among French and German uranium miners.
Acker, A; Ancelet, S; Drubay, D; Kreuzer, M; Laurier, D; Rage, E, 2014)		1.12
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas. "( Radon and lung cancer: assessing and mitigating the risk.
Choi, H; Mazzone, P, 2014)		3.29
"Radon is a natural gas known to be the main contributor to natural background radiation exposure and only second to smoking as major leading cause of lung cancer. "( Hierarchical modeling of indoor radon concentration: how much do geology and building factors matter?
Borgoni, R; De Bartolo, D; De Francesco, D; Tzavidis, N, 2014)		2.13
"Radon in water is a big concern for public health, especially for consumers who directly use well water with very high radon concentration."( Radon concentrations in drinking water in Beijing City, China and contribution to radiation dose.
Cui, HX; Liu, JX; Ma, YZ; Shang, B; Su, X; Sun, YR; Wu, YY, 2014)		2.57
"Radon is a carcinogenic radioactive gas produced by the decay of uranium. "( A geospatial approach to the prediction of indoor radon vulnerability in British Columbia, Canada.
Branion-Calles, MC; Henderson, SB; Nelson, TA, 2016)		2.13
"Radon is an indoor pollutant which is radioactive and inert gas in nature."( Active-passive measurements and CFD based modelling for indoor radon dispersion study.
Chauhan, N; Chauhan, RP, 2015)		1.38
"Radon is a radioactive gas, abundant in granitic areas, such as in the city of Porto at the north-east of Portugal. "( Radon in indoor air of primary schools: determinant factors, their variability and effective dose.
de Oliveira Fernandes, E; Madureira, J; Moreira, A; Paciência, I; Pereira, A; Rufo, J, 2016)		3.32
"Radon ((222)Rn) is a radioactive gas that results from the decay of uranium ((238)U) in the Earth's crust. "( Geochemical and γ ray characterization of Pennsylvanian black shales: Implications for elevated home radon levels in Vanderburgh County, Indiana.
Elliott, WS; Scheller, KW, 2015)		2.08
"Radon ((222)Rn) is a naturally occurring chemically inert, colorless, and odorless radioactive gas produced from the decay of uranium ((238)U), which is ubiquitous in rocks and soils worldwide. "( Estimation of Groundwater Radon in North Carolina Using Land Use Regression and Bayesian Maximum Entropy.
Bradley, PJ; Campbell, T; Messier, KP; Serre, ML, 2015)		2.16
"Radon is a human carcinogen linked to lung cancer risk, but its influence in other cancers is not well known."( Radon exposure and oropharyngeal cancer risk.
Barros-Dios, JM; Ruano-Ravina, A; Salgado-Espinosa, T, 2015)		2.58
"High radon exposure is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma, a major lung cancer histology observed in former uranium miners. "( Radon Exposure, IL-6 Promoter Variants, and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Former Uranium Miners.
Belinsky, SA; Carr, TG; Chen, W; Desai, D; Jacobson, MR; Krzeminski, J; Leng, S; Lin, Y; Picchi, MA; Shantu, A; Snider, AM; Thomas, CL; Willis, DG, 2016)		2.39
"Radon 222 is a natural radioactive element with a half-life of 3.8 days. "( Effective Dose of Radon 222 Bottled Water in Different Age Groups Humans: Bandar Abbas City, Iran.
Amirhajeloo, LR; Fakhri, Y; Kargosha, M; Langarizadeh, G; Mahvi, AH; Mirzaei, M; Moradi, B; Moradi, M; Zandsalimi, Y, 2015)		2.19
"Radon is a naturally occurring noble gas from the decay of radium ((226)Ra) both constituents of radioactive uranium 238 series."( Description of the behavior of an aquifer by using continuous radon monitoring in a thermal spa.
Celaya, S; Fuente, I; Quindós, LS; Rábago, D; Sainz, C, 2016)		1.4
"Radon is a radioactive noble gas, and it is emanated from"( STUDY ON RADON CONCENTRATION AT THE WORK PLACES OF MYSURU, BENGALURU AND KOLAR DISTRICTS OF KARNATAKA STATE, SOUTH INDIA.
Hamsa, KS; Ningappa, C; Niranjan, RS; Rangaswamy, DR; Reddy, KU; Sannappa, J, 2016)		1.57
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas and a level 1 carcinogen. "( Radon testing in rapid access lung clinics: an opportunity for secondary prevention.
Breen, D; Long, S; O'Regan, A; Sharpe, D; Smyth, R; Wiseman, E, 2017)		3.34
"Radon is a naturally occurring, colorless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive gas. "( Association of School District Policies for Radon Testing and Radon-Resistant New Construction Practices with Indoor Radon Zones.
Everett Jones, S; Foster, S, 2016)		2.14
"Radon is a naturally occurring radionuclide in the environment, during decay it emits high linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles. "( Nucleoplasmic bridges as a biomarker of DNA damage exposed to radon.
Meenakshi, C; Sivasubramanian, K; Venkatraman, B, 2017)		2.14
"Radon in soil gas is a result of geochemical conditions as well as of geology, mineralogy, geophysics and meteorology."( Radon risk in Alpine regions in Austria: risk assessment as a settlement planning strategy.
Baumgartner, A; Gruber, V; Maringer, FJ; Seidel, C, 2008)		2.51
"Radon is an established human lung carcinogen based on human epidemiological data supported by experimental evidence of mutagenesis studies in cell culture and laboratory animals. "( Health effects of radon: a review of the literature.
Al-Zoughool, M; Krewski, D, 2009)		2.13
"Radon bath is a well-established modality of balneotherapy for the management of degenerative musculoskeletal disorders. "( Does balneotherapy with low radon concentration in water influence the endocrine system? A controlled non-randomized pilot study.
Bender, T; Berhés, I; Kávási, N; Kovács, T; Nagy, K; Somlai, J, 2009)		2.09
"Radon gas ((222)Rn) is a natural constituent of the environment and a risk factor for lung cancer that we are exposed to as a result of radioactive decay of radium ((226)Ra) in stone and soil. "( Assessing exposure to granite countertops--Part 2: Radon.
Allen, JG; Macintosh, DL; McCarthy, JF; Minegishi, T; Myatt, TA; Stewart, JH, 2010)		2.06
"Radon is a radioactive alpha-particle-emitting gas originating from the decay series of uranium and thorium and is found anywhere in soil, air and water."( Radon monitoring in water sources of Balakot and Mansehra cities lying on a geological fault line.
Ali, N; Khan, EU; Khan, F; Khan, K; Khattak, NU, 2010)		2.52
"Radon is a radioactive gas, part of uranium decay series and readily diffuses through rock."( Cytogenetic biomonitoring of inhabitants of a large uranium mineralization area: the municipalities of Monte Alegre, Prainha, and Alenquer, in the State of Pará, Brazil.
Antunes, LM; Bahia, Mde O; Burbano, RR; Cardoso, PC; Cavalcanti, BC; de Lima, PL; de Moraes, MO; dos Santos, AK; Guimarães, AC; Pessoa, C; Pontes, TB; Ribeiro, HF; Seabra, AD; Sombra, CM, 2010)		1.08
"Radon is a radioactive gas which makes the primary contribution to the natural radiation to which people are exposed. "( Measurement of soil gas radon and its correlation with indoor radon around some areas of Upper Siwaliks, India.
Bajwa, BS; Singh, H; Singh, J; Singh, S, 2010)		2.11
"Radon is a naturally occurring inert radioactive gas found in soils and rocks that can accumulate in dwellings, and is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. "( The cost effectiveness of radon mitigation in existing German dwellings--a decision theoretic analysis.
Haucke, F, 2010)		2.1
"Radon is a radioactive gas that emanates from uranium-bearing soil and porous rock. "( Radon.
Bissett, RJ; McLaughlin, JR, 2010)		3.25
"Radon is an inert gas that can migrate from soils and rocks and accumulate in enclosed areas such as buildings and underground mines. "( Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants induced by radon exposure in mouse FM3A cells.
Fukutsu, K; Sakagami, M; Yamada, Y; Yamauchi, M, 2010)		2.03
"Radon is a chemical radioactive element. "( [Radon in workplaces, a review].
Di Loreto, G; Felicioli, G; Sacco, A, )		2.48
"Radon is a natural gas known to be the main contributor to natural background radiation exposure and second to smoking, a major leading cause of lung cancer. "( A geostatistical approach to assess the spatial association between indoor radon concentration, geological features and building characteristics: the case of Lombardy, Northern Italy.
Bigliotto, C; Borgoni, R; de Bartolo, D; Tritto, V, 2011)		2.04
"Radon is a pervasive indoor air pollutant believed to cause significant incidence of lung cancer in many geographic regions, yet radon affinity for a discrete molecular species has never been determined."( Measurement of radon and xenon binding to a cryptophane molecular host.
Bai, Y; Collé, R; Dmochowski, IJ; Fitzgerald, R; Jacobson, DR; Khan, NS; Laureano-Pérez, L, 2011)		1.44
"Radon ((222)Rn) is a radioactive gas, abundant in granitic areas, such as the city of Guarda at the northeast of Portugal. "( Human exposure to indoor radon: a survey in the region of Guarda, Portugal.
Belchior, A; Cunha, G; Ferreira, L; Louro, A; Louro, H; Monteiro Gil, O; Peralta, L; Pereira, A; Pinto, P; Rodrigues, AS; Silva, MJ; Soares, S; Teles, P, 2013)		2.14
"Radon is a known cause of human lung cancer. "( Radon and nonrespiratory mortality in the American Cancer Society cohort.
Chen, Y; Gapstur, SM; Krewski, D; Pope, CA; Thun, MJ; Turner, MC, 2012)		3.26
"Radon is a radioactive gas that may leak into buildings from the ground. "( Should radon be reduced in homes? A cost-effect analysis.
Magnus, P; Stigum, H; Strand, T, 2003)		2.22
"Radon-222 is a gaseous radioactive chemical which can be transformed into other radioactive chemicals, defined as "products of decay" or "radon's daughter". "( [Indoor radon pollution in houses in the Apulian Region of Italy and evaluation of the probability of lung cancer in the population].
Carbonara, M; Carioggia, E; Dipace, C; L'Abbate, N; Marcuccio, P; Martucci, V; Salamanna, S; Simeone, G; Vitucci, L, )		2.01
"Radon is a radioactive gas that tends to accumulate in indoor environment. "( [Indoor radon exposure and lung cancer risk: a review of case-control studies].
Baysson, H; Tirmarche, M, 2004)		2.2
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas. "( Estimated risks of radon-induced lung cancer for different exposure profiles based on the new EPA model.
Chen, J, 2005)		2.1
"Radon is a natural radioactive gas derived from geological materials. "( Assessment of environmental radon hazard using human respiratory tract models.
Lau, BM; Nikezic, D; Yu, KN, 2006)		2.07
"Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, high levels of which are associated with geological formations such as those found in Northamptonshire and North Oxfordshire in the UK. "( A new methodology for cost-effectiveness studies of domestic radon remediation programmes: quality-adjusted life-years gained within primary care trusts in central England.
Coskeran, T; Denman, A; Gillmore, G; Phillips, P; Tornberg, R, 2006)		2.02
"Radon is a well-established cause of lung cancer in miners. "( Indoor radon and lung cancer risk in connecticut and utah.
Archer, VE; Lyon, JL; Rothney-Kozlak, L; Sandler, DP; Shepherd, M; Shore, DL; Stolwijk, JA; Stone, MB; Weinberg, CR, 2006)		2.23
"Radon is a radioactive gas that enters buildings and is known to cause lung cancer. "( Cost-benefit analyses of radon mitigation projects.
Larsen, T; Petersen, ML, 2006)		2.08
"Radon is a natural radioactive gas produced by decay of uranium and radium present in soils. "( [Radon in Tunisian buildings].
Chahed, N; El May, MV; Hammou, A; Mtimet, S, 2006)		2.69
"Radon is a well-recognized cause of lung cancer, and studies of underground miners have provided invaluable insights on the mechanisms of radon carcinogenesis. "( Radon and lung cancer risk: an extension of the mortality follow-up of the Newfoundland fluorspar cohort.
Lane, R; Morrison, HI; Villeneuve, PJ, 2007)		3.23
"Radon ((222)Rn) is a carcinogenic gas produced by the radioactive decay of radium ((226)Ra). "( Assessment of soil and soil-gas radon activity using active and passive detecting methods in Korea.
Choi, JY; Chon, HT; Je, HK; Kang, CG; Lee, JS, 2007)		2.07
"Radon is a decay product of 238Uranium which is classified by WHO/IARC as group 1 carcinogen, given its causal relationship with lung neoplasia. "( [Analysis of the natural radioactivity due to the radon gas in the underground of Rome].
Bergamaschi, A; Gianello, G; Grana, M; La Bua, R; Laurini, C; Magrini, A; Messina, A; Pagliari, E, )		1.83
"Radon is a natural radioactive gas, with worldwide distribution, deriving from uranium decay products, which can be inhaled, weather in mining condition (extraction and management of uranium ores) or in domestic condition (in some high risk homes or geographic areas). "( [Radon and primary bronchial cancer].
Anthoine, D; Martinet, Y; Ménard, O; Scheid, P, 1994)		2.64
"Radon is an important potential cause of cancer but this hazard is preventable. "( Rapid assessment of environmental radon levels.
Grainger, CR, 1993)		2.01
"Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive gas that is found in Group 0 of the periodic table. "( Radon: a human carcinogen.
Denman, AR; Phillips, PS, 1997)		3.18
"Radon gas is a significant health threat linked to thousands of preventable deaths each year. "( Radon awareness and reduction campaigns for African Americans: a theoretically based evaluation.
Berkowitz, JM; Cameron, KA; Lapinski, MK; Lillie, JM; Liu, WY; Witte, K, 1998)		3.19
"Radon-222 is a natural, gaseous, radioactive nuclide released from the ground and building materials into the air. "( Measurement of airborne radon concentrations at several sites in a radioactivity research laboratory.
Anzai, I; Shimizu, M, 1999)		2.05
"Radon is a well-established human carcinogen for which extensive data are available, extending into the range of exposures experienced by the general population. "( Radon and lung cancer risk: taking stock at the millenium.
Eradze, GR; Samet, JM, 2000)		3.19
"Radon is a radioactive gas of natural origin. "( [Radon exposure and risks for public health].
Bard, D; Pirard, P; Tirmarche, M, 2000)		2.66
"Radon is a noble gas derived from the decay of radium, which itself is a decay product of uranium. "( [Radon and domestic exposure].
Bonnaud, F; Lagrange, P; Melloni, B; Vergnenègre, A, 2000)		2.66
"Radon is a well-established lung carcinogen that has been extensively studied. "( Radon: a likely carcinogen at all exposures.
Darby, S; Doll, R; Hill, D, 2001)		3.2
"Radon is a ubiquitous inhaled human carcinogen that is thought to be the largest single natural source of human exposure to radiation. "( Radon-induced deletions in human cells: role of nonhomologous strand rejoining.
Cleaver, JE; Cross, FT; Jostes, R; Lutze, LH; Winegar, RA, 1992)		3.17
"Radon is a colorless, odorless gas formed by radioactive decay of radium and uranium, which are naturally present in the earth's crust. "( Radon: implications for the health professional.
Romano, CA, )		3.02
"Radon gas is a major source of radiation exposure to the general public. "( Radon: is it a problem?
Harley, NH; Hart, BL; Mettler, FA, 1989)		3.16
"Radon-222 is a radioactive decay product of radium-226 and uranium-238, which are found throughout the crust of the earth. "( Models for the analysis of radon-exposed populations.
Lubin, JH, )		1.87
"Radon-222 is a ubiquitous noble gas arising from decay of radium-226 normally present in the earth's crust. "( Potential health effects of indoor radon exposure.
Radford, EP, 1985)		1.99

Effects

Radon gas must escape from soil particles through air-filled pores in order to enter the atmosphere. Radon-222 has a relatively high solubility in blood and body fluids based on human inhalation experiments.

Radon gas has been declared a human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Radon-222 has a relatively high solubility in blood and body fluids based on human inhalation experiments.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Radon-222 has a relatively high solubility in blood and body fluids based on human inhalation experiments."( Radon-222 Brain Dosimetry.
Harley, NH; Robbins, ES, 2022)		2.89
"Radon gas, which has a half life of 3.8 days, must escape from soil particles through air-filled pores in order to enter the atmosphere following the decay of radium."( Indoor radon.
Bovornkitti, S; Polpong, P, 1998)		1.48
"Radon has been identified as one of influential sources of radiation dose in Bangladesh with its higher radon exhalation and emanation rate from soil."( Status of radon exposure in Bangladeshi locations and dwellings.
Hasan, MM; Iimoto, T; Janik, M; Sakoda, A, 2021)		1.75
"Radon-222 has a relatively high solubility in blood and body fluids based on human inhalation experiments."( Radon-222 Brain Dosimetry.
Harley, NH; Robbins, ES, 2022)		2.89
"Radon gas has been declared a human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). "( Developing a Secure Low-Cost Radon Monitoring System.
Alvarellos, A; Dorado, J; Gestal, M; Rabuñal, JR, 2020)		2.29
"Soil radon (Rn-222) has been continuously monitored at Badargadh station (23.47°N, 70.62°E) in Kutch region of Gujarat to study the pre-seismic anomalies prior to occurrence of local earthquakes. "( Identification of earthquake precursors in soil radon-222 data of Kutch, Gujarat, India using empirical mode decomposition based Hilbert Huang Transform.
Barman, C; Katlamudi, M; Lakshmi, GU; Sahoo, SK, 2020)		1.33
"Radon concentration has been measured in water and soil, in various part of Kolhapur district has been carried out by the AQTEK Smart RnDuo which is an active device technique."( ASSESSMENT OF RADON IN SOIL AND WATER IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Gaware, JJ; Raste, PM; Sahoo, BK; Shaikh, AA; Sharma, A; Sonkawade, RG; Waikar, MR, 2018)		1.56
"Radon knowledge has most often been gauged via telephone and in-person responses to the question, "Have you heard about radon?" Our review of 20 such studies reveals that although many individuals have "heard about" radon, many segments of the population, particularly individuals younger than thirty and those with less education, do not know what radon is."( Radon and lung cancer: What does the public really know?
Schwartz, GG; Vogeltanz-Holm, N, 2018)		2.64
"The radon concentration has been measured in winter and spring using alpha scintillation cells and in winter, spring and summer by exposing solid-state nuclear track detectors."( Radon levels and doses in dwellings in two villages in Kosovo, affected by depleted uranium.
Bahtijari, M; Gregoric, A; Kuqali, M; Nafezi, G; Vaupotic, J, 2014)		2.33
"Radon measurements have been carried out through the passive method with solid-state nuclear track detectors (CR-39) over a period of nine months, changing detectors every month in order to determine the long-term average levels of indoor radon concentrations."( Radon exposure at a radioactive waste storage facility.
Campos, MP; Dellamano, JC; Manocchi, FH; Silva, GM, 2014)		2.57
"Radon has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. "( Results of simultaneous radon and thoron measurements in 33 metropolitan areas of Canada.
Bergman, L; Chen, J; Falcomer, R; Whyte, J, 2015)		2.17
"Radon exposure has been classified as the second cause of lung cancer, after tobacco, and the first in never smokers. "( Genetic susceptibility, residential radon, and lung cancer in a radon prone area.
Abal-Arca, J; Barros-Dios, JM; Castro, MT; Pereyra, MF; Pérez-Ríos, M; Ruano-Ravina, A, 2014)		2.12
"Radon-222 has been measured in groundwater, dwellings, and atmosphere of an inhabited area adjacent to the granitic Aja heights of Hail province, Saudi Arabia. "( Distribution of 222Rn concentration in an inhabited area adjacent to the Aja granitic heights of Hail Province, Saudi Arabia.
Abulfaraj, WH; Kinsara, AA; Qutub, MM; Shabana, el-SI, 2015)		1.86
"Radon has long been recognized as a human carcinogen leading to lung cancer, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. "( Down-regulation of let-7 microRNA increased K-ras expression in lung damage induced by radon.
Cao, Y; Chen, Z; Gu, C; Jiao, Y; Li, J; Liu, X; Nie, J; Pei, W; Tong, J; Wang, D, 2015)		2.08
"Radon gas has recently become more prominent in discussions of lung cancer prevention nationally and in Iowa. "( Successes and Challenges in Implementation of Radon Control Activities in Iowa, 2010-2015.
Abbott, AL; Bain, AA; Miller, LL, 2016)		2.14
"Radon has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. "( Variation of soil radon concentrations in southern Ontario.
Bergman, L; Chen, J; Klassen, RA; Ly, J; Wierdsma, J, 2008)		2.12
"Radon risk maps have been produced in many countries using non-geologically based techniques utilising the lognormal and gamma distributions to display point estimates of the probability, P(RL), that indoor radon levels will exceed a reference level. "( A comparative study of lognormal, gamma and beta modelling in radon mapping with recommendations regarding bias, sample sizes and the treatment of outliers.
Murphy, P; Organo, C, 2008)		2.03
"Radon concentration has been monitored from 1995 to 1999 in the soil of the Sur-Frêtes ridge (French Alps), covered with snow from November to April. "( Temporal variations of radon concentration in the saturated soil of Alpine grassland: the role of groundwater flow.
Perrier, F; Richon, P; Sabroux, JC, 2009)		2.11
"Radon has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. "( Preliminary assessment of thoron exposure in Canada.
Chen, J; Cornett, RJ; Dessau, JC; Frenette, E; Moir, D, 2010)		1.8
"Radon has been extensively studied in the Singhbhum Thrust Belt (STB) of eastern India where mining and processing of uranium ore has been in progress for over four decades. "( Radon in the environment and in dwellings in a uranium mining area in eastern India: an overview.
Khan, AH; Puranik, VD, 2011)		3.25
"The radon-related index has been constructed by means of statistical analysis (linear regression)."( Radon index of a local administrative unit.
Barnet, I; Fojtikova, I; Marusiakova, M, 2011)		2.29
"Radon has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. "( Soil radon measurements in the Canadian cities.
Chen, J; Ford, K; Leigh, E; MacLellan, K; Moir, D; Murphy, S; Nunez, D, 2012)		2.34
"Radon monitoring has been increasingly conducted worldwide because of the hazardous effects of radon on the health of human beings. "( Radon monitoring in groundwater samples from some areas of northern Rajasthan, India, using a RAD7 detector.
Duggal, V; Mehra, R; Rani, A, 2013)		3.28
"Radon has been used therapeutically for ∼100 y in the form of radon seeds for the irradiation of malignant tumours."( An historical overview of radon and its progeny: applications and health effects.
Mc Laughlin, J, 2012)		1.4
"Radon measurements have been carried out in groundwater of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab states, India. "( Radon monitoring in groundwater of some areas of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab states, India.
Bajwa, BS; Virk, HS; Walia, V, 2003)		3.2
"The radon concentration has been measured for three years in a hospital cave used for medical treatment of respiratory diseases. "( Occupational and patient doses in the therapeutic cave, Tapolca (Hungary).
Hakl, J; Kávási, N; Kovács, T; Somlai, J; Szabó, T; Várhegyi, A, 2003)		0.88
"Radon gas has been shown to cause an increased incidence of lung cancer. "( Radon in the workplace: implications of studies of post-remediation monitoring.
Crockett, RG; Denman, AR; Johnstone, M; Parkinson, S; Phillips, PS, 2004)		3.21
"A radon chamber has been designed by placing a radon source inside the chamber volume and allowing radon to build up inside the chamber."( A simple radon chamber for educational use.
Kearfott, KJ; Moore, JA, 2005)		1.3
"Radon concentration has been measured with nuclear etched track detectors for 4 months in 129 houses in Kovágószolos and in 23 houses in Cserkút."( Population dose in the vicinity of closed Hungarian uranium mine.
Gorjánácz, Z; Kovács, T; Somlai, J; Várhegyi, A, 2006)		1.06
"A radon survey has been carried out around the town of Niska Banja (Serbia) in a region partly located over travertine formations, showing an enhanced level of natural radioactivity. "( Radon survey in the high natural radiation region of Niska Banja, Serbia.
Birovljev, A; Bochicchio, F; Budzanowski, M; Celiković, I; Demajo, A; McLaughlin, JP; Obryk, B; Olko, P; Paszkowski, M; Quarto, M; Ujić, P; Waligorski, MP; Yarmoshenko, IV; Zunic, ZS, 2007)		2.5
"Radon has been determined in soil, groundwater, and air in Mexico, both indoors and outdoors, as part of geophysical studies and to estimate effective doses as a result of radon exposure. "( Environmental radon studies in Mexico.
Armienta, MA; Gaso, MI; Segovia, N, 2007)		2.14
"Radon has known and well-studied carcinogenic effects on pulmonary epithelium. "( The relationship of radon to gastrointestinal malignancies.
Kjellberg, S; Wiseman, JS, 1995)		2.06
"Radon exposure has been linked to lung carcinogenesis in both human and animal studies. "( Genetic, cytogenetic, and carcinogenic effects of radon: a review.
Jostes, RF, 1996)		1.99
"Radon gas, which has a half life of 3.8 days, must escape from soil particles through air-filled pores in order to enter the atmosphere following the decay of radium."( Indoor radon.
Bovornkitti, S; Polpong, P, 1998)		1.48
"A radon survey has been carried out of indoor radon concentrations in dwellings located in the town of Metsovo, in north-western Greece. "( A survey of 222Rn concentrations in dwellings of the town of Metsovo in north-western Greece.
Ioannides, KG; Papachristodoulou, CA; Stamoulis, KC, 2000)		1.03
"Radon has long been known to contribute to risk of lung cancer, especially in undergound miners who are exposed to large amounts of the carcinogen. "( Indoor radon and lung cancer in China.
Blot, WJ; Boice, JD; Fraumeni, JF; Jing, LB; Stone, BJ; Sun, J; Xu, ZY; Zhao, DZ, 1990)		2.18
"Radon has always been a component of ground and air and it has been present in increased concentrations from the moment humans first sought shelter inside dwellings. "( Origin and health risks of indoor radon.
Doege, TC; Hendee, WR, 1988)		2

Actions

The Radon transform is widely used in physical and life sciences. One of its major applications is in medical X-ray computed tomography. Radon is the second cause of lung cancer after smoking.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Radon transform is applied to the likelihood image to achieve an improved needle axis detection."( Needle detection using ultrasound B-mode and power Doppler analyses.
Abu-Hani, AF; Alazrai, R; Ali, MZ; Daoud, MI; Shtaiyat, A, 2022)		1.44
"The Radon transform is widely used in physical and life sciences, and one of its major applications is in medical X-ray computed tomography (CT), which is significantly important in disease screening and diagnosis. "( Radon Inversion via Deep Learning.
He, J; Ma, J; Wang, Y, 2020)		2.56
"Radon is the second cause of lung cancer after smoking, therefore is acknowledged as a major indoor air pollutant. "( Ambient gamma dose rate as an indicator of geogenic radon potential.
Rysiukiewicz, M; Tchorz-Trzeciakiewicz, DE, 2021)		2.31
"Radon is a leading cause of lung cancer in indoor public and mining workers. "( Multi-scaled Monte Carlo calculation for radon-induced cellular damage in the bronchial airway epithelium.
Abu Shqair, A; Kim, EH, 2021)		2.33
"Radon was used to activate antioxidant mechanisms in rats, which resulted an anxiolytic effect and positively enhanced the effect of balneotherapy."( The effect of balneotherapy on the oxidative system and changes in anxiety behavior, enhanced by low doses of radon.
Dondoladze, K; Nikolaishvili, M; Zurabashvili, D, 2021)		1.55
"Radon is a leading cause of lung cancer. "( Evaluation of percentage-based radon testing requirements for federally funded multi-family housing projects.
Neri, A, 2019)		2.24
"Radon plays an important role for human exposure to natural sources of ionizing radiation. "( Prediction of residential radon exposure of the whole Swiss population: comparison of model-based predictions with measurement-based predictions.
Hauri, DD; Huss, A; Kuehni, CE; Röösli, M; Zimmermann, F, 2013)		2.13
"Radon exposure can cause oxidative stress, leading to pulmonary inflammation."( Radon Exposure, IL-6 Promoter Variants, and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Former Uranium Miners.
Belinsky, SA; Carr, TG; Chen, W; Desai, D; Jacobson, MR; Krzeminski, J; Leng, S; Lin, Y; Picchi, MA; Shantu, A; Snider, AM; Thomas, CL; Willis, DG, 2016)		2.6
"Radon, the second cause of lung cancer after smoking, is a natural, radioactive gas, which originates from the soil and pollutes indoor air, especially in closed or underground spaces. "( [Evaluation of radon levels in bank buildings: results of a survey on a major Italian banking group].
Carrer, P; Colloca, G; Izzo, A; Lietti, B; Ronchin, M; Russignaga, D; Urso, P, )		1.93
"Radon, the second cause of lung cancer after smoking (WHO- IARC), is a natural, radioactive gas, which originates from the soil and pollutes indoor air, especially in closed or underground spaces."( [Radon risk in healthcare facilities: environmental monitoring and effective dose].
Cammarota, B; Cascone, MT; De Paola, L; Del Prete, U; Schillirò, F, )		2.48
"Radon did not increase the risk for adenocarcinoma in the lung."( Lung cancer risk and radon exposure in a cohort of iron ore miners in Malmberget, Sweden.
Akerblom, G; Andersson, K; Bergdahl, IA; Damber, L; Eriksson, K; Järvholm, B; Jonsson, H; Kågström, L, 2010)		1.4
"The Radon transform (RT) on straight lines deals as mathematical foundation for many tomographic modalities (e.g. "( Compton scattered imaging based on the V-line radon transform and its medical imaging applications.
Nguyen, MK; Regniery, R; Truong, TT; Zaidi, H, 2010)		1.18
"Radon is a known cause of human lung cancer. "( Radon and nonrespiratory mortality in the American Cancer Society cohort.
Chen, Y; Gapstur, SM; Krewski, D; Pope, CA; Thun, MJ; Turner, MC, 2012)		3.26
"Radon is known to increase the risk of lung cancer, while increased levels of radon decay products on the skin surface have been implicated in skin cancer induction and at sufficient levels might cause deterministic effects such as erythema."( Assessment of health risks to skin and lung of elevated radon levels in abandoned mines.
Denman, AR; Eatough, JP; Gillmore, G; Phillips, PS, 2003)		1.29
"Radon is known to cause lung cancer in humans; however, there remain uncertainties about the effects associated with residential exposures. "( Case-control study of radon and lung cancer in New Jersey.
Al-Zoughool, M; Garner, MJ; Jiang, H; Klotz, JB; Krewski, D; Nicholson, WJ; Schoenberg, JB; Villeneuve, PJ; Wilcox, HB; Zielinski, JM, 2008)		2.1
"The Radon transform is presented for unattenuated projection data acquired with a multidetector, point-focused SPECT brain scanner. "( Inversion of the 3D Radon transform for a multidetector, point-focused SPECT brain scanner.
Moore, SC; Mueller, SP, 1986)		1.15

Treatment

Radon treatment is used as an established therapy option in chronic painful inflammatory diseases. Treatment with radon inhalation, specifically at a concentration of 2000 Bq/m(3) produced antinociceptive effects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Radon treatment is used as an established therapy option in chronic painful inflammatory diseases. "( Radon Improves Clinical Response in an Animal Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis Accompanied by Increased Numbers of Peripheral Blood B Cells and Interleukin-5 Concentration.
Deloch, L; Eckert, D; Fietkau, R; Flohr, AS; Fournier, C; Frey, B; Gaipl, US; Hehlgans, S; Hinrichs, A; Maier, A; Nimmerjahn, F; Rödel, F; Rückert, M; Seeling, M; Weissmann, T, 2022)		3.61
"(1) Radon waters treatment influenced the level of TAS of osteoarthritis patients treated with the radon water. "( The Assessment of the Integrated Antioxidant System of the Body in the Course of Radon Therapy: A Pilot Study.
Gnus, J; Kasperczak, M; Kokot, I; Kuciel-Lewandowska, J; Paprocka-Borowicz, M; Pawlik-Sobecka, L; Płaczkowska, S, 2018)		1.27
"Treatment with radon inhalation, specifically at a concentration of 2000 Bq/m(3) , produced antinociceptive effects, i.e., lowered plasma TNF-α, NE and NO levels and restored SOD activity, as well as pain-related behaviour."( Preventive and curative effects of radon inhalation on chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in mice.
Kataoka, T; Nishiyama, Y; Taguchi, T; Yamaoka, K; Yamato, K, 2013)		1.01

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The aim of this study was to investigate the adverse effect of long-term radon exposure on lung and blood cells in rats exposed to different radiation doses."( Adverse effects attributed to long-term radon inhalation in rats.
Li, BY; Tong, J, 2007)		0.84
" This paper presents methodological aspects and experience of the practical application of the graded approach to ensure the safe management of emergency and legacy radioactive waste."( Implementation of graded approach in ensuring safety in management of emergency and legacy radioactive waste in Ukraine.
Fuzik, K; Kondratiev, S; Kutina, I; Nikolaiev, I; Veselov, Y, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The treatment (thermoradonotherapy) involved hyperthermia in sauna combined with radon pool."( [Experience in using hyperthermia in combination with the radon pool in the combined treatment of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans at the Belokurikha health resort].
Bunkova, EIu; Efendiev, BA; Gichev, IuP; Kazantseva, VI; Kuziaev, VN; Ostapov, AD; Paskal', NA, )		0.69

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"An exposure methodology was developed for the determination of the absorption rate of unattached radon progeny deposited in the human respiratory tract to blood."( Experimental determination of the absorption rate of unattached radon progeny from respiratory tract to blood.
Birchall, A; Butterweck, G; Marsh, JW; Müller, R; Schuler, Ch; Thrift, S; Vezzù, G, 2002)		0.77

Dosage Studied

A linear dose-response relationship has been described between the excess relative risk of lung cancer and the cumulative exposure to radon (poisson regression) The example of radon progeny and lung cancer is considered as a case study.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"An analysis of 318 permanent implants was carried out in an attempt to establish the effectiveness of iodine 125 as compared with radon 222 and iridium 192; and to derive dose-response curves for iodine 125."( Low energy radionuclides for permanent interstitial implantation.
Hilaris, BS; Kim, JH; Tokita, N, 1976)		0.46
" Risk of lung cancer among pottery workers was related to exposure to silica, although the dose-response gradient was not significant."( A nested case-control study of lung cancer among silica exposed workers in China.
Blot, WJ; Chen, JQ; Chen, RA; Dosemeci, M; Hearl, FJ; McCawley, MA; McLaughlin, JK; Rexing, SH; Wu, Z, 1992)		0.28
" The contemporary values of annual dosage equivalents of bath attending staff are less than 1/20th than originally."( [Dose equivalents of exposure to radon and its breakdown products in workers at the Jáchymov Spa].
Hybs, K, 1991)		0.56
" The authors present a general formulation to compute sample size and power for case-control and cohort studies to investigate more complex patterns in the odds ratios, such as to distinguish between two different slopes of linear trend, to distinguish between two possible dose-response relations, or to distinguish different models for the joint effects of two important exposures or of one exposure factor adjusting for another."( On power and sample size for studying features of the relative odds of disease.
Gail, MH; Lubin, JH, 1990)		0.28
" These six studies provide varying degrees of detail in the form of dose-response curves."( Indoor air radon.
Cothern, CR, 1990)		0.67
" Such risk assessment should be based upon careful evaluation of scientific findings of dose-response relationships in the chronically exposed population."( Health assessment of environmental pollutants: proliferative and degenerative diseases.
Stuart, BO, 1988)		0.27
" Ever use of water pipes was associated with a twofold elevation in risk when compared with tobacco abstainers, and a dose-response relation was observed with increasing categories of pipe-year (dose times duration) usage."( Relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province, China.
Li, JY; Lubin, J; Mao, BL; McAdams, M; Qiao, YL; Rao, JY; Schatzkin, A; Taylor, PR; Xuan, XZ; Yao, SX, 1989)		0.66
"It is pointed out that induction of lung cancer by exposure to Rn daughters, applied at high doses to miners and at low doses to exposures in homes, provides a very stringent and sensitive test of the linear, no-threshold dose-response relationship for high-LET radiation, because this relationship predicts that a substantial fraction of lung cancer among non-smokers is due to average Rn levels."( Tests of the linear, no-threshold dose-response relationship for high-LET radiation.
Cohen, BL, 1987)		0.27
" To illustrate the problem caused by errors in exposure assessment, a series of case-control studies were simulated and resulting dose-response relationships evaluated."( Errors in exposure assessment, statistical power and the interpretation of residential radon studies.
Boice, JD; Lubin, JH; Samet, JM, 1995)		0.51
" A linear dose-response relationship has been described between the excess relative risk of lung cancer and the cumulative exposure to radon (poisson regression)."( [Radon and cancer risk: epidemiological studies after occupational or domestic exposure].
Tirmarche, M, 1995)		1.4
" This finding destroys the theoretical basis (there is no other basis) for use of a linear-no threshold dose-response relationship to estimate the cancer risk of exposure to low-level radiation."( Dose-response relationship for radiation carcinogenesis in the low-dose region.
Cohen, BL, 1994)		0.29
" We have evaluated dose-response relationships for induction of micronuclei both in vivo and in vitro following exposure to radon or 60Co."( Effectiveness of radon relative to acute 60Co gamma-rays for induction of micronuclei in vitro and in vivo.
Brooks, AL; Buschbom, RL; Cross, FT; Duncan, A; Jostes, RF; Khan, MA, 1994)		0.83
" Based upon a general approximation to the dose-response that is valid at low doses, it is shown that at low doses the dose-response predicted by a mechanistic model is a linear combination of the dose-responses for each of the physiological parameters in the model that are affected by exposure."( Use of mechanistic models to estimate low-dose cancer risks.
Crump, KS, 1994)		0.29
" The dose-response curves for cell killing by alpha particles approximated an exponential function of dose, whereas the X rays produced a curve with a shoulder characteristic of linear-quadratic relationships seen for low-LET radiations."( The biological effectiveness of radon-progeny alpha particles. IV. Morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells at low doses.
Geard, CR; Hall, EJ; Martin, SG; Miller, RC, 1995)		0.57
" A positive dose-response trend was suggested for the adenocarcinoma cell type and among directly interviewed women (two-tailed trend test; P = ."( Residential radon exposure and lung cancer among nonsmoking women.
Alavanja, MC; Berger, E; Boice, JD; Brownson, RC; Chang, J; Lubin, JH, 1994)		0.67
"We measured a dose-response relationship for induction of neoplastic transformation by 6 MeV alpha particles and 137Cs gamma rays in REC:myc and REC:ras cells, that is, rat embryo cells (REC) transfected with the c-myc or the Ha-ras oncogenes."( Neoplastic transformation dose response of oncogene-transfected rat embryo cells by gamma rays or 6 MeV alpha particles.
Endlich, B; Ling, CC; Orazem, J; Sheh, Y; Strauss, A; Wei, JX; Weiss, H, 1994)		0.29
" Extensive radiobiologic data predict a linear dose-response curve in the low dose region due to poor biological repair mechanisms for the high density of ionizing events that alpha particles create."( Radon update: facts concerning environmental radon: levels, mitigation strategies, dosimetry, effects and guidelines. SNM Committee on Radiobiological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.
Becker, DV; Brill, AB; Donahoe, K; Goldsmith, SJ; Greenspan, B; Kase, K; Royal, H; Silberstein, EB; Webster, EW, 1994)		1.73
" Uncertainties in a dose-response function further impact risk management decisions because they may correspond to large differences in health benefit per unit exposure reduction."( Risk management for plausibly hormetic environmental carcinogens: the case of radon.
Bogen, KT; Layton, DW, 1998)		0.53
"A mechanistically based cytodynamic two-stage (CD2) cancer model was shown recently to predict both ecologic US county data and underground-miner data on lung-cancer mortality (LCM) vs radon concentration, indicating biological plausibility of the apparent negative dose-response relation exhibited by the ecologic data."( Mechanistic model predicts a U-shaped relation of radon exposure to lung cancer risk reflected in combined occupational and US residential data.
Bogen, KT, 1998)		0.74
" Considering both effects together, the theory explains apparent thresholds in the dose-response relation for radiation carcinogenesis without contradiction to the classical assumption that radiation is predominantly bionegative at doses typically found in occupational exposures."( Modeling radioprotective mechanisms in the dose effect relation at low doses and low dose rates of ionizing radiation.
Dockal, T; Fleck, CM; Kottbauer, MM; Prüfert, U; Schöllnberger, H, 1999)		0.3
" Advances in methodology include the use of nested dose-response models for the parameters of the two-stage clonal expansion model, calculation of attributable risks for all exposure combinations, use of both a fixed lag and a gamma distribution to represent the time between generation of the first malignant cell and death from lung cancer, and scaling of biological parameters allowed by parameter identifiability."( Analysis of a historical cohort of Chinese tin miners with arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke exposures using the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model.
Hazelton, WD; Heidenreich, WF; Luebeck, EG; Moolgavkar, SH, 2001)		0.55
" The maximum ineffective radon concentration upon chronic exposure has been established by using dosage simulation of the frequency of genetic disorders (small malformations)."( [Sanitary assessment of radon hazards in residential buildings].
Il'in, VP; Makarov, OA; Savchenkov, MF, )		0.74
"In recent years, several evaluations of human health risks and estimations have been made in regard to the dose-response relationship and lung cancer risk attributable to inhaled radon daughters."( [Importance of studying exposure of the population to radon and its daughters].
Bikit, I; Conkić, L; Jevtić, M; Mirosavljev, M; Vesković, M, )		0.57
" Comparing those who ever lived in alum shale concrete houses (divided by higher and lower annual average exposure) with those who never lived in such houses, we found a weak dose-response relation."( Leukemia in childhood and adolescence and exposure to ionizing radiation in homes built from uranium-containing alum shale concrete.
Akerblom, G; Axelson, O; Fredrikson, M; Hardell, L, 2002)		0.31
" This can result in non-linear dose-response relations, and inverse dose-rate effects."( Do low dose-rate bystander effects influence domestic radon risks?
Brenner, DJ; Sachs, RK, 2002)		0.56
"Bystander effects represent a plausible quantitative and mechanistic explanation of inverse dose-rate effects by high-LET radiation, resulting in non-linear dose-response relations and a complex interplay between the effects of dose and exposure time."( Do low dose-rate bystander effects influence domestic radon risks?
Brenner, DJ; Sachs, RK, 2002)		0.56
" They provide information on relative biological effectiveness (RBE), dose-response relationships, dose-rate effects and the location of target cells for different malignancies."( Quantitative comparisons of cancer induction in humans by internally deposited radionuclides and external radiation.
Harrison, JD; Muirhead, CR, 2003)		0.32
"Although no definitive conclusions may be drawn, our results suggest a dose-response relation between residential exposure to radon and the risk of lung cancer."( Meta-analysis of residential exposure to radon gas and lung cancer.
Angelillo, IF; Bianco, A; Pavia, M; Pileggi, C, 2003)		0.79
" Specific dose-response information is often lacking."( Occupation and lung cancer in nonsmokers.
Field, RW; Neuberger, JS, )		0.13
" No cancer site appears systematically in excess compared to the national population; very few studies describe a dose-response relationship."( [Uranium exposure and cancer risk: a review of epidemiological studies].
Baysson, H; Telle-Lamberton, M; Tirmarche, M, 2004)		0.32
" The aim was to derive radon-induced lung cancer risk estimates applicable to different populations using a model description consistent with both cellular dose-response relationships, and previous model analyses of animal and human epidemiological data."( Radon-induced lung cancer in French and Czech miner cohorts described with a two-mutation cancer model.
Bijwaard, H; Brugmans, MJ; Laurier, D; Rispens, SM; Rogel, A; Tirmarche, M; Tomásek, L, 2004)		2.08
" It is found that the dosage of FA in cement paste has a limited influence on radon exhalation rate, if the hardened material is relatively dense."( Radon exhalation of cementitious materials made with coal fly ash: Part 2--testing hardened cement-fly ash pastes.
Kovler, K; Levit, A; Metzger, LA; Perevalov, A; Steiner, V, 2005)		2
" The dose-response relationship was linear with no evidence of a threshold, and it remained significant when only persons with observed radon concentrations of <200 Bq/m3 were included."( Residential radon and lung cancer--detailed results of a collaborative analysis of individual data on 7148 persons with lung cancer and 14,208 persons without lung cancer from 13 epidemiologic studies in Europe.
Auvinen, A; Barros-Dios, JM; Baysson, H; Bochicchio, F; Darby, S; Deo, H; Doll, R; Falk, R; Farchi, S; Figueiras, A; Hakama, M; Heid, I; Hill, D; Hunter, N; Kreienbrock, L; Kreuzer, M; Lagarde, F; Mäkeläinen, I; Muirhead, C; Oberaigner, W; Pershagen, G; Rosario, AS; Ruosteenoja, E; Tirmarche, M; Tomásek, L; Whitley, E; Wichmann, HE, 2006)		0.92
"91 radon-exposed workers were divided into 4 groups, high dosage group (> 120 WLM), middle dosage group (between 60 and 120 WLM), low dosage group (between 30 and 60 WLB) and lower dosage group (between 2 and 30 WLM) according to the accumulated exposure dosage of the radon daughters."( [p16 and MGMT gene methylation in sputum cells of uranium workers].
Jin, YL; Nie, JH; Su, SB; Tong, J; Yang, LJ; Zhang, W, 2006)		0.96
"The methylation of p16 and MGMT gene is related to the accumulate exposure dosage of the radon daughters."( [p16 and MGMT gene methylation in sputum cells of uranium workers].
Jin, YL; Nie, JH; Su, SB; Tong, J; Yang, LJ; Zhang, W, 2006)		0.56
" A linear dose-response analysis showed a 56% increase in the rate of ALL per 10(3) Bq/m3-years increase in exposure."( Domestic radon and childhood cancer in Denmark.
Andersen, CE; Andersen, HP; Gravesen, P; Lind, M; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Schüz, J; Ulbak, K, 2008)		0.76
" Using conditional logistic regression models, a dose-response relationship between the risk of developing a laryngeal cancer and exposure to radon progeny could not be confirmed."( Ionizing radiation and risk of laryngeal cancer among German uranium miners.
Lindtner, M; Möhner, M; Otten, H, 2008)		0.55
" It is well documented in the scientific literature that indoor radon significantly increases the risk of lung cancer, probably in a linear dose-response relationship with no threshold."( Radon in indoor spaces: an underestimated risk factor for lung cancer in environmental medicine.
Drexler, H; Kuwert, T; Schmid, K, 2010)		2.04
" The main implication of the results is for interpretation of the dose-response curve for radon and lung cancer in underground iron ore miners."( Lung cancer and exposure to quartz and diesel exhaust in Swedish iron ore miners with concurrent exposure to radon.
Bergdahl, IA; Damber, L; Eriksson, K; Järvholm, B; Jonsson, H, 2010)		0.79
" The review covers the current framework for assessing radiation risk and persistent questions about the details of these risks: is there a threshold and more generally, what is the shape of the dose-response relationship? How do risks vary over time and with age? What factors modify the risk of radiation? The example of radon progeny and lung cancer is considered as a case study, illustrating the modeling of epidemiological data to derive quantitative models and the coherence of the epidemiological and biological evidence."( Radiation and cancer risk: a continuing challenge for epidemiologists.
Samet, JM, 2011)		0.54
"675 Gy suggests that the effect of such mechanisms on the shape of the dose-response relationship may be different."( The effect of non-targeted cellular mechanisms on lung cancer risk for chronic, low level radon exposures.
Cosma, C; Fakir, H; Hofmann, W; Truta-Popa, LA, 2011)		0.59
"Predictions of lung cancer risk, including these mechanisms, exhibit a distinct sublinear dose-response relationship at low exposures, particularly for very low exposure rates."( The effect of non-targeted cellular mechanisms on lung cancer risk for chronic, low level radon exposures.
Cosma, C; Fakir, H; Hofmann, W; Truta-Popa, LA, 2011)		0.59
"The influence of ionizing radiation of (222)Rn and its progeny on lung cancer risks that were published in 28 papers was re-analyzed using seven alternative dose-response models."( Pooled Bayesian analysis of twenty-eight studies on radon induced lung cancers.
Dobrzyński, L; Fornalski, KW, 2011)		0.62
" Results on excess risks were compared to a linear dose-response parametric excess risk model with attained age, time since exposure and dose rate as effect modifiers."( Lung cancer mortality (1950-1999) among Eldorado uranium workers: a comparison of models of carcinogenesis and empirical excess risk models.
Eidemüller, M; Frost, SE; Jacob, P; Lane, RS; Zablotska, LB, 2012)		0.38
" Subgroup and dose-response analyses were also performed."( Residential radon and lung cancer risk: an updated meta- analysis of case-control studies.
Dong, JY; Qin, LQ; Sun, J; Tian, HL; Tong, J; Xue, L; Zhang, ZL, 2012)		0.76
" Dose-response analysis showed that every 100 Bq/m3 increment in residential radon exposure was associated with a significant 7% increase in lung cancer risk."( Residential radon and lung cancer risk: an updated meta- analysis of case-control studies.
Dong, JY; Qin, LQ; Sun, J; Tian, HL; Tong, J; Xue, L; Zhang, ZL, 2012)		0.99
"This meta- analysis provides new evidence supporting the conclusion that residential exposure to radon can significantly increase the risk of lung cancer in a dose-response manner."( Residential radon and lung cancer risk: an updated meta- analysis of case-control studies.
Dong, JY; Qin, LQ; Sun, J; Tian, HL; Tong, J; Xue, L; Zhang, ZL, 2012)		0.98
"Although radon exposure (RE) has been confirmed to increase the risk of lung cancer (LC), questions remain about the shape of the dose-response relationship between RE and the risk of LC."( Nonlinear dose-response relationship between radon exposure and the risk of lung cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis of published observational studies.
Duan, P; Fu, W; Gao, B; Hu, C; Hu, X; Kourouma, A; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Qi, S; Quan, C; Wang, C; Xie, F; Yang, K; Yu, T; Yu, Z; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2015)		1.09
"18), and there was evidence of a dose-response relationship (HRcontinuous=1."( Residential radon exposure and risk of incident hematologic malignancies in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort.
Diver, WR; Gapstur, SM; Krewski, D; Sahar, L; Teras, LR; Turner, MC; Ward, E, 2016)		0.81
" After 1-3 h of in vitro radon exposure, a specific pattern of γ-H2AX foci, linear tracks with individual p-ATM and p-DNA-PKcs foci, was observed, and the yield of γ-H2AX foci and its linear tracks displayed a linear dose-response manner in both rat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and bone-marrow lymphocytes (BMLs)."( Establishment of a γ-H2AX foci-based assay to determine biological dose of radon to red bone marrow in rats.
Chen, H; Ding, D; Fan, D; Gao, Y; He, L; Li, Q; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, X, 2016)		0.97
"The study objectives were to extend the follow-up of the Ontario uranium miners cohort, one of the largest cohorts of uranium miners with low cumulative exposures, to examine the relationship between radon exposure and lung cancer mortality and, for the first time incidence, and address gaps in the literature, including dose-response relationship between radon exposure and other cancer sites, and non-cancer mortality."( Cancer incidence and mortality from exposure to radon progeny among Ontario uranium miners.
Berriault, C; Demers, PA; Do, M; Navaranjan, G; Villeneuve, PJ, 2016)		0.88
" An increased risk of lung cancer and a dose-response relationship was observed with cumulative radon exposure."( Cancer incidence and mortality from exposure to radon progeny among Ontario uranium miners.
Berriault, C; Demers, PA; Do, M; Navaranjan, G; Villeneuve, PJ, 2016)		0.91
"74 mGy from their linear dose-response curves and sustained for 12 h after termination of radon exposure."( γ-H2AX/53BP1/pKAP-1 foci and their linear tracks induced by in vitro exposure to radon and its progeny in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Chen, H; Ding, D; Fan, D; Gao, Y; He, L; Li, Q; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2016)		0.88
" Three mathematically simplest dose-response relationships (models) were tested: constant (zero health effect), linear, and parabolic (linear-quadratic)."( Meta-analysis of thirty-two case-control and two ecological radon studies of lung cancer.
Dobrzynski, L; Fornalski, KW; Reszczynska, J, 2018)		0.72
" Two primary aspects make this study interesting: (i) the NMF shows geomorphic evidence of neotectonic activity and (ii) the presence of a thermal spa, Banhs de Tredós, which exploits one of the several natural springs of the area and needs to be evaluated for radiation dosing from radon according to the European regulation on basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation."( Characterization of radon levels in soil and groundwater in the North Maladeta Fault area (Central Pyrenees) and their effects on indoor radon concentration in a thermal spa.
Bach, J; Font, L; Linares, R; Moreno, V; Roqué, C; Zarroca, M, 2018)		0.98
" The impact of this uncertainty on the dose-response relationship between radon exposure and cancer risk will be assessed in future work."( Uncertainties associated with assessing Ontario uranium miners' exposure to radon daughters.
Berriault, C; Chambers, D; Demers, PA; Do, M; Navaranjan, G; Thompson, PA; Villeneuve, PJ, 2019)		0.97
" A second follow-up through 2012 was conducted of 2514 White male workers employed 1942-1966 at the MCW for dose-response analyses for selected causes of death."( Updated mortality analysis of the Mallinckrodt uranium processing workers, 1942-2012.
Boice, JD; Cohen, SS; Ellis, ED; Girardi, D; Golden, AP; Leggett, RW; Mumma, MT; Shore, RE; Wallace, PW; Watkins, JP, 2022)		0.72
"In the present investigation, the ingestion and inhalation dosage for the particular body organs in light of the intake of radon through ground water utilised by the occupants have been assessed in the different villages of the Upper Bari Doab region of Amritsar province, India using an electrostatic collection type radon monitor (RAD7) analyzer with RAD-H2O accessory."( INGESTION AND INHALATION DOSES DUE TO INTAKE OF RADON IN DRINKING WATER SAMPLES OF AMRITSAR PROVINCE, PUNJAB, INDIA.
Kaur, R; Kumar, A; Mehra, R; Sharma, S, 2019)		0.98
" According to the many findings from cohort studies, the most significant positive dose-response relationship was found between occupational U exposure and lung cancer."( Radiation-related health hazards to uranium miners.
Bjørklund, G; Chirumbolo, S; Muzdubayeva, Z; Pivina, L; Semenova, Y; Zhanaspayev, M; Zhunussov, Y, 2020)		0.56
"The results confirm the need to consider the dose-response relationship when developing radiation weighting factors for low dose exposures, as well as the need to be aware of possible cell line and species differences."( Isolation of the effects of alpha-related components from total effects of radium at low doses.
Byun, SH; Fernando, C; Mothersill, CE; Seymour, CB; Shi, X, 2022)		0.72
" The best fit of the dose-response relationship between radon and lung cancer mortality was linear and estimates of radon-lung cancer associations varied by windows of time-since-exposure."( Radon and cancer mortality among underground uranium miners in the Příbram region of the Czech Republic.
Kelly-Reif, K; Nylander-French, L; Richardson, DB; Sandler, DP; Schubauer-Berigan, MK; Shore, D; Troester, MA, 2020)		2.25
"This study did not observe a positive monotonic dose-response relationship between cumulative radon exposure and Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease in Ontario mining workers."( Radon exposure and risk of neurodegenerative diseases among male miners in Ontario, Canada: A cohort study.
Arrandale, VH; Berriault, C; DeBono, NL; Demers, PA; Harris, MA; Zeng, X, 2023)		2.57
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
noble gas atom
p-block element atomAny main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
monoatomic radon
radon atom
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (5,776)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901366 (23.65)18.7374
1990's985 (17.05)18.2507
2000's1202 (20.81)29.6817
2010's1615 (27.96)24.3611
2020's608 (10.53)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 81.35

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index81.35 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.75 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.65 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index225.87 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.01 (0.95)

This Compound (81.35)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials47 (0.75%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews347 (5.52%)6.00%
Reviews6 (5.94%)6.00%
Case Studies34 (0.54%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational5 (0.08%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5,857 (93.12%)84.16%
Other95 (94.06%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.0310azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		1.9210acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		10.2260aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		6.93200carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		9.13150alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		1.9710cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0210tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4420halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.0650gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		3.4111(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		8.19211aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.3620carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.5220carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.0950elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		8.9840diatomic iodinenutrient
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		4.680alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		7.3110acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.7630metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.5280monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.0110nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.1510gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.110oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.4720phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		7.4420sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		5.6880sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		1.9310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		210pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		3.5320methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		1.9310uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		210isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.35202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.3420aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.3620ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		1.9610ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		1.9710extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		3.0810diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.3820pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		1.9510nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.6730methoxybenzenes
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0710phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		1.9510one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.3420secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		1.9410nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.41101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.13101,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		3.710dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.3420benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.1510inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		3.2260monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		1.9310alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.38204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		7.38202-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.3720organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.05102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.0310nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		8.8630chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		6.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		1.9810alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		1.9410alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		3.0410chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		1.9810alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		3.0710chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		6.92550benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		1.9610alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.4720chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
benzenesulfonic acid
benzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenesulfonic acid : The simplest member of the class of a benzenesulfonic acids that consists of a benzene carrying a single sulfo group.		2.0710benzenesulfonic acids
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		3.0810styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		3.0810butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		3.0910aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		2.0510ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
propylene
propylene: structure		1.9810alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		3.0810diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
diallyl glycol carbonate
CR 39: plastic used as a charged particle detector for superimposed autoradiography tissue images		4.68260
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.6180calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		1.951017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1710dialdehydebiomarker
bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether: A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic.. bis(chloromethyl) ether : An ether that is dimethyl ether in which one of the hydrogens attached to each of the methyl group has replaced by a chlorine.		1.9710ether;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4320alkali metal hydroxide
thorium dioxide
Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.		5.58140thorium molecular entity
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.0110hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.6151alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
thymine glycol
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210hydroxypyrimidine
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.110D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.8740carbon oxoanion
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		1.9410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		5.24170cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		1.9410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.4170elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		4.7690elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		8.830actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		2.7230monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		6.9610vanadium group element atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		7.35320actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		1.9810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
protactinium
Protactinium: A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.		3.4520actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		3.470copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		3.9740vanadium group element atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		8.771940actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.4420titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.7220chromium group element atommicronutrient
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		2.6330actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		3.0850actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		3.2660monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		4.250cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		1.9410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.4920chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
curium
Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.		210actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		1.9410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.99140copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		3.3870monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		11.545660actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		4.3160monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		1.9410d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.6190titanium group element atom
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		1.9810inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.110barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		4.4200calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		7.7530diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		8.4720diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		5.2390elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
calcium sulfate dihydrate
phosphogypsum: used as fertilizer and in construction materials such as bricks, plaster etc; contains 11 components; found as industrial waste		4.18160calcium salt;
hydrate
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.8640
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		6.9710
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.0110titanium oxidesfood colouring
thorium nitrate
[no description available]		2.0510
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.4920acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		3.78110halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		4.3130chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		3.830chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
alkenes
[no description available]		1.9810
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9810aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9910
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		3.1350
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		7.0410
radon-220 atom
[no description available]		6.16190radon atom
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		3.2750
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		1.9410anthocyanidin chloride
deanol aceglutamate
[no description available]		2.0510
ruthenium dioxide
ruthenium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ru-O2		2.0110
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4403-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		7.6330cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		1.9810
cortisone
[no description available]		6.931011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		2.7430
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.0810
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.3820
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		7.1310arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		4.0131retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.610octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.0310isomethyleugenol
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2.68302-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		1.9810barbituratesallergen;
reagent
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		1.9410cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		2.1310organic molecular entity
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		6.15130nitrogen oxide
orthoclase
orthoclase: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Al-H-O8-Si3-K		2.1110
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		1.9410
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		3.9121long-chain fatty acid
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9210monocarboxylic acid anion
sterigmatocystin
[no description available]		1.9810sterigmatocystinsmetabolite
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		3.0810carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		8.711endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9410hydrochloride
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.4620cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		9.221340carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		6.04200carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		7.9740alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.3820alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.4120alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.940boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		2.420alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		8.791070metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		3.0650boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		10.4361metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		3.0410boron group element atom
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		3.0410boron group element atom
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		7.8430chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		4.3460alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.5480carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		9.62260monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		1.9910boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		1.9610
caesium-137
[no description available]		2.8930caesium atom
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		7.1310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		8.1450carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.7821chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.3110chalcogen;
metalloid atom
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		10.021770chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		10.64180alkaline earth metal atom
thorium x
thorium X: used in therapy of Bechterew's disease		7.3820
polonium-210 atom
polonium-210 atom : The radioactive isotope of polonium with relative atomic mass 209.98286 and half-life of 138.376 days; the only naturally occurring isotope of polonium.		3.2650polonium atom
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.5220aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
zeolites
[no description available]		2.3110
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		3.4270
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		5.92300triazolopyrimidines
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		3.411
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		2.3420
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9510
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9410organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		4.3722polypeptide
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		4.6432
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.1710chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.9130ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.110aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.94120
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		7.1630
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.5911
pyrethrins
[no description available]		1.9810
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		4.19402-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
monazite
monazite: mineral (rare earth phosphate) found in heavy dark brown sand along coastal tracts of India		8.1950
feldspar
feldspar: structure		2.5120
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		1.9310
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.2110
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.3160
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.7630purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.1310nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		3.0140guanosinesbiomarker
eye
[no description available]		2.3720
mordenite
[no description available]		2.3820
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		3.9820
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		3.511
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.5920alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.1310halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.2110aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.1710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.1510gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.1710benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.1310calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.2510elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		3.5360actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		9.14120actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
radon-220 atom
[no description available]		5.37140radon atom
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		2.610
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.1710monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		2.9130chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		3.6470alkaline earth metal atom
polonium-210 atom
polonium-210 atom : The radioactive isotope of polonium with relative atomic mass 209.98286 and half-life of 138.376 days; the only naturally occurring isotope of polonium.		2.5820polonium atom
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		7.1510triazolopyrimidines
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		3.0430
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.2350
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		03.2350
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		019.451,0557
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		019.451,0557
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		07.21510
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.54111
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.4110
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.4110
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.5520
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.54111
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.730
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.4110
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.4110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.5520
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.7230
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.51320
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		09.51320
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		013.362221
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		04.6150
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		04.6150
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		08.3310
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		03.3310
Amentia
[description not available]		03.3310
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		08.3310
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		011.932210
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.72110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		011.932210
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.22110
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		015.647122
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.22110
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		03.3820
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		03.3820
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.9570
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		04.3980
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.610
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		04.3980
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.610
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.33450
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		013.33450
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.4110
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.4110
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		05.93180
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		05.93180
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.5520
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.5520
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		05.62130
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		05.62130
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		03.8110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.1150
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.1150
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.9760
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		04.9760
Koehler Disease
[description not available]		03.811
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.3570
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		05.39100
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		05.39100
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.6530
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.4520
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		010.43100
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		07.6530
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.4520
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.4950
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.5380
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.2850
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.5380
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.2850
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		04.4950
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		02.610
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		06.73250
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		06.73250
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.610
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		07.610
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		04.8560
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		04.8560
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		02.6620
Ache
[description not available]		010.291511
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		02.6620
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		010.291511
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.610
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.610
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		05.48161
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.610
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		05.48161
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.7620
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		07.610
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.7620
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.56160
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		06.56160
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.6930
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.6930
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.4750
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.4750
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		07.34410
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.3720
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.82120
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.3720
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.82120
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		02.2110
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		03.5670
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		06.76320
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		07.420
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.1710
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.1710
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.6120
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.6120
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.15170
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.15170
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.1710
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.3620
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		03.1710
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		08.3620
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.0650
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.8940
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.2510
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.6730
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.6630
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.6630
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.3110
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.3110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		010.66190
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.3110
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.0140
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		03.0140
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.711
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.711
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.4120
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.4120
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		05.1170
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		03.0640
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.0640
Aura
[description not available]		02.3110
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.3110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.3110
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		04.6360
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		08.17710
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08.17710
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.2360
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		03.2360
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		014.519010
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1510
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.1510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.1510
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		04.370
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		04.370
HPV Infection
[description not available]		04.3220
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		04.3220
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		03.0610
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		03.0610
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		06.46140
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		03.0610
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.0610
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.6371
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		06.6371
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		08.82170
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.5830
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.5830
Infection
[description not available]		03.6630
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.6630
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.0440
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		03.81110
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.0850
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		03.0850
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.420
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.5520
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.5520
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.8440
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3920
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		08.8440
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.3920
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		04.1760
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		02.0810
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.0810
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.0810
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		07.4650
Back Ache
[description not available]		03.4711
Rheumatism
[description not available]		05.97101
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		03.4711
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		05.97101
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		03.0850
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		03.0850
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		04.590
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		04.590
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.520
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.520
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.2760
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.2760
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.29200
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		04.29200
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		08.28183
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.110
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		03.511
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.511
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		08.511
Cystic Hygroma Colli
[description not available]		02.1310
Harelip
[description not available]		02.4720
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.4720
Endothelioma, Lymphatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.4720
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.4720
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.		02.1310
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		03.4680
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		08.66100
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		03.4680
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		08.66100
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		03.0310
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		03.0310
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.5120
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.5120
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.1310
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.1310
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		07.1310
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.1310
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		07.1310
Leanness
[description not available]		02.1310
Sick Building Syndrome
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		03.6630
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1510
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.1510
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.1510
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		03.3370
Orbital Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.6530
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		04.02150
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.260
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3920
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		04.02150
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		03.260
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.92180
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		02.0410
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.3320
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.3320
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.81120
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.81120
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.8540
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.8540
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		09.8130
Metastase
[description not available]		04.34210
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.8130
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		04.34210
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.4420
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.7100
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.4420
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		04.58100
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		04.58100
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.6530
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		07.6530
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.0750
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.0750
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		03.3320
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.3620
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular
Sarcoma of FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS most often found in the lymph nodes. This rare neoplasm occurs predominately in adults.		02.9610
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.3620
Osteochondrosis of Spine
[description not available]		02.0510
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0510
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0510
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.6530
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6530
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9210
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9210
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		01.9210
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		03.3520
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		02.4420
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.0350
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		08.0350
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		03.0350
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		03.9650
Lentigines
[description not available]		07.0510
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		02.0510
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		02.0510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.7630
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.6630
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.7630
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.3370
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.3370
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		01.9210
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		01.9210
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		03.320
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.320
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.7630
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.0610
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		02.0610
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.0610
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.4220
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.9950
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		03.9750
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		03.6230
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		0310
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		0310
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.8840
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.8840
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		06.54180
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7130
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		06.54180
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		04.9990
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		04.9990
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.0810
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.0810
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0710
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.0710
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4220
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4620
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.4620
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.6530
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.6530
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.7750
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.7750
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.6530
Eyelid Neoplasms
Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.		02.6530
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		02.0110
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.9950
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		02.0110
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
[description not available]		03.0350
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.		03.0350
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		03.4480
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		01.9310
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		07.3520
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.3420
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.3420
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		02.8640
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		06.9310
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		06.9310
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		01.9310
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		01.9310
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.2620
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		03.2620
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		03.4580
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		03.4580
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		07.8640
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		07.8640
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		02.6430
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		02.6430
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		03.96140
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		03.81120
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		03.96140
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		03.81120
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.3520
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		01.9310
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		02.3420
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		01.9310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		03.89130
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		01.9310
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		04.03150
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		03.0650
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		01.9410
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		03.0650
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.3520
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		02.3520
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		02.3520
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.96140
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.3520
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		02.3520
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		01.9410
Exostoses
Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.		02.3420
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.8640
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0550
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		02.3520
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		01.9410
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.8540
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		01.9410
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		01.9410
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		03.0450
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		01.9410
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		01.9410
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.89140
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.84120
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		04.89140
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		03.84120
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		06.08210
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.3720
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		02.3420
Emesis
[description not available]		01.9210
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		06.9210
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.9310
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.9310
Mesothelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.9310
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		04.4750
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		02.9310
Chromosomes, Ring
[description not available]		02.0210
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.0210
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.0210
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.6230
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.0210
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.0210
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.3920
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.0210
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.3920
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		02.0210
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.0210
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		01.9210
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		07.3420
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		06.9210
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		02.3420
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.6330
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		07.6330
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.69110
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		04.69110
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.940
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.940
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.0631
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.0310
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple
[description not available]		02.0310
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.0310
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.420
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.420
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.9510
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.9510
Environmental Hypersensitivities
[description not available]		02.9510
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.9510
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.9510
Cot Death
[description not available]		02.9510
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		08.2260
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		08.2260
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.0310
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.4120
Adenomatosis, Ovine Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.8710
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		06.9210
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		06.9210
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.0410
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.0410
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.4111
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		01.9410
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		03.3370
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		03.3370
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		01.9410
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		01.9410
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9610
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		01.9610
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		06.9610
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.6430
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.3620
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2640
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.2820
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.5730
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.2820
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.6530
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.3620
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.6430
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		07.3620
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.6430
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.3620
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		03.7840
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		01.9610
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6430
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9610
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		01.9610
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		01.9610
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		01.9610
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		06.9510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9810
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9810
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		03.3770
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		01.9810
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.6630
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.3770
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		01.9810
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		01.9810
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.6430
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.6430
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.6630
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		01.9810
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		01.9810
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.420
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		01.9910
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.8940
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.8940
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.420
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		03.5930
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		01.9910
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		03.5930
Aneuploid
[description not available]		0210
Pyrexia
[description not available]		0210
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		0210
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.3920
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		0210
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.3920
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		0210
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		0210
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		0210
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		01.9910
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		01.9510
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		04.4351
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		04.4351
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		01.9510
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		01.9510
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		01.9510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.3520
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.3620
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		01.9510
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.3620
Asialia
[description not available]		02.6430
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.3620
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		02.6430
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.3620
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		02.6430
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		04.0231
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
[description not available]		04.0231
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		04.0231
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.		04.0231
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.3520
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.3620
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.3620
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9510
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		01.9510
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		01.9510
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		01.9510
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		01.9510
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		01.9510
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.260
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.260
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.3520
Blood Vessel Tumors
[description not available]		01.9510
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		01.9810
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		01.9710
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.8910
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.8910
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		01.9710
Silicotuberculosis
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.		01.9710
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		01.9710
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		01.9710
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		01.9710
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		01.9710
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		01.9710
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		01.9710
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		01.9710
Legionellosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.		01.9710
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		01.9710
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		01.9710
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		01.9710
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		01.9710
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9710
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9710
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9710
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.3720
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.3720
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.0750
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.0750
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.8810
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.8810
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9710
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		01.9710
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid
[description not available]		01.9710
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9710
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.		01.9710
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		01.9710
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9710
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		01.9710
Meniscitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		07.3620
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		01.9410
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.3520
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		02.6330
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		02.6330
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		04.1160
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		04.1160
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.9410
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		02.3520
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		02.3520
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9410
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		01.9410
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		01.9410
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		01.9410
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9410
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		01.9410
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		01.9410
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		01.9410
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		03.2720
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		03.2720
Chemodectoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		01.9510
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		01.9510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.260
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		03.2720
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.2720
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.260
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.3520
Endarteritis
Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.		07.6430
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		02.6430
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9510
Vesico-Vaginal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9510
Urinary Bladder Fistula
An abnormal passage in the URINARY BLADDER or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.		01.9510
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		01.9510
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9510
Congenital Epulides
[description not available]		02.3520
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.8610
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.8610
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.8610
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.8610
Erythremia
[description not available]		02.8610
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		02.8610
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.8610
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.8610
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.8610
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		03.0450
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Palatal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.		02.3520
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		03.0450
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01.9510
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.6430
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.6430
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		01.9410
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9410
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9410
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		01.9410
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		01.9410
Sprains
[description not available]		01.9410
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		01.9410
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		01.9410
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		01.9510
Vaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage that connects the VAGINA to other organs, such as the bladder (VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA) or the rectum (RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA).		01.9510
Urinary Fistula
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.		01.9510
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		01.9510
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9410
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		01.9410
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		01.9410
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		01.9410
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9410
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		01.9410
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9410
Eosinophilic Granuloma
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.		01.9410
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9410
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		01.9410
Adolescent Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		01.9410
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		01.9410
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		01.9410
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		01.9410
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		01.9410
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		01.9410
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		01.9410
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		01.9410
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		01.9410
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		01.9410
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		01.9410
Amaurosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9410
Day Blindness
[description not available]		01.9410
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.		01.9410
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.3420
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.3520
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		01.9410
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		01.9410
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		01.9410
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		01.9410
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		01.9410
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		01.9410
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		01.9410
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9410
Cancer of the Urethra
[description not available]		02.3420
Urethral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.		02.3420
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		01.9410
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		06.9410