Facial Spasm, Unilateral

Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1378)

Synonym
Hemifacial Myokymia
Spasm, Hemifacial
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
Hemifacial Spasm

Excerpt	Reference
"Hemifacial spasm is often associated with compression of the facial nerve by a vascular loop at the point where the nerve leaves the brainstem before traversing the cerebellopontine angle."	( Fu, KK; Ko, A, 2000)
"Hemifacial spasm is a common movement disorder."	( Evers, S; Gess, B; Pawlowski, M, 2013)
"Hemifacial spasms are involuntary contractions of the muscles of one side of the face."	( Doja, A; Geraghty, M; Karir, A; Vassilyadi, M, 2018)
"Hemifacial spasm is diagnosed on a clinical base, with certain atypical features alerting the physician for mimics."	( Koelman, JHTM; Swinnen, BEKS; van Rootselaar, AF, 2021)

Excerpt	Reference
"Six of nine patients with hemifacial spasm completed treatment."	( McLoon, LK; Wirtschafter, JD, 1998)
"A 65-year-old woman with hemifacial spasm associated with Paget's disease was treated with alendronate, and the hemifacial spasm became very infrequent 4 months after commencement of the therapy."	( Fu, KK; Ko, A, 2000)
"Twenty-three patients with hemifacial spasm not suitable for surgery or therapy with botulinum toxin were treated with gabapentin."	( Capus, P; Caravaglios, G; Daniele, O; Marchini, C; Mucchiut, L; Natalè, E, 2001)
"Current procedures for treating hemifacial spasm control its symptoms but the condition is often complicated by facial weakness."	( Ding, DL; Yue, WL, 2001)
"Twenty-eight patients with idiopathic hemifacial spasm, who were previously treated with carbamazepine, or acupuncture, or botulinum toxin injection, but refused to continue the previous therapies, were treated with tiapride, at a dosage of 50 mg/time once to thrice per day, combined with the horn of saiga tatarica at a dosage of 0."	( Cheng, S; Zhang, H, 2009)
"Five months after discharge, right hemifacial spasm appeared in the patient, which did not affect the quality of life of the patient, so the patient did not choose further treatment."	( Cao, D; Han, J; Kang, Z; Song, X; Wang, T; Xie, Y, 2018)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	1 (1.22)	23.3326
1990's	6 (7.32)	12.5806
2000's	24 (29.27)	18.1394
2010's	36 (43.90)	28.8240
2020's	15 (18.29)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
gamma-aminobutyric acid	medium	5	1
salicylic acid	medium	1	1
dimethyl sulfoxide	low	1	0
glycerol	low	1	0
nitrates	low	1	0
nitrites	low	1	0
thiamine	low	1	0
alendronate	low	1	0
amitriptyline	low	1	0
baclofen	low	1	0
carbamazepine	medium	9	1
citalopram	low	1	0
clobazam	low	1	0
clonazepam	medium	2	1
diazepam	low	1	0
valproic acid	low	1	0
edrophonium	medium	1	1
gabapentin	medium	5	1
lidocaine	medium	1	1
isoflurane	low	1	0
lamotrigine	low	2	0
piracetam	low	2	0
propofol	medium	2	2
sevoflurane	medium	2	2
succinylcholine	medium	1	1
trimethadione	low	1	0
prednisolone	low	1	0
prednisone	low	1	0
ephedrine	medium	1	1
gluconic acid	medium	1	1
copper gluconate	medium	1	1
fluorescein	low	1	0
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate	medium	1	1
titanium	low	1	0
gold	low	1	0
tricalcium phosphate	low	2	0
phenyl acetate	medium	2	1
vecuronium bromide	medium	2	2
desflurane	low	2	0
propiconazole	low	3	0
fomesafen	low	3	0
remifentanil	medium	3	3
duloxetine hydrochloride	low	1	0
zolmitriptan	low	2	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18	low	2	0
oxazolidin-2-one	low	2	0
homocysteine	low	1	0
cyanates	low	1	0
eslicarbazepine acetate	low	1	0
tropisetron	medium	1	1
myelin basic protein	low	2	0
levetiracetam	low	2	0
dexmedetomidine	medium	1	1
latanoprost	medium	1	1
silicon	low	1	0
phosphorus	medium	1	1
pregabalin	low	1	0
tiapamil hydrochloride	low	1	0
eslicarbazepine	low	1	0
indocyanine green	low	2	0
jaw	low	1	0
piperidines	medium	2	2
ascorbic acid	low	1	0
vitamin b 12	low	1	0
eye	low	3	0

Protein Targets (624)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
Chain A, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase	0	1	0	1
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase	0	1	0	1
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase	0	2	0	2
Acetylcholinesterase	0	4	0	4
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase	0	1	0	1
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase	0	1	0	1
Chain A, HADH2 protein	3	0	0	3
Chain B, HADH2 protein	3	0	0	3
thioredoxin reductase	12	0	0	12
USP1 protein, partial	6	0	0	6
NFKB1 protein, partial	2	0	0	2
GLS protein	6	0	0	6
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	9	0	0	9
cytochrome P450 2D6	6	0	0	6
arylsulfatase A	6	0	0	6
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1	4	0	0	4
D(1A) dopamine receptor	7	0	0	7
chromobox protein homolog 1	9	0	0	9
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor	1	0	0	1
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1	2	0	0	2
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	13	0	0	13
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	8	0	0	8
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	3	0	4
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	2	0	0	2
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	18	0	18
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	18	0	18
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	8	0	8
Bile salt export pump	0	23	0	23
Albumin	0	0	3	3
High affinity nerve growth factor receptor	0	1	2	3
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	7	0	7
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	3	0	3
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	4	0	4
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	3	1	4
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	2	0	2
Angiotensin-converting enzyme	0	4	0	4
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	1	0	1
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	2	1	3
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	3	1	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	5	1	6
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	2	0	2
D(1A) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
D(1B) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	0	0	0	1
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	8	0	8
Histamine H2 receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	5	0	5
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	6	0	6
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	0	1	0	1
Histamine H1 receptor	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	6	1	7
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B	0	1	0	1
Histamine H1 receptor	0	4	0	4
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha	0	4	0	6
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	6	0	6
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Histamine H2 receptor	3	1	0	5
D(1A) dopamine receptor	1	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	2	0	2
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	0	2	0	2
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	3	0	3
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	0	7	0	7
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	0	2	0	2
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	0	3	0	3
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	0	3	0	3
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	0	5	0	5
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	2	2	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3	0	4	0	4
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	17	0	17
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
Ataxin-2	7	0	0	7
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	0	3	0	3
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Histamine H3 receptor	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated	0	1	0	1
acetylcholinesterase	5	0	0	5
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	8	0	0	8
GLI family zinc finger 3	12	0	0	12
AR protein	16	0	0	16
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	3	0	0	3
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	12	0	0	12
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	13	0	0	13
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	17	0	0	17
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	22	0	0	22
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	9	0	0	9
IDH1	4	0	0	4
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	18	0	0	18
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	5	0	0	5
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	11	0	0	11
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I	1	0	0	1
geminin	12	0	0	12
lethal factor (plasmid)	1	0	0	1
lamin isoform A-delta10	12	0	0	12
Polyphenol oxidase 2	0	2	0	4
Pancreatic alpha-amylase	0	2	0	2
Albumin	0	1	0	1
Urease	0	1	0	1
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	0	0	0	1
Tyrosinase	0	2	0	2
Spike glycoprotein	8	0	0	8
Hyaluronate lyase	0	1	0	1
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	0	0	0	1
Egl nine homolog 1	0	0	0	1
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	0	0	0	1
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 23 member 1	0	1	0	1
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	3	0	0	3
ATAD5 protein, partial	5	0	0	5
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	4	0	0	4
67.9K protein	2	0	0	2
activating transcription factor 6	4	0	0	4
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	8	0	0	8
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	5	0	0	5
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	0	2	2	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	0	3	0	3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	5	6	5	16
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	5	6	5	16
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	5	6	5	16
GABA theta subunit	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	5	6	3	14
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	0	2	2	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	0	2	0	2
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	6	0	0	6
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	6	0	0	6
TDP1 protein	10	0	0	10
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	7	0	0	7
pregnane X nuclear receptor	14	0	0	14
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	11	0	0	11
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	7	0	0	7
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	4	0	0	4
Vpr	2	0	0	2
Bile salt export pump	0	3	0	3
Major prion protein	0	0	1	1
Cellular tumor antigen p53	17	0	0	17
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	0	3	0	3
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	0	4	0	4
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	0	3	0	3
Cytochrome P450 2C9	0	2	0	2
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7	0	1	0	3
Cytochrome P450 2B6	0	0	1	1
Cytochrome P450 2J2	0	2	0	2
Frizzled-8	0	0	1	1
P2X purinoceptor 4	0	2	0	2
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	6	0	0	6
EWS/FLI fusion protein	7	0	0	7
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor	1	0	0	1
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	3	0	0	3
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	1	0	1
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	1	0	1
Aromatase	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	2	0	2
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	0	1
Sigma intracellular receptor 2	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	1	0	1
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	2	0	2
Transporter	0	3	0	3
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	0	6	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	0	6	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	0	3	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	0	3	0	4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	3	0	3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	0	3	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	0	3	0	4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	0	2	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	0	7	4	11
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	0	6	2	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	0	7	3	10
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	0	3	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	0	3	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	0	7	3	10
Translocator protein	0	2	0	2
Translocator protein	0	2	0	2
Cholecystokinin receptor type A	0	2	0	2
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	0	2	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	0	6	4	10
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	0	6	3	9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	0	6	3	9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	0	6	3	9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	0	6	2	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	0	6	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	0	6	2	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	0	6	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	0	6	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	0	6	0	6
Carbonic anhydrase 1	0	11	0	14
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	11	3	17
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	7	0	10
Carbonic anhydrase 15	0	6	0	7
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	1	0	0	1
peripheral myelin protein 22	5	0	0	5
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid	0	1	1	2
glp-1 receptor, partial	5	0	0	5
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	5	0	0	5
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	7	0	0	7
progesterone receptor	10	0	0	10
G	3	0	0	3
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	9	0	0	9
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	4	0	0	4
Interferon beta	6	0	0	6
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	3	0	0	3
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver	0	2	0	2
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1	0	0	0	1
Albumin	0	1	1	3
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1	0	0	0	1
Translocator protein	0	2	1	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	0	1	1	2
Glutamate receptor 2	4	0	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	0	1	1	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	2	1	3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	0	1	1	2
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1	0	1	0	1
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	3	0	0	3
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	0	1	1	2
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	3	0	0	3
Cereblon isoform 4	0	2	0	2
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	7	0	0	7
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5	0	0	1	1
Choline O-acetyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Protein cereblon	0	2	0	2
Fumarate hydratase	1	0	0	1
Smad3	1	0	0	1
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease	2	0	0	2
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	7	0	0	7
polyprotein	1	0	0	1
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	5	0	0	5
caspase-3	2	0	0	2
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	6	0	0	6
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	4	0	0	4
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	7	0	0	7
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	3	0	0	3
heat shock protein beta-1	3	0	0	3
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	3	0	0	3
snurportin-1	3	0	0	3
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1	1	0	0	1
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor	1	0	0	1
plasminogen precursor	1	0	0	1
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
Alpha-synuclein	1	0	0	1
dopamine D1 receptor	2	0	0	2
Cholinesterase	0	1	0	1
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	0	0	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	2	0	2
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	4	0	0	4
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	7	0	0	7
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	4	0	0	4
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1	2	0	0	2
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	4	0	0	4
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	3	0	0	3
SMAD family member 2	2	0	0	2
SMAD family member 3	2	0	0	2
Microtubule-associated protein tau	4	0	0	4
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor	1	0	0	1
Luciferase	4	0	0	4
Histone H2A.x	2	0	0	2
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a	2	0	0	2
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	0	0	1	1
Hsf1 protein	0	0	2	3
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	1	0	0	1
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3	1	0	0	1
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	1	0	0	1
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	2	0	0	2
Histone deacetylase 3	0	3	0	3
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	0	2	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	0	0	2	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	0	0	1	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	2	0	2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	2	0	2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	0	2	0	2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 4	0	3	0	3
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	0	0	0	1
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	0	0	0	1
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	2	0	0	2
Histone deacetylase 1	0	3	0	3
Sterol O-acyltransferase 1	0	0	1	1
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 7	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 2	0	3	0	3
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 11	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 8	0	3	0	3
Platelet glycoprotein VI	0	0	1	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 6	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 9	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 5	0	3	0	3
Chain B, EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E	0	0	1	1
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	0	3	0	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	2	1	3
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
Chymotrypsinogen A	0	1	0	1
GALC protein	2	0	0	2
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Dihydrofolate reductase	0	2	0	2
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1	0	1	0	1
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	3	0	0	3
beta-2 adrenergic receptor	1	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1	0	1	0	1
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog	2	0	0	2
flap endonuclease 1	4	0	0	4
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	0	2	0	2
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	2	0	0	2
15-lipoxygenase, partial	1	0	0	1
WRN	1	0	0	1
integrase, partial	0	1	0	1
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p75	0	1	0	1
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1	3	0	0	3
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	3	0	0	3
pyruvate kinase	1	0	0	1
hexokinase-4 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor	1	0	0	1
glucokinase regulatory protein	1	0	0	1
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	5	0	0	5
M-phase phosphoprotein 8	2	0	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 12	0	4	0	7
Epidermal growth factor receptor	0	1	0	1
Plasma kallikrein	0	0	0	1
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	4	0	5
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 6	0	5	0	8
Adenosine receptor A1	0	0	0	1
Adenosine receptor A2a	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	4	2	9
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	3	0	4
Carbonic anhydrase 7	0	4	0	7
Solute carrier family 15 member 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	1	0	2
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	0	0	0	1
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1	0	1	0	1
SLC16A10 protein	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 9	0	4	0	7
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	0	0	0	1
Monocarboxylate transporter 10	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	2	0	5
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 14	0	4	0	7
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	0	4	0	7
phosphoglycerate kinase	1	0	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 3	0	1	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2	0	1	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 18	0	1	0	1
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1	0	2	0	2
Sodium/iodide cotransporter	0	1	0	1
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	4	0	0	4
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	1	0	0	1
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	2	0	0	2
luciferase	0	0	0	1
Estrogen receptor	0	2	0	2
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	4	2	11
Progesterone receptor	0	2	0	3
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	1	1	2
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	0	1	1
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	0	4	0	4
Corticosteroid-binding globulin	0	1	0	1
Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	2	1	3
Androgen receptor	0	3	0	3
Glutamine synthetase	0	0	1	1
Androgen receptor	0	1	0	1
Glycine receptor subunit beta	0	4	0	4
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	4	0	4
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	4	0	4
Histamine H1 receptor	0	0	1	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	2	0	2
Nociceptin receptor	0	0	1	1
Estrogen receptor beta	0	2	0	2
pregnane X receptor	3	0	0	3
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	2	0	0	2
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	2	0	0	2
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1	0	1	0	2
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2	0	1	0	1
nonstructural protein 1	1	0	0	1
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)	1	0	0	1
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 2	0	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	2	0	2
heat shock protein 90, putative	0	0	0	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	0	0	1	1
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	2	0	0	2
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9	0	0	0	2
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	2	0	2
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8	0	0	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	3	0	3
Estrogen receptor beta	0	0	0	1
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2	0	0	0	1
Polymerase acidic protein	0	0	1	1
Stromelysin-1	0	0	1	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH	0	1	0	1
High mobility group protein B1	0	0	1	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	1	0	1
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	0	1	0	3
Estrogen receptor	0	0	0	1
Cystathionine gamma-lyase	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1	0	0	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2	0	0	0	1
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 7	0	0	0	1
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 20	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 1	0	1	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3	0	0	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2	0	0	0	1
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1	0	0	0	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	0	0	1	1
DNA polymerase beta	1	0	0	1
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter	0	2	1	3
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter	0	1	0	1
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter	0	1	0	1
Chain A, ykoF	0	0	1	1
Chain B, ykoF	0	0	1	1
Chain A, ThiT	0	0	1	1
Thiamine transporter ThiT	0	0	1	1
Transketolase	0	0	1	1
Thiamine-binding periplasmic protein	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	1	0	1
Chain X, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1	0	0	2	2
Chain X, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1	0	0	2	2
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1	1	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A4	0	1	0	3
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A5	0	0	0	2
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	1	0	0	1
Transthyretin	0	1	0	3
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha	0	2	3	5
Thyroid hormone receptor beta	0	2	3	5
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen	0	2	0	2
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha	0	0	2	2
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1	0	1	0	1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	0	0	4	4
Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2	0	0	0	2
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A3	0	0	0	2
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1	0	1	0	2
Monocarboxylate transporter 8	0	0	0	1
Bile acid receptor	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	0	0	0	2
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Prolyl endopeptidase	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 11	0	0	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 2C8	0	1	0	1
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 2C19	0	1	0	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	2	0	2
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	4	0	4
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	2	0	2
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Delta carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	3	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	2	0	2
glucocerebrosidase	1	0	0	1
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Prothrombin	0	0	1	1
Thyroid hormone receptor beta	0	1	0	1
Adenosine receptor A1	0	2	0	2
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	0	0	0	1
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3	1	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E	0	1	1	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	0	1	1	3
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	2	0	2
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta	0	1	0	1
D	0	1	0	1
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	1	0	1
D(1B) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
D(4) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	1	1	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	0	0	1
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D	0	1	1	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C	0	1	1	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	0	1	0	1
Cocaine esterase	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A6	0	1	0	1
Tissue factor	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6	0	0	0	1
Liver carboxylesterase 1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B7	0	1	0	1
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	1	0	1
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B	0	2	1	3
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	0	1	0	1
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	1	0	1
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing]	0	1	0	1
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Synonyms(4)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Research

Studies (82)

Protein Targets (624)

Facial Spasm, Unilateral

Synonyms(4)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Research

Studies (82)

Drugs Studied (80)

Protein Targets (624)