ferrous fumarate profile

ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6433164
CHEBI ID	31607
SCHEMBL ID	24284
SCHEMBL ID	24286
MeSH ID	M0099196

Synonym
2-butenedioic acid (2e)-, iron(2+) salt
ferrofumarate
einecs 231-731-5
2-butenedioic acid (2e)-, iron(2+) salt (1:?)
7705-12-6
hemoton
galfer
2-butenedioic acid (2e)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
tolifer
2-butenedioic acid, (e)-, iron(2+) salt
ferrofume
feostat
fersamal
tolferain
2-butenedioic acid (e)-, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
ferrotemp
feroton
ercoferro
fumafer
fumaric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
fumiron
iron(2+) fumarate
iron(ii) fumarate
erco-fer
einecs 205-447-7
firon
ferrone
fumar
cpiron
ferronat
palafer
toleron
fumar-f
one-iron
ircon
ccris 6896
feostat (tn)
ferrum (tn)
D01194
141-01-5
ferrous fumarate (jan/usp)
ferrous fumarate
fumaric acid, iron(2+) salt
orgasal
ferrosi fumaras
iron (as ferrous fumarate)
iron (as fumarate)
heferol
AKOS015918237
ferretts
ferrocite
ferrous fumarate [usp:jan]
unii-r5l488ry0q
r5l488ry0q ,
ferrosi fumaras [who-ip latin]
ferrous fumarate [orange book]
minastrin 24 fe component ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate [usp monograph]
ferrous fumarate [ep monograph]
ferrous fumarate [fcc]
ferrous fumarate [ii]
ferrous fumarate [vandf]
ferrous fumarate [mi]
lo minastrin fe component ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate [who-ip]
ferrous fumarate [inci]
norquest fe component ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate [jan]
ferrous fumarate component of norquest fe
ferrous fumarate [mart.]
iron (as ferrous fumarate) [vandf]
meterfer
ferrous fumarate [who-dd]
SCHEMBL24284
SCHEMBL24286
DTXSID7047148 ,
PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L
J-521364
J-007445
CHEBI:31607
Q416370
DB14491
(e)-but-2-enedioate;iron(2+)
HY-B1651
CS-0013603
AMY8976
ferrousfumarate
ferrous fumarate (usp:jan)
ferrous fumarate (ep monograph)
ferrous fumarate (usp monograph)
ferrous fumarate (ii)
dtxcid5027148
ferrous fumarate (mart.)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia with conventional oral preparations is handicapped by unpredictable haematological response in addition to potential for irritating gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of iron polymaltose complex and folic acid (Mumfer) vs iron formulation (ferrous fumarate) in female patients with anaemia. Adsul, BB; Desai, A; Gandewar, K; Korde, KM; Reddy, PS, 2001)	0.31
" Both the formulations were equally well-tolerated and adverse events were mainly gastrointestinal in nature."	( Comparative assessment of the bioavailability, efficacy and safety of a modified-release (MR) carbonyl iron tablet and oral conventional iron preparation in adult Indian patients with nutritional iron deficiency anaemia. Adsul, BB; Baliga, V; Desai, A; Gawde, A, 2005)	0.33
" However, large randomized trials have revealed that provision of iron to young children caused serious adverse effects because iron powerfully promotes microbial growth."	( Efficacy and safety of hepcidin-based screen-and-treat approaches using two different doses versus a standard universal approach of iron supplementation in young children in rural Gambia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Bah, A; Cerami, C; Goheen, MM; Kendall, L; Moretti, D; Mulwa, S; Prentice, AM; Wegmüller, R, 2016)	0.43
"A MNP containing a low dose of highly bioavailable iron reduces anaemia, and the addition of GOS mitigates most of the adverse effects of iron on the gut microbiome and morbidity in African infants."	( Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides mitigate the adverse effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiome: a randomised controlled study in Kenyan infants. Barth-Jaeggi, T; Boekhorst, J; Cercamondi, CI; Karanja, S; Kortman, GAM; Lacroix, C; Moretti, D; Paganini, D; Schwab, C; Timmerman, HM; Uyoga, MA; Zimmermann, MB, 2017)	0.46

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Plasma dolutegravir AUC(0-∞), Cmax , and C24 were reduced by 39%, 37%, and 39%, respectively, when co-administered with calcium carbonate while fasting and were reduced by 54%, 57%, and 56%, respectively, when co-administered with ferrous fumarate while fasting."	( Pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir when administered with mineral supplements in healthy adult subjects. Arya, N; Borland, J; Piscitelli, S; Song, I; Wynne, B, 2015)	0.42

Bioavailability

Ferrous fumarate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in non-anemic, iron sufficient infants and young children.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" One possible explanation for this observation is that iron from multivitamins is more poorly absorbed than iron from iron tablets."	( Iron absorption from chewable vitamins with iron versus iron tablets: implications for toxicity. Lacouture, PG; Linakis, JG; Woolf, A, 1992)	0.28
"The effect of ferrous fumarate on the relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after a single 500 mg oral dose of ciprofloxacin was studied in eight healthy males."	( Decreased ciprofloxacin absorption with concomitant administration of ferrous fumarate. Brouwers, JR; Proost, JH; Sijtsma, J; Van der Kam, HJ, 1990)	0.28
"Hemoglobin-repletion tests in rats, organoleptic studies, and iron-absorption studies in humans were used to search for Fe sources with high bioavailability that could be added to infant cereals as alternatives to the Fe compounds currently used for fortification."	( Iron fortification of infant cereals: a proposal for the use of ferrous fumarate or ferrous succinate. Burri, J; Cook, JD; Furniss, DE; Hurrell, RF; Lynch, SR; Whittaker, P, 1989)	0.28
" In the first study, bioavailability of iron from ferrous sulfate and the complex was defined at physiologic doses of 5 mg (Group 1: n = 14) and therapeutic doses of 50 mg (Group 2: n = 13)."	( Oral iron therapy in human subjects, comparative absorption between ferrous salts and iron polymaltose. Jacobs, P; Johnson, G; Wood, L, 1984)	0.27
"Our objective was to compare iron bioavailability from ferric pyrophosphate with an alternative iron source that is soluble in dilute acid, ferrous fumarate, and to evaluate the influence of ascorbic acid on iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate in infants."	( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000)	0.31
"Geometric mean iron bioavailability was significantly higher from [57Fe]ferrous fumarate than from [57Fe]ferric pyrophosphate [4."	( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000)	0.31
"Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified infant cereals can be improved by using an iron compound with high relative bioavailability and by ensuring adequate ascorbic acid content of the product."	( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000)	0.31
"The goal was to evaluate the bioavailability of iron from meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste that were fortified with ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, or NaFeEDTA and to investigate the potential of Na(2)EDTA to increase the bioavailability of iron from ferrous fumarate."	( Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified Guatemalan meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste. Boy, E; Davidsson, L; Dimitriou, T; Hurrell, RF; Walczyk, T, 2002)	0.31
"With use of a crossover study design, iron bioavailability was measured in Guatemalan girls aged 12-13 y by a stable-isotope technique based on erythrocyte incorporation 14 d after intake."	( Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified Guatemalan meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste. Boy, E; Davidsson, L; Dimitriou, T; Hurrell, RF; Walczyk, T, 2002)	0.31
"The bioavailability of iron from ferrous fumarate was not improved by the addition of Na(2)EDTA, contrary to what was previously shown for ferrous sulfate in other cereal-based meals."	( Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified Guatemalan meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste. Boy, E; Davidsson, L; Dimitriou, T; Hurrell, RF; Walczyk, T, 2002)	0.31
" Due to high concentrations of inhibitors of iron absorption, the bioavailability from this matrix is unknown."	( Iron bioavailability in corn-masa tortillas is improved by the addition of disodium EDTA. Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Walter, T, 2003)	0.32
" However, the effect of encapsulation per se on Fe bioavailability is a concern."	( The potential of encapsulated iron compounds in food fortification: a review. Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.32
" The effect of therapy on haematological parameters and iron status and estimation of bioavailability were the main efficacy outcomes."	( Comparative assessment of the bioavailability, efficacy and safety of a modified-release (MR) carbonyl iron tablet and oral conventional iron preparation in adult Indian patients with nutritional iron deficiency anaemia. Adsul, BB; Baliga, V; Desai, A; Gawde, A, 2005)	0.33
" Iron bioavailability from cocoa powder enriched with ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes or ferrous fumarate was assessed in rats."	( A comparative study of iron bioavailability from cocoa supplemented with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate in rats. Izquierdo-Pulido, M; Navas-Carretero, S; Pérez-Granados, AM; Sarriá, B; Schoppen, S; Vaquero, MP, 2007)	0.34
"The choice of iron fortificant usually represents a balance between bioavailability of the compound and its tendency to cause organoleptic problems."	( Fortifying brown bread with sodium iron EDTA, ferrous fumarate, or electrolytic iron does not affect iron status in South African schoolchildren. Dhansay, MA; Lombard, CJ; Smuts, CM; van Stuijvenberg, ME, 2008)	0.35
"Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants."	( Regular consumption of a complementary food fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous fumarate or ferric pyrophosphate is as useful as ferrous sulfate in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations >105 g/L in young Bangladeshi children. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Sultana, S, 2009)	0.35
"In the first study, young women (n = 98) with an iron status varying from iron deficiency anemia to iron sufficiency (women with serum ferritin concentrations 25-40 microg/L were not included) were given stable isotope-labeled test meals (n = 196) containing ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or ferric pyrophosphate, after which plasma hepcidin and iron bioavailability were measured."	( Plasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.35
" Plasma hepcidin significantly, but modestly, predicted iron bioavailability from ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate (r = -0."	( Plasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.35
"Plasma hepcidin is only a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans."	( Plasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.35
" We measured the bioavailability of Fe and Zn from Thriposha formula at two different molar ratios of Zn:Fe in order to determine the effect on Fe and Zn absorption."	( Changing the zinc:iron ratio in a cereal-based nutritional supplement has no effect on percent absorption of iron and zinc in Sri Lankan children. Abrams, SA; Griffin, I; Hettiarachchi, M; Hilmers, D; Liyanage, C, 2010)	0.36
"The bioavailability of iron is critical for the usefulness of double-fortified salt."	( Iron in vitro bioavailability and iodine storage stability in double-fortified salt. Diosady, LL; Li, YO; Wesley, AS, 2009)	0.35
" Iron in vivo tests in rats have confirmed that the ferrous fumarate microencapsulated in a lipid is highly bioavailable, with a bioavailability of 95% relative to ferrous sulfate."	( Iron in vitro bioavailability and iodine storage stability in double-fortified salt. Diosady, LL; Li, YO; Wesley, AS, 2009)	0.35
" This recommendation is based on the compound's good sensory properties and on results from isotope studies in adults that reported similar iron absorption values for ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulphate (relative bioavailability [RBV] of ferrous fumarate, 100)."	( Use of ferrous fumarate to fortify foods for infants and young children. Hurrell, R, 2010)	0.36
" Two recent studies in young children have reported that it is only 30% as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate."	( A comparison of the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in non-anemic Mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink. Harrington, M; Hotz, C; Hurrell, RF; Polvo, GO; Rivera, JA; Villalpando, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.37
"Ferrous fumarate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in non-anemic, iron sufficient infants and young children, and can be recommended as a useful fortification compound for complementary foods designed to prevent iron deficiency."	( A comparison of the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in non-anemic Mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink. Harrington, M; Hotz, C; Hurrell, RF; Polvo, GO; Rivera, JA; Villalpando, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.37
" All iron premix formulations exhibited high particle density, good bioavailability and acceptable organoleptic properties."	( Optimisation of polymer coating process for microencapsulating ferrous fumarate for salt double fortification with iodine and iron. Diosady, LL; Olive Li, Y; Wesley, AS; Yadava, D, 2012)	0.38
"A MNP containing a low dose of highly bioavailable iron reduces anaemia, and the addition of GOS mitigates most of the adverse effects of iron on the gut microbiome and morbidity in African infants."	( Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides mitigate the adverse effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiome: a randomised controlled study in Kenyan infants. Barth-Jaeggi, T; Boekhorst, J; Cercamondi, CI; Karanja, S; Kortman, GAM; Lacroix, C; Moretti, D; Paganini, D; Schwab, C; Timmerman, HM; Uyoga, MA; Zimmermann, MB, 2017)	0.46
"Fe fortification of wheat flour was proposed in Haiti to combat Fe deficiency, but Fe bioavailability from fortificants has never been investigated in Haitian women or preschool children, two key target groups."	( In Haitian women and preschool children, iron absorption from wheat flour-based meals fortified with sodium iron EDTA is higher than that from meals fortified with ferrous fumarate, and is not affected by Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Eliancy, K; Herter-Aeberli, I; Loechl, CU; Marhône Pierre, J; Rathon, Y; Zimmermann, MB, 2017)	0.46
" The above results show that Fe-Gly can improve the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of iron and reduce the iron output of feces after enteric coating."	( Influences of different Fe sources on Fe bioavailability and homeostasis in SD rats. Fu, Z; Gong, S; Hu, H; Lin, Y; Shu, X; Wang, WX, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Wheat flour and maize meal were sourced in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania. The iron compound (sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate [NaFeEDTA], ferrous fumarate, or ferrous sulfate) was varied.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Half the donors received ferrous fumarate at a dosage of 66."	( A laboratory report on iron supplementation in blood donors. I. Camp, FR; Dedich, SN; Linville, A; Parrish, J; Tobias, KI; White, WD, 1981)	0.26
" This study further shows that Chemiron has a better haematological effect than Ferrous Gluconate at the dosage used."	( The effect of 61 days of combined iron (Chemiron) and single iron therapy on haemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets and reticulocytes during pregnancy. Preliminary report. Ajayi, GO; Fadiran, EO, 1998)	0.3
" This study gives an estimate of iron dosage in individual iron prophylaxis adjusted to serum ferritin levels in early pregnancy."	( Body iron and individual iron prophylaxis in pregnancy--should the iron dose be adjusted according to serum ferritin? Bergholt, T; Byg, KE; Eriksen, L; Hvas, AM; Milman, N, 2006)	0.33
"Wheat flour and maize meal were sourced in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania, and the iron compound (sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate [NaFeEDTA], ferrous fumarate, or ferrous sulfate) was varied and dosed at rates according to the WHO guidelines for consumption of 75 to 149 g/day of wheat flour and > 300 g/day of maize meal and tested again for 150 to 300 g/day for both."	( Fortification of wheat flour and maize meal with different iron compounds: results of a series of baking trials. Johnson, Q; Randall, P; Verster, A, 2012)	0.38
" The current recommended dosage for oral supplementation of 200 mg ferrous fumarate 3x per day however, is based on a single small study of poor quality."	( [Iron supplementation in iron deficiency anaemia]. de Wit, HAJM; Kramers, K; Rennings, AJM; Swinkels, DW; van Heek, J, 2019)	0.51

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
dicarboxylic acid	Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	50 (22.42)	18.7374
1990's	33 (14.80)	18.2507
2000's	54 (24.22)	29.6817
2010's	62 (27.80)	24.3611
2020's	24 (10.76)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	92 (39.66%)	5.53%
Reviews	9 (3.88%)	6.00%
Case Studies	17 (7.33%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	114 (49.14%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (48)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Phase III, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled, Multicenter Trial to Study the Contraceptive Efficacy and Safety of the Commercial Batch of Oral Tablets of MK-8175A (Nomegestrol Acetate - 17ß-estradiol) in Healthy, Sexually-active Women Aged 18-50 [NCT01656434]	Phase 3	3,173 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-02	Terminated(stopped due to Business reasons)
The Effect of Prebiotics on Iron Absorption in Women With Low Iron Stores: Determination of a Dose-dependent Effect of Galacto-oligosaccharides on Iron Absorption, With and Without Addition of Ascorbic Acid [NCT03762148]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Completed
A Phase IV, Unicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Comparaty Study of Intravenous and Oral Iron vs Placebo in Patient Under Extracorporeal Circulation in Cardiovascular Surgery [NCT01078818]	Phase 4	159 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Lactoferrin Versus Ferrous Fumarate for Treatment of Mild to Moderate Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy [NCT03484845]	Phase 1/Phase 2	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-01	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on Neuropsychological and Educational Achievement in Lead-exposed School Children [NCT02346188]		602 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-01-31	Completed
Improving Efficacy and Safety of Oral Iron Supplementation in HIV-infected Children by Providing Prebiotic Galacto-oligosaccharides as Adjunct Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04931641]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Recruiting
Iron Absorption From Wheat Flour in Haiti [NCT02096250]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
A Study to Compare the Gastrointestinal Tolerability of Ferrochel®, Sumalate®,Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Sulfate, Ferric Glycinate, and Placebo [NCT02128971]	Phase 2	108 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Recruiting
[NCT02228902]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Thrice-weekly Versus Thrice-daily Oral Ferrous Fumarate Treatment in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia [NCT04130828]	Phase 3	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-21	Completed
Health Economics of the Use of Ferrous Iron Salts in Primary Care in the UK. [NCT02300428]		406,902 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-11-30	Completed
Effects Intravenous Iron and Oral Iron Therapy on Erythropoietin Dose in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: An Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT04464850]	Phase 3	124 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-29	Recruiting
South African Paediatric Surgical Outcomes Study-2 (SAPSOS-2). A South African Multi-centre Pilot Trial to Assess the Feasibility and Clinical Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Iron to Treat Preoperative Iron-deficiency Anaemia in Children Undergoing Elective [NCT05681871]	Phase 2/Phase 3	420 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-16	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled Study of the Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics of Ferumoxytol Compared With Oral Iron for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pediatric Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01155375]	Phase 3	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-17	Terminated(stopped due to Several factors contributed to significant challenges in enrollment and led the Sponsor to discontinue the AMAG-FER-CKD-251 study as designed.)
Effect of Prebiotics on Iron Absorption in Women With Low Iron Stores [NCT03325270]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-10	Completed
Effect of Iron Status on Occurrence of Non-transferrin-bound Iron (NTBI) in Serum in Response to an Oral Iron Load [NCT02831712]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Active, not recruiting
Comparison Between Aminoacid Chelated Iron and Iron Salt in Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia With Pregnancy [NCT02005588]	Early Phase 1	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Completed
Preoperative, Single-dose Intravenous Iron Formulation to Reduce Post-surgical Complications in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery: a Pilot Randomised Control Trial (PIRCAS Trial - Pilot) [NCT03295851]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-22	Recruiting
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ferric(III)Carboxymaltose Infusion With Oral Iron Suppletion in the Treatment of Preoperative Anaemia in Colorectal Cancer Patients [NCT02243735]	Phase 4	198 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Recruiting
Intravenous Iron Isomaltoside Versus Oral Iron Supplementation for Treatment of Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy: a Randomised, Comparative, Open-label Trial [NCT03188445]	Phase 4	201 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-11	Completed
The Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) (2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)) and Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on Iron Absorption From a Maize-based Porridge in Kenyan Infants [NCT04163406]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-21	Completed
Breast Feeding and Iron: Comparison of Cereals Fortified With Different Forms of Iron [NCT00841061]		111 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
The Efficacy of Intermittent Versus Daily Oral Iron Supplementation in Anaemic Pregnant Women. [NCT05278793]	Phase 4	58 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-07	Recruiting
Investigation of the Physical and Psychosocial Status and Quality of Life of People With Meniere's Disease [NCT05844657]		34 participants (Actual)	Observational	2023-05-15	Completed
Determination of Iron Absorption Mechanism From Ferrous Fumarate With Galacto-oligosaccharides Using Stable Isotope Appearance Curves [NCT03996421]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-23	Completed
Do Iron Supplements Impact the Gut Microbiome of Women of Reproductive Age? [NCT05033483]		82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-08-31	Completed
Periconceptional Iron Supplementation on Iron and Folate Indicators Among Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women in Rural Bangladesh. [NCT00953134]	Early Phase 1	273 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
The Usefulness of Ferrous Fumarate and Ferric Pyrophosphate as Food Fortificants in Developing Countries [NCT00867867]	Phase 1	235 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
Post Operative Continuous Active Combination Sex Steroids for the Prevention of Recurrent Endometrioma Formation [NCT00999479]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Evaluation of the Effects of Routine Iron Supplementation in Children on Gastrointestinal Iron Losses. [NCT04721964]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-02-25	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pre-Operative Treatment With Ferrous Fumarate 300 mg Once Daily Versus Placebo in Newly Diagnoses Gynecologic Oncology Patients Who Are Primary Surgical Candidates. [NCT01953107]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled Study of the Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics of Ferumoxytol Compared With Oral Iron for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pediatric Subjects With Nondialysis-dependent Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01155388]	Phase 3	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-17	Terminated(stopped due to Several factors contributed to significant challenges in enrollment and led the Sponsor to discontinue the AMAG-FER-CKD-252 study as designed.)
[NCT02271997]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-04	Completed
Autologous-Allogeneic Tandem Stem Cell Transplantation and Maintenance Therapy With Thalidomide/ DLI for Patients With Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Age < _60 Years: A Phase II-study [NCT00777998]	Phase 2	221 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-14	Completed
Total Dose Infusion of Iron Dextran Versus Oral Iron for Treating Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03212781]	Phase 3	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Completed
Amino Acid Chelated Iron Versus Ferrous Fumarate in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia With Pregnancy: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03830034]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-02	Recruiting
Adherence With Iron Sprinkles Among High-Risk Infants [NCT00136266]	Phase 3	128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
The Value of Iron Treatment for Postoperative Obstetric Patients With Anemia: a Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial [NCT01975272]	Phase 4	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-02	Terminated(stopped due to Disapointing randomization rate)
A Phase I, Open Label, Randomized, Four-Period Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effects of Calcium Carbonate 1200 mg and Ferrous Fumarate 324 mg on Pharmacokinetics of Dolutegravir 50 mg in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT01762995]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Evaluating the National Fortification Policy in Senegal Assessment of Iron Bio-availability in Mother and Child Pairs From Wheat Flour Fortified With Iron With and Without Phenolic Containing Beverages [NCT02437955]		34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Predicting Response to Iron Supplementation in Patients With Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease [NCT05456932]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-19	Recruiting
Ovulation Incidence in Oral Contraceptive Users [NCT03106454]	Phase 3	58 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Suspended(stopped due to Investigator leave of absence)
The Pediatric Artificial Pancreas (PEDAP) Trial: A Randomized Controlled Comparison of the Control-IQ Technology Versus Standard of Care in Young Children in Type 1 Diabetes [NCT04796779]		102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-21	Completed
Oral Versus Intravenous Iron in IBD Patients With Anti-inflammatory Therapy [NCT05581420]		152 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-02	Recruiting
The Effect of Single Dose Oral Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides and Acacia Gum on Iron Absorption From Single 100 mg Oral Iron Doses Given as Ferrous Fumarate in Women Living in Switzerland [NCT04194255]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-20	Completed
Efficacy and Adverse Side Effects of Two Forms of Iron in Prenatal Micronutrient Supplements (EASE-Iron): A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06014983]		208 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Iron Bisglycinate Chelate or Ferrous Fumarate in Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women [NCT03378791]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Comparison of the Rate of Preoperative Haemoglobin After Administration of Epoetin Alpha Associated With an Oral Medical Supplementation Versus Intravenous Before Surgery of Craniosynostosis at the Child [NCT03231085]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-31	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT01656434 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Venous or Arterial Thrombotic/Thromboembolic Event
NCT01656434 (3) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Adverse Event
NCT01656434 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT01975272 (3) [back to overview]	Hemoglobin
NCT01975272 (3) [back to overview]	Serum Ferritin
NCT01975272 (3) [back to overview]	Serum Hepcidin
NCT04796779 (6) [back to overview]	CGM-measured Mean Glucose
NCT04796779 (6) [back to overview]	CGM-measured Percent Above 250 mg/dL
NCT04796779 (6) [back to overview]	CGM-measured Percent Below 54 mg/dL
NCT04796779 (6) [back to overview]	CGM-measured Percent Below 70 mg/dL
NCT04796779 (6) [back to overview]	HbA1c at 13 Weeks
NCT04796779 (6) [back to overview]	Time in Range

Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Venous or Arterial Thrombotic/Thromboembolic Event

(NCT01656434)
Timeframe: Up to 54 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Number)
NOMAC-E2	0
NETA-EE	1

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Adverse Event

An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a study drug, whether or not it is considered related to the study drug. (NCT01656434)
Timeframe: Up to 54 weeks

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
NOMAC-E2	41.2
NETA-EE	45.2

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight

Participants' body weights were measured in a consistent manner throughout the trial, using standardized equirpment. Last In-Treatment Measurement refers to a participant's end of trial visit, the timing of which differed among participants. (NCT01656434)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Intervention	kilograms (Mean)
	After Cycle 3 (n=2135; n=527)	After Cycle 6 (n=1809; n=459)	After Cycle 9 (n=1468; n=391)	After Cycle 13 (n=462; n=145)	Last In-Treatment Measurement (n=2231; n=549)
NETA-EE	0.41	0.29	0.32	0.90	0.75
NOMAC-E2	0.14	0.64	1.21	1.57	1.39

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Hemoglobin

Serum hemoglobin level (NCT01975272)
Timeframe: 3 weeks postoperative

Intervention	mmol/L (Mean)
Ferinject	8.4
Ferrous Fumarate	7.9
Placebo Infusion and Tablets	7.1

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Serum Ferritin

Serum levels of ferritin (NCT01975272)
Timeframe: 3 weeks postoperative

Intervention	microgram/L (Mean)
Ferinject	422
Ferrous Fumarate	57
Placebo Infusion and Tablets	37

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Serum Hepcidin

Serum hepcidin level (NCT01975272)
Timeframe: 3 weeks postoperative

Intervention	nmol/L (Mean)
Ferinject	11.6
Ferrous Fumarate	2.2
Placebo Infusion and Tablets	1.7

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CGM-measured Mean Glucose

Average glucose value measured by CGM (NCT04796779)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 13
CLC Group	173	155
SC Group	176	174

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CGM-measured Percent Above 250 mg/dL

Percentage of time with a glucose above 250 mg/dL as measured by CGM (NCT04796779)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Intervention	Percent of time (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 13
CLC Group	14.8	8.4
SC Group	16.0	15.0

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CGM-measured Percent Below 54 mg/dL

Percentage of time with glucose below 54 mg/dL as measured by CGM (NCT04796779)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Intervention	Percent of time (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 13
CLC Group	0.6	0.6
SC Group	0.5	0.5

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CGM-measured Percent Below 70 mg/dL

Percentage of time with glucose below 70 mg/dL as measured by CGM (NCT04796779)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Intervention	Percent of time (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 13
CLC Group	3.0	3.0
SC Group	2.7	3.0

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HbA1c at 13 Weeks

HbA1c at 13 weeks (NCT04796779)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Intervention	Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 13
CLC Group	7.5	7.0
SC Group	7.7	7.5

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Time in Range

Time in range is the amount of time spent in the target glucose range-between 70 and 180 mg/dL-as measured by CGM (NCT04796779)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Intervention	Percent of time (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 13
CLC Group	56.7	69.3
SC Group	54.9	55.9

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Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.96	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	1.92	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	1.93	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.05	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
glycine [no description available]	6.8	7	3	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	1.96	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.33	8	2	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	1.93	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.41	1	1	inositol phosphate
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.04	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
albendazole [no description available]	3.39	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	4.45	1	1	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	6.97	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	1.96	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	1.93	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.08	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	3.79	2	1	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.78	2	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.94	2	2	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	9.21	17	6	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.8	1	1	lactose
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	4.45	1	1	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	3.79	2	1	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	5.3	2	2	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	5.3	2	2	organic molecular entity
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.41	1	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	5.8	2	2	zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	1.97	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.05	1	0	titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.79	2	1	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	12.93	38	13	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	4.65	3	2	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	3.35	1	1	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
ferric pyrophosphate ferric pyrophosphate : An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.	8.18	8	6	iron coordination entity
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.05	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	6.94	6	5
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	6.35	5	3	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	1.98	1	0
lacto-n-neotetraose lacto-N-neotetraose: binds human cold agglutinin	3.99	1	1
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	8.44	11	4	iron coordination entity
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	1.93	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	1.93	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	6.5	6	3	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	3.35	1	1
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.96	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	8.18	8	6	diphosphate ion
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	4.33	1	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.45	1	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.33	7	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	1.97	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	1.96	1	0
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	1.96	1	0
ferrous bisglycinate ferrous bisglycinate: an iron fortificant in bread for iron-deficient school children	4.18	3	1
ferrous succinate ferrous succinate: RN given refers to Fe(+2)(1:1) salt; important as iron supplement	8.36	1	1
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	6.26	3	2	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	6.82	9	8
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.1	1	0
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	7.22	6	2
potassium iodate [no description available]	9.75	2	1
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.25	1	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.35	2	2
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.93	19	12	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
dolutegravir [no description available]	3.5	1	1	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.25	1	0
teferrol [no description available]	7.11	9	4
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	6.35	5	3
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.97	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	5.31	7	2
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	3.12	1	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.8	1	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	15.39	19	8	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	11.26	3	2

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	15.9	88	48
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	5.72	5	4
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	10.26	27	16
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	15.9	88	48
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	8.45	23	7
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.99	1	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	4.77	2	1
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	7.52	8	7
Recrudescence [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	4.68	3	2
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	5.27	4	3
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	5.27	4	3
Stunted Growth [description not available]	5.36	2	2
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	3.91	2	1
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	5.36	2	2
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	5.39	2	2
Chronic Illness [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.93	2	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.59	1	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.45	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.45	2	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.08	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	2.37	2	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	2.08	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	4.03	3	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.1	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.1	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	2.11	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	4.82	2	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	4.82	2	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	4.82	2	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.49	3	3
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	3.51	1	1
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.04	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	4.45	1	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	4.45	1	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	4.45	1	1
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	4.74	2	1
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	4.71	2	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.35	1	1
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	4.35	1	1
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	4.35	1	1
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	4.71	2	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.35	1	1
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.05	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	4.36	1	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	4.36	1	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.28	2	2
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	4.36	1	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	4.36	1	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.28	2	2
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	2.98	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.98	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	3.79	2	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.38	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	4.3	4	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	1.93	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	7.61	25	7
Bleeding [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.63	3	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.34	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.63	3	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	1.93	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	1.93	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	1.93	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.34	2	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	1.93	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.06	3	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	4.07	3	1
Asialia [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	3.41	1	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	2.03	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.03	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	1.96	1	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	1.96	1	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.37	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	1.96	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.37	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	3.37	1	1
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	3.37	1	1
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	3.37	1	1
Anemia Neonatorum [description not available]	4.35	2	2
Anemia, Neonatal The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.	4.35	2	2
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	3.38	1	1
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	3.79	2	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	3.39	1	1
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	3.39	1	1
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	3.39	1	1
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	3.39	1	1
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	2.01	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	2.01	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.01	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	2.01	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	2.01	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.98	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.98	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	1.98	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	1.98	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Kelly's Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	1.97	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Boils [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	1.97	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	1.97	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.97	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.35	1	1

ferrous fumarate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (93)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (223)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (48)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Venous or Arterial Thrombotic/Thromboembolic Event

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Adverse Event

Change From Baseline in Body Weight

Hemoglobin

Serum Ferritin

Serum Hepcidin

CGM-measured Mean Glucose

CGM-measured Percent Above 250 mg/dL

CGM-measured Percent Below 54 mg/dL

CGM-measured Percent Below 70 mg/dL

HbA1c at 13 Weeks

Time in Range

ferrous fumarate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (93)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (223)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (48)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Venous or Arterial Thrombotic/Thromboembolic Event

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Adverse Event

Change From Baseline in Body Weight

Hemoglobin

Serum Ferritin

Serum Hepcidin

CGM-measured Mean Glucose

CGM-measured Percent Above 250 mg/dL

CGM-measured Percent Below 54 mg/dL

CGM-measured Percent Below 70 mg/dL

HbA1c at 13 Weeks

Time in Range

Related Drugs (83)

Related Conditions (163)