Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Ochronosis

The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Ochronosis

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Exogenous ochronosis is caused by the long-term application of skin-lightening creams containing hydroquinone."( Jordaan, HF; Van Niekerk, DJ, 1991)
"Ochronosis is a rare disease caused by an inherited lack of homogentisic acid oxidase."( De Clerck, LS; Francx, LM; Stevens, WJ; Van Offel, JF, 1995)
"Ochronosis is the dark pigmentation of connective tissues in patients with alkaptonuria."( Dom, K; Pittevils, T, 1997)
"Ochronosis is a musculoskeletal manifestation of alkaptonuria, a rare hereditary metabolic disorder characterised by the absence of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase and associated with various systemic abnormalities related to the deposition of homogentisic acid pigment (ochronotic pigment)."( Aynaci, O; Onder, C; Turhan, AU, 2000)
"Exogenous ochronosis is clinically and histologically similar to its endogenous counterpart; however, it exhibits no systemic effects and is not an inherited disorder."( Levin, CY; Maibach, H, 2001)
"Alkaptonuric ochronosis is rare disorder of tyrosin catabolism with an autosomal recessive trait."( Cobos Soler, FJ; Molero Cabrilla, R, 2002)
"Ochronosis is a model of arthropathy with known etiologic factors."( Airó, P; Andreotti, L; Cammelli, D; Giorgi, M; Lorenzini, S; Mannoni, A; Marcolongo, R; Porfirio, B; Selvi, E, 2004)
"Exogenous ochronosis is a cutaneous disorder characterized by blue-black or slate-gray hyperpigmentation resulting from the prolonged use of certain topical agents, most commonly hydroquinones."( Alster, TS; Bellew, SG, 2004)
"Exogenous ochronosis is a paradoxical hyper-pigmentation of the skin caused by the long-term use of hydroquinone-containing bleaching creams."( Aricò, M; Bongiorno, MR, 2005)
"Ochronosis is the pigmentation of connective tissues and this pigmentation leads to degenerative changes in alkaptonuric patients."( Daneyemez, M; Gürkanlar, D; Solmaz, I; Temiz, C, 2006)
"Exogenous ochronosis is an avoidable dermatosis that is difficult to treat."( Azulay-Abulafia, L; Barcaui, CB; Charlín, R; Kac, BK; Rabello-Fonseca, R; Soares, DB, 2008)
"Ochronosis is a rare disease."( Bougaki, M; Kitamura, T; Ohno, N; Orii, R; Saito, Y; Yamada, Y, 2008)
"Ochronosis is a rare genetic metabolic disorder resulting from a constitutional lack of homogentisic acid oxidase and subsequent accumulation of its substrate causing destruction of connective tissues with various systemic abnormalities."( Babic-Naglic, D; Curkovic, B; Laktasic-Zerjavic, N; Potocki, K; Prutki, M; Soldo-Juresa, D, 2010)
"  Exogenous ochronosis is difficult to treat."( Deshpande, DJ; Dhurat, RS; Mishra, SN; Nayak, CS, 2013)
"Ochronosis is the blue-gray discoloration of collagen-containing tissues due to homogentisic acid (HGA) deposition, secondary to endogenous alkaptonuria or exogenous enzyme inhibition."( Hugar, SB; Nine, J; Shulman, J; Yanta, J, 2019)
"Ochronosis is the process in alkaptonuria (AKU) that causes all the debilitating morbidity."( Gallagher, JA; Norman, BP; Ranganath, LR, 2019)

Context

ExcerptReference
"Exogenous ochronosis has been reported following the topical use of phenol in leg ulcers, the topical use of hydroquinone bleaching creams in black persons, and the oral administration of antimalarials for malaria and connective tissue diseases, but we could find no reports in the literature of exogenous ochronosis following intramuscular injections of antimalarials."( Bruce, S; Chow, D; Tschen, JA, 1986)
"Exogenous ochronosis has characteristic features on dermatoscopy which may obviate the need for an invasive procedure of biopsy for its diagnosis."( Deshpande, DJ; Dhurat, RS; Mishra, SN; Nayak, CS, 2013)

Research

Studies (254)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199095 (37.40)23.3326
1990's20 (7.87)12.5806
2000's50 (19.69)18.1394
2010's60 (23.62)28.8240
2020's29 (11.42)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
ammonium hydroxide0low10
quinacrine0low40
carbamates0low10
hydrogen carbonate0low10
homogentisic acid0low920
hydroquinone0low430
thioctic acid0low10
phytic acid0low10
phenol0low20
taurine0low10
uric acid0low30
alendronate0medium11
diclofenac0low10
2-propanol0low10
oxybenzone0low10
quinone0low10
phenacetin0low10
resorcinol0low30
prednisolone0low20
penicillamine0low10
methylprednisolone acetate0low10
aspartic acid0low10
cyanides0low10
levodopa0low20
tyrosine0low180
phenylalanine0low60
methandrostenolone0low10
trichloroacetic acid0low10
methylprednisolone0low10
acetylcysteine0low20
durapatite0low20
mercury0low20
silver0low10
technetium0low20
chromium0low10
gold0low10
tricalcium phosphate0low10
fluorine0low10
calcium pyrophosphate0low50
trolamine salicylate0low470
tiletamine hydrochloride0low100
phenyl acetate0low20
4-methoxyamphetamine0low10
delphinidin0low10
fluorodeoxyglucose f180low10
nitisinone0low110
cortisone0low30
glucosamine0low20
tretinoin0low10
ferulic acid0low10
pyrophosphate0low30
methylthiouracil0low20
thiouracil0low10
quinine0low10
methenolone0low10
beryllium0low10
alpha-synuclein0low10
atrial natriuretic factor0low10
oligonucleotides0low10
chondroitin0low30
ascorbic acid0low160
tetracycline0low20
minocycline0low10
allopurinol0low10
alcian blue0low10
eye0low60

Protein Targets (740)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit6006
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma140014
GLI family zinc finger 3150015
AR protein200020
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1110011
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1150015
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha130013
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha270027
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta110011
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a110011
activating transcription factor 66006
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)7007
Histone H2A.x4004
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a7007
heat shock protein beta-16006
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1180018
lamin isoform A-delta10110011
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit8008
Glutamate receptor 2100010
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A06310
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0314
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60011
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0213
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0011
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A3003
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase5005
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q16006
acetylcholinesterase5005
dopamine D1 receptor4004
15-lipoxygenase, partial3003
pregnane X receptor4004
phosphopantetheinyl transferase8008
USP1 protein, partial7007
NFKB1 protein, partial2002
Microtubule-associated protein tau5005
Thrombopoietin2002
regulator of G-protein signaling 46006
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]180018
farnesoid X nuclear receptor4004
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor9009
arylsulfatase A8008
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2150015
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 19009
D(1A) dopamine receptor3003
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2100010
flap endonuclease 16006
geminin140014
peripheral myelin protein 226006
survival motor neuron protein isoform d5005
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M14004
Histone deacetylase 30101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60202
Histone deacetylase 40101
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G2002
Histone deacetylase 10101
Histone deacetylase 70101
Histone deacetylase 20101
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
Ataxin-29009
Histone deacetylase 80101
Histone deacetylase 60101
Histone deacetylase 90101
Histone deacetylase 50101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase7007
Chain A, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase0101
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase0101
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase0202
Acetylcholinesterase0505
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 0101
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 0101
interleukin 84004
TDP1 protein160016
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor3003
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)7007
progesterone receptor8008
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha140014
IDH18008
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
ras-related protein Rab-9A3003
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3010010
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4010010
Polyphenol oxidase 205011
Bile salt export pump015015
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase0001
Cellular tumor antigen p539009
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase 0101
Adenosine receptor A2a0123
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0202
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma0101
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0315
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0011
TAR DNA-binding protein 435005
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10909
Shiga toxin subunit A0101
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated0101
thioredoxin glutathione reductase2002
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 49009
chromobox protein homolog 19009
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 26006
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I2002
lethal factor (plasmid)3003
Pancreatic alpha-amylase0202
Albumin0101
Urease0101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10001
Tyrosinase0404
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0225
Spike glycoprotein4004
Hyaluronate lyase0101
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN20001
Egl nine homolog 10001
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN30001
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor0001
Solute carrier family 23 member 10101
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE8008
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE6006
Chain A, Ferritin light chain2002
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor3003
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60011
Excitatory amino acid transporter 40101
Glutamate transporter homolog0011
Carbonic anhydrase 109013
Carbonic anhydrase 2010014
N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0104
Excitatory amino acid transporter 10101
Excitatory amino acid transporter 20101
Excitatory amino acid transporter 30101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0104
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0104
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0104
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20011
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative0004
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0104
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0104
Carbonic anhydrase 40102
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0104
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 10011
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 0011
Chain A, HADH2 protein6006
Chain B, HADH2 protein6006
endonuclease IV2002
thioredoxin reductase7007
GLS protein5005
pregnane X nuclear receptor130013
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma100010
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a2002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 12002
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor2002
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 14004
M-phase phosphoprotein 86006
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi4329
Glucocorticoid receptor06112
Sex hormone-binding globulin0011
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10606
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-14329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta4329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-24329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-54329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-34329
Glycine receptor subunit beta0606
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-14329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-24329
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-44329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-34329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-64329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-14329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-34329
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-24329
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10011
GABA theta subunit4329
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon4329
Carbonic anhydrase 40609
Carbonic anhydrase0306
Carbonic anhydrase 150508
Epidermal growth factor receptor0202
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 20101
Alpha-synuclein0404
Lactoylglutathione lyase0101
Histone acetyltransferase p3000101
CREB-binding protein0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0101
glp-1 receptor, partial2002
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3100010
G5005
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
Interferon beta6006
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 5005
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0303
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 10001
Albumin0157
Albumin0011
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10417
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10235
Translocator protein0113
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20224
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30213
Translocator protein0101
Translocator protein0101
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0101
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50224
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20224
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 10101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 15005
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 56006
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0202
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial5005
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B100101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90102
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 20101
Transthyretin0013
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10112
Cytochrome P450 3A40213
Interleukin-80101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha0101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0517
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70203
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60303
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0303
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Cytochrome P450 2J20505
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase 90609
Solute carrier family 22 member 60203
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0101
P2Y purinoceptor 120101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A70101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A100101
ClpP1001
67.9K protein2002
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Carbonic anhydrase 120407
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0202
Cholinesterase0303
Carbonic anhydrase 30407
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150202
Pyruvate kinase PKM0101
Carbonic anhydrase 60508
Adenosine receptor A10205
Adenosine receptor A2a0205
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0508
Carbonic anhydrase 70407
Alpha-glucosidase MAL120101
Cholinesterase0202
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 10202
Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Hyaluronidase-10101
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 0101
Integrase 0202
Carbonic anhydrase 130406
Carbonic anhydrase 140407
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0407
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 17007
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain B, Penicillin Amidohydrolase0202
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20202
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20202
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20202
Nrf21001
ATAD5 protein, partial3003
DNA polymerase III, partial1001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)4004
cytochrome P450 2D64004
Parkin2002
aryl hydrocarbon receptor8008
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor5005
Caspase-72002
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor2002
hemoglobin subunit beta1001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 12002
caspase-32002
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 12002
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 13003
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 15005
Tyrosinase0101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10202
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma5117
Carbonic anhydrase0303
large T antigen0101
Luciferase6006
WRN1001
integrase, partial0101
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p750101
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
EWS/FLI fusion protein5005
pyruvate kinase2002
hexokinase-4 isoform 11001
glucokinase regulatory protein1001
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 12002
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a2002
snurportin-12002
DNA polymerase eta isoform 12002
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)3003
Plasma kallikrein0003
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck0101
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0101
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
Carbonic anhydrase0003
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10304
SLC16A10 protein0003
Carbonic anhydrase 0104
Carbonic anhydrase0003
Carbonic anhydrase0104
Carbonic anhydrase 0003
Monocarboxylate transporter 100003
phosphoglycerate kinase1001
PPM1D protein1001
nonstructural protein 12002
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B4004
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 23003
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 11001
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Androgen receptor0303
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 11001
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor2002
plasminogen precursor2002
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor2002
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase0101
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase3003
Stromelysin-10202
Matrilysin0101
Multidrug transporter MdfA0202
Matrix metalloproteinase-90101
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP150101
Protein-arginine deiminase type-40303
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase0101
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase 0101
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase0101
SMAD family member 22002
SMAD family member 32002
Smad32002
P531001
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 11001
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 31001
huntingtin isoform 21001
mitogen-activated protein kinase 12002
Hormone-sensitive lipase0101
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA3003
Bile salt export pump0202
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase0101
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 14004
Cytochrome P450 1A2 0002
Cytochrome P450 1A20214
Arylacetamide deacetylase0001
Arylacetamide deacetylase0001
Arylacetamide deacetylase0001
Chain A, Lysozyme0011
Chain A, Lysozyme0011
Chain A, Lysozyme0011
Chain A, Lysozyme0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
alpha-galactosidase1001
Endolysin0011
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Cannabinoid receptor 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 30303
Carbonic anhydrase 130102
Chain A, AMINOPEPTIDASE0101
Chain A, AMINOPEPTIDASE0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-10101
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme0101
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme 0101
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase0101
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase0101
5'-nucleotidase0101
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP0101
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 0101
Phospholipase A-2-activating protein0101
Chain D, PROTEIN (PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE 1)0101
Chain A, PROTEIN (PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE 1)0101
Chain A, Beta-arrestin 10011
luciferase0001
Estrogen receptor0202
Progesterone receptor0203
Glucocorticoid receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0011
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0213
Androgen receptor0202
Glutamine synthetase0011
Histamine H1 receptor0011
Nociceptin receptor0011
Estrogen receptor beta0202
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 0113
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0303
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0213
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20415
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0326
Adenosine receptor A30314
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0203
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Cytochrome P450 2D60314
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10314
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0213
D(2) dopamine receptor0112
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0415
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0214
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0326
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0011
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30314
D(1A) dopamine receptor0112
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0011
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0011
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0314
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0214
Endothelin-1 receptor0112
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0415
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0213
Neuromedin-K receptor0011
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor0112
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0112
Cytochrome P450 2C190112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70112
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0124
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0012
Mu-type opioid receptor0112
Vasopressin V1a receptor0112
Delta-type opioid receptor0112
Kappa-type opioid receptor0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0415
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0415
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0101
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0113
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10202
Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 10022
Chain A, dATP pyrophosphohydrolase0101
Chain A, Adenylate cyclase type 50101
Chain B, Adenylate cyclase type 20101
N0101
Fumarate hydratase1001
NPYLR7B0011
polyprotein1001
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)2002
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator0101
tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein1001
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0101
Riboflavin-binding protein0112
Major prion protein0011
Major prion protein0101
Histidine-rich protein PFHRP-II0202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50202
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha0101
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit omega0101
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'0101
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Phospholipase A2, membrane associated0101
Phospholipase A2, membrane associated0101
Acidic phospholipase A2 20101
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0202
Histamine H2 receptor0202
Trypanothione reductase0202
D(3) dopamine receptor0202
D(1A) dopamine receptor1001
Aldehyde oxidase 10101
Aldehyde oxidase0101
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase0101
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase1001
Solute carrier family 22 member 10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20102
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20101
Cytochrome P450 2D10101
Cytochrome P450 2D260101
Cytochrome P450 2D30101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 10203
Cytochrome P450 2D40101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20202
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 0101
DNA polymerase beta2002
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK11001
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 10202
Cocaine esterase0101
Thymidylate synthase0001
Coagulation factor XII0101
Liver carboxylesterase 10101
Glutamate receptor 12002
Glutamate receptor 32002
Glutamate receptor 42002
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase small chain0011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0101
Liver carboxylesterase 10101
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 10101
Caspase-10101
M-phase inducer phosphatase 20101
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm20101
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial0101
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 60101
Chain A, Bacterial regulatory proteins, tetR family0011
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease2002
caspase-32002
Chain A, Cruzipain2002
GALC protein1001
glucocerebrosidase1001
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter0101
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10101
90-kda heat shock protein beta HSP90 beta, partial0101
estrogen receptor beta isoform 10101
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20101
tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 7 isoform 20101
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase0001
30S ribosomal protein S60101
30S ribosomal protein S70101
50S ribosomal protein L150101
Tetracycline resistance protein, class B0001
72 kDa type IV collagenase0101
50S ribosomal protein L100101
50S ribosomal protein L110101
50S ribosomal protein L7/L120101
50S ribosomal protein L190101
50S ribosomal protein L10101
50S ribosomal protein L200101
50S ribosomal protein L270101
50S ribosomal protein L280101
50S ribosomal protein L290101
50S ribosomal protein L310101
50S ribosomal protein L31 type B0101
50S ribosomal protein L320101
50S ribosomal protein L330101
50S ribosomal protein L340101
50S ribosomal protein L350101
50S ribosomal protein L360101
30S ribosomal protein S100101
30S ribosomal protein S110101
30S ribosomal protein S120101
30S ribosomal protein S130101
30S ribosomal protein S160101
30S ribosomal protein S180101
30S ribosomal protein S190101
30S ribosomal protein S200101
30S ribosomal protein S20101
30S ribosomal protein S30101
30S ribosomal protein S40101
30S ribosomal protein S50101
30S ribosomal protein S80101
30S ribosomal protein S90101
50S ribosomal protein L130101
50S ribosomal protein L140101
50S ribosomal protein L160101
50S ribosomal protein L230101
30S ribosomal protein S150101
50S ribosomal protein L170101
50S ribosomal protein L210101
50S ribosomal protein L300101
50S ribosomal protein L60101
30S ribosomal protein S140101
30S ribosomal protein S170101
30S ribosomal protein S10101
50S ribosomal protein L180101
Neutrophil collagenase0101
Collagenase 30101
Cannabinoid receptor 10101
50S ribosomal protein L20101
50S ribosomal protein L30101
50S ribosomal protein L240101
50S ribosomal protein L40101
50S ribosomal protein L220101
50S ribosomal protein L50101
30S ribosomal protein S210101
50S ribosomal protein L250101
50S ribosomal protein L36 20101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80102
P2Y purinoceptor 120101
Solute carrier family 22 member 110001
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Chain A, Beta-lactamase2002
Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 20101
SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 10101
hexokinase0101
SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC90101
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform 40101
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform 10101
Vif0101
Tat0101
bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase/glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase0101
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a2002
Taste receptor type 2 member 380012
Chain A, Nuclear Receptor ROR-beta0101
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor1001
Ornithine decarboxylase0001
Ornithine decarboxylase0001
60 kDa chaperonin0101
Retinoic acid receptor alpha0227
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Retinoic acid receptor beta0227
Retinoic acid receptor alpha0123
Retinoic acid receptor gamma 0227
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0101
Retinoic acid receptor gamma0123
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0224
Retinoic acid receptor beta0123
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 20011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10101
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0123
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta0224
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta0123
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma0123
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10101
Nuclear receptor ROR-alpha0101
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 10102
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma0224
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 10011
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 10213
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 20101
Nuclear receptor ROR-beta0101
Integrin beta-31001
Integrin alpha-IIb1001
Chain A, CHORISMATE MUTASE0101
Chain A, TYROSYL-tRNA SYNTHETASE0011
Tubulin--tyrosine ligase0101
Taste receptor type 2 member 140001
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 90112
Guanine deaminase0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]