Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains ALLANTOIN, carotene, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE); GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, resin, SAPONINS; TANNINS; triterpenoids, VITAMIN B12, and ZINC. Comfrey also contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| Flora | Rank | Flora Definition | Family | Family Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boraginaceae | family | The Borage plant family is in the class Magnoliopsida, subclass Asteridae, order Lamiales. It is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. Some of the species contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.[MeSH] | Boraginaceae | The Borage plant family is in the class Magnoliopsida, subclass Asteridae, order Lamiales. It is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. Some of the species contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.[MeSH] |
| Symphytum | genus | [no description available] | Boraginaceae | The Borage plant family is in the class Magnoliopsida, subclass Asteridae, order Lamiales. It is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. Some of the species contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.[MeSH] |
| Symphytum officinale | species | [no description available] | Boraginaceae | The Borage plant family is in the class Magnoliopsida, subclass Asteridae, order Lamiales. It is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. Some of the species contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.[MeSH] |
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 6440495 |
| MeSH ID | M0328447 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| comfrey |
| [7-[(e)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-4-oxido-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3h-pyrrolizin-4-ium-1-yl]methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate |
Comfrey contains allantoin and rosmarinic acid. Comfrey is a rat liver toxin and carcinogen that has been used as a vegetable and herbal remedy by humans.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Comfrey is a medicinal plant, extracts of which are traditionally used for the treatment of painful inflammatory muscle and joint problems, because the plant contains allantoin and rosmarinic acid. " | ( Reduction of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Levels in Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) Hairy Roots by RNAi Silencing of Homospermidine Synthase. Engelhardt, A; Jensen-Kroll, J; Kruse, LH; Lippert, A; Ludwig-Müller, J; Ober, D; Stegemann, T; Wesseling, AM, 2019) | 2.21 |
| "(comfrey) is a medicinal plant commonly used in decoctions and aliments." | ( Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in comfrey by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Jiang, Z; Li, SF; Liu, F; Ong, ES; Osorio, JC; Wan, SY, 2009) | 1.24 |
| "Comfrey is a rat liver toxin and carcinogen that has been used as a vegetable and herbal remedy by humans. " | ( Mutagenicity of comfrey (Symphytum Officinale) in rat liver. Chen, T; Fu, PP; Guo, L; Heflich, RH; Mei, N, 2005) | 2.12 |
Comfrey has a centuries-old tradition as a medicinal plant. Comfrey root extract has been used for the topical treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Comfrey has a centuries-old tradition as a medicinal plant. " | ( Comfrey: a clinical overview. Staiger, C, 2012) | 3.26 |
| "Comfrey has been consumed by humans as a vegetable and a tea and used as an herbal medicine for more than 2000 years. " | ( Metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of comfrey. Chen, T; Fu, PP; Fuscoe, JC; Guo, L; Luan, Y; Mei, N, 2010) | 2.06 |
| "Comfrey has a centuries-old tradition as a medicinal plant. " | ( Comfrey: a clinical overview. Staiger, C, 2012) | 3.26 |
| "Comfrey root extract has been used for the topical treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints." | ( Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials. Staiger, C, 2013) | 2.55 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Treatment with comfrey reduced pain by a mean of 41.5 points (MD -41.5, 95% CI -48 to -34), an abs" | ( Topical herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis. Cameron, M; Chrubasik, S, 2013) | 0.73 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs have been improved by the preparation as cyclodextrin inclusion complexes." | ( [Physical and chemical characterization of allantoin-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex]. Gafiţanu, C; Macocinschi, D; Popescu, C; Singurel, G, ) | 0.13 |
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Despite the wide application of herbal preparations, in the literature there is a little information about their application in development of wound and burn healing modern dosage forms." | ( DEVELOPMENT OF FORMULATION AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE POLY[3-(3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)GLYCERIC ACID] GEL. Bakuridze, A; Bakuridze, L; Barbakadze, V; Gokadze, S; Mulkijanyan, K, 2017) | 0.46 |
| Product Category | Products |
|---|---|
| Beauty & Personal Care | 45 |
| Baby & Kids Products | 1 |
| Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy | 3 |
| Vitamins & Supplements | 1 |
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 8 (7.77) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 25 (24.27) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 51 (49.51) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 19 (18.45) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (62.78) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 13 (11.61%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 8 (7.14%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 7 (6.25%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 84 (75.00%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||