Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Cell redox homeostasis is a fundamental biological process that maintains a delicate balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification. This intricate equilibrium is crucial for cellular function, signaling, and survival. ROS are highly reactive molecules that can damage cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. While ROS are naturally produced as byproducts of normal metabolic processes, they can also be generated by external factors such as environmental toxins, radiation, and inflammation. To counteract the detrimental effects of ROS, cells possess sophisticated antioxidant defense systems. These systems include enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which catalyze the detoxification of ROS. Additionally, cells employ non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamins C and E, and flavonoids. These antioxidants directly scavenge ROS and protect cells from oxidative damage. The redox state of a cell is defined by the balance between oxidized and reduced forms of molecules, particularly those involved in metabolic processes. Key players in cellular redox homeostasis include the glutathione redox couple (GSH/GSSG), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH), and NADP+/NADPH couples. The ratio of these oxidized and reduced forms provides insights into the overall redox state of the cell. Redox homeostasis plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of redox balance can lead to oxidative stress, a condition characterized by an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defense. Oxidative stress is implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. Maintaining redox homeostasis is essential for cellular health and preventing the development of these pathologies. In summary, redox homeostasis is a dynamic process that ensures the delicate balance between ROS production and detoxification. This balance is critical for cell function, signaling, and survival. By controlling the redox state of the cell, organisms can maintain cellular integrity and prevent the development of oxidative stress-related diseases.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Nitric oxide synthase, inducible | A nitric oxide synthase, inducible that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35228] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nitric oxide synthase, brain | A nitric oxide synthase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P29475] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial | A nitric oxide synthase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P29474] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial | A glutathione reductase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00390] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Thioredoxin, mitochondrial | A thioredoxin, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99757] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Peroxiredoxin-1 | A peroxiredoxin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q06830] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic | A thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16881] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial | A thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NNW7] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2 | A prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96KS0] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Thioredoxin reductase 3 | A thioredoxin reductase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q86VQ6] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 | A nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16236] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nitric oxide synthase, inducible | A nitric oxide synthase, inducible that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35228] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nitric oxide synthase, brain | A nitric oxide synthase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P29475] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial | A nitric oxide synthase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P29474] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease | A DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P27695] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| NAD | An NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15559] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Thioredoxin | A thioredoxin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10599] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Glutathione peroxidase 1 | A glutathione peroxidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07203] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| alpha-ketoglutaric acid | 2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle. | oxo dicarboxylic acid | fundamental metabolite |
| quinacrine | quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9. Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. | acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor |
| imidazole | 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd | imidazole | |
| melatonin | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger | |
| s,s'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea | S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea: structure in first source | ||
| n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine | N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. | aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| 2-amino-4-picoline | 2-amino-4-picoline: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole | |||
| 4'-bromoflavone | 4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source | ||
| 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile | 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source | 1,2,5-oxadiazole; benzenes; N-oxide; nitrile | geroprotector; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent |
| 7-nitroindazole | 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure | ||
| beta-aminoethyl isothiourea | beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis. | ||
| pimagedine | aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide. pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure | guanidines; one-carbon compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| 2-aminothiazole | 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2. 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound | |
| aurintricarboxylic acid | aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'. Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues. | monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid | fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist |
| beta-naphthoflavone | beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone. beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308) | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist |
| carmustine | carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| s-ethyl n-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiourea | S-ethyl N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isothiourea: structure in first source | ||
| guanethidine | guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid. Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. | azocanes; guanidines | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent |
| hycanthone | hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel. Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE. | thioxanthenes | mutagen; schistosomicide drug |
| ketotifen | ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect. Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. | cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| beta-lapachone | beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| nifedipine | Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| etiron | etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
| s-methylisothiopseudouronium | S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source | ||
| sulforaphane | sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen. sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L. | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| lysine | L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6. Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| methylene blue | methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN. | organic chloride salt | acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer |
| dimethylformamide | Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. | formamides; volatile organic compound | geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent |
| arginine | arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| nitrobenzene | nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline. | nitroarene; nitrobenzenes | |
| 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid | 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd isocinchomeronic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 5. | pyridinedicarboxylic acid | |
| indazoles | Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES. | indazole | |
| phenyramidol | phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity | aminopyridine | |
| citrulline | citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position. | amino acid zwitterion; citrulline | Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene | 3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: affects mitochondria isolated from rat liver; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd | ||
| glycyrrhetinic acid | cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | immunomodulator; plant metabolite | |
| naphthazarin | naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups. naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite |
| lucanthone | lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone. Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46) | thioxanthenes | adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug |
| salicylurate | salicylurate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of salicyluric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. salicylurate: RN given refers to parent cpd salicyluric acid : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl. | N-acylglycine; secondary carboxamide | human xenobiotic metabolite; uremic toxin |
| 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid | lutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4. | pyridinedicarboxylic acid | |
| alpha-aminopyridine | alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485 aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups. | ||
| iberin | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor | |
| oleanolic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | plant metabolite | |
| 1,2-Dihydroquinolin-2-imine | aminoquinoline | ||
| 2,6-dichloroindophenol | 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom. | dichlorobenzene; quinone imine | |
| 4-aminophenylarsenoxide | 4-aminophenylarsenoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| tetramethylpyrazine | tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii). tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong | alkaloid; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| 2-amino-3-methylpyridine | 2-amino-3-methylpyridine: structure in first source | ||
| 2-aminothiazoline | 2-aminothiazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #97 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A 1,3-thiazole that is 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2. | 1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound | |
| 2-tert-butylhydroquinone | 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent | hydroquinones | food antioxidant |
| diallyl trisulfide | organic trisulfide | anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent | |
| guanoxan | guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage | benzodioxine | |
| 5-nitroindazole | |||
| 6-nitroindazole | |||
| glutamic acid | glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| guanadrel | guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching). guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | guanidines; spiroketal | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester | NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension. | alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| cefoperazone | cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections. | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| staurosporine | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector | |
| mitoxantrone hydrochloride | hydrochloride | antineoplastic agent | |
| n-(4-nitrophenacyl)imidazole | N-(4-nitrophenacyl)imidazole: structure in first source | ||
| ursolic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | geroprotector; plant metabolite | |
| betulinic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite | |
| brusatol | brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure | triterpenoid | |
| maslinic acid | (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| 1-aminoisoquinoline | |||
| 7-nitro-1h-indole-2-carboxylic acid | 7-nitro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid: acts on AP endonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase, and 3'-phosphatase activities of APE1; structure in first source | ||
| 6-aminoindazole | 6-aminoindazole: depresses gastric acid secretion; structure given in first source | indazoles | |
| 1-phenylimidazole | 1-phenylimidazole: ligand for cytochrome P-450 & inhibitor of microsomal oxidation | ||
| 3-indazolinone | 3-indazolinone: structure given in first source | ||
| hei 712 | organofluorine compound; quinolone | ||
| 5-aminoindazole | |||
| 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidine | 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidine: guanidinating reagent for proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl | |||
| 6-hydroxydopa | 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| s-methylthiocitrulline | S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group. S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source | imidothiocarbamic ester; L-arginine derivative; L-ornithine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| n(g)-iminoethylornithine | L-alpha-amino acid | ||
| n,n-dimethylarginine | N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group. | dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| n(omega)-hydroxyarginine | N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration. N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source | amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine | |
| c 1303 | C 1303: DNa-binding drug; structure given indicates that the cpd should be the dimethylamino cpd, but it is named as the diethylamino cpd | ||
| 10-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-methylflavin | 10-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-methylflavin: structure given in first source | ||
| omega-n-methylarginine | N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent. omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase. | amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester | N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. | hydrochloride | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| tanshinone ii a | tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source | abietane diterpenoid | |
| delta-n-methylarginine | N(5)-methyl-L-arginine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-arginine substituted by a methyl group at N(5)-position. | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4h-1,3-thiazine | 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| palmarumycin cp(1) | palmarumycin CP(1): a type of spirobisnaphthalene, which contain two naphthalene-derived c10 units bridged through a spiroketal linkage with two oxygen bridges; structure in first source | ||
| 2-(5-Chlorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)acetic acid | 1-benzothiophenes | ||
| alyssin | sulfoxide | ||
| 1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide | 1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide: a thioredoxin inhibitor with antineoplastic activity | imidazoles | |
| methylnaphthazarin | methylnaphthazarin: structure in first source | ||
| nsc 366140 | NSC 366140: a 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine; structure given in first source | ||
| 2-amino-5-methylthiazole | 2-amino-5-methylthiazole: binds the W191G cavity of E coli cytochrome c peroxidase | ||
| Bardoxolone | cyclohexenones | ||
| bardoxolone methyl | methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source | cyclohexenones | |
| canavanine | L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic. | amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite |
| nitroarginine | N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group. Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6) | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| resveratrol | trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| vinyl-l-nio | |||
| arl 17477 | |||
| 1,3,6-trimethylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| dimethyl fumarate | diester; enoate ester; methyl ester | antipsoriatic; immunomodulator | |
| piplartine | piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source | cinnamamides; dicarboximide | |
| xanthohumol | xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells. xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus | aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol | anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| (1e,4e)-1,5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one | |||
| 3-anilino-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-propanone | aromatic ketone | ||
| curcumin | curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa. Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. | aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger |
| umi-77 | UMI-77: an Mcl-1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| 2,6-bis(2,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone | 2,6-bis(2,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone: an anti-inflammatory agent that down-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source | ||
| n(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine | N(6)-acetimidoyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(6) is substituted by an acetimidoyl group | L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| pyrazole-1-carboxamidine | pyrazole-1-carboxamidine: structure given in first source | ||
| oxalylglycine | N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes. oxalylglycine: structure given in first source | amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine | EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor |
| 2-[[5-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methylidene]propanedioic acid diethyl ester | indoles | ||
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)indole-4,7-dione | 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)indole-4,7-dione: structure in first source | ||
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| strigol | strigol : A strigolactone in which the tricyclic lactone moiety bears a hydroxy substitutuent at the position para to the gem-dimethyl group. strigol: a strigolactone from roots of various PLANTS; it stimulates seed germination of parasitic STRIGA and OROBANCHE; structure in first source | indenofuran; secondary alcohol; strigolactone | |
| myricetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite | |
| ellagic acid | catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol | antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent | |
| ag 538 | AG 538: an IGF-1 receptor kinase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| bisantrene | |||
| 4,3',5'-tri-o-methylpiceatannol | |||
| ajoene | ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase. | sulfoxide | |
| cefuroxime | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen | |
| ceftriaxone | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor | |
| piericidin a | piericidin A : A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase piericidin A: pyridine-substituted fatty alcohol antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*-(all-E)))-isomer | aromatic ether; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; secondary allylic alcohol | antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor |
| e 3330 | E 3330: structure given in first source; MW 378.47 | ||
| hylin | |||
| ceftizoxime | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug | |
| chlorhexidine | chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge. Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. | biguanides; monochlorobenzenes | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent |
| gw 274150 | |||
| 6-methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate | 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate: showed a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), iNOS mRNA and protein. | sulfoxide | |
| gambogic acid | gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer | pyranoxanthones | metabolite |
| memoquin | memoquin: structure in first source | ||
| dimethoxycurcumin | dimethoxycurcumin: has antineoplsatic activity; structure in first source | ||
| aq4n | AQ4N: structure given in first source | ||
| (1,2-bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2h)-ketone))ethane | (1,2-bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone))ethane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| oleanonic acid | oleanonic acid: structure in first source | ||
| n-trans-p-coumaroyl-l-tyrosine | N-trans-p-coumaroyl-L-tyrosine: from Theobroma cacao; structure in first source | tyrosine derivative | |
| 1-(4-(3-bromophenoxy)butyl)-1h-imidazole | 1-(4-(3-bromophenoxy)butyl)-1H-imidazole: structure in first source | ||
| glucopiericidin a | glucopiericidin A: from Streptomyces pactum S48727 as co-metabolite of piericidin A(1); structure given in first source; glycoside antibiotic | ||
| N-[3-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrrol-2-yl]acetamide | benzothiazoles | ||
| ascorbic acid | Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| dicumarol | Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist |
| mobic | meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ethyl biscoumacetate | Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226) | hydroxycoumarin | |
| nsc 158393 | NSC 158393: structure given in first source | ||
| (1S,2R)-2-[[(1S)-1-[(1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolyl)methyl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl]-oxomethyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | LH601A: inhibits the interaction between KEAP1 and NRF2; structure in first source | phthalimides | |
| bay 85-3934 | |||
| sapropterin | (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer). sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases | 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin | coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite |
| thiolactomycin | thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source | ||
| 6-hydroxymethylpterin | |||
| flavellagic acid | flavellagic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
| galloflavin | galloflavin: structure in first source |