| Compound | Description |
|---|
| pyruvic acid | An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed) |
| gluconic acid | zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted |
| l-lactic acid | |
| inositol 1-phosphate | |
| succinic acid | A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid | The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
| Glutathione | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. |
| xylose | |
| d-alpha tocopherol | |
| benzoic acid | A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. |
| citric acid, anhydrous | |
| glutamic acid | A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| salicylic acid | A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions. |
| alpha-glycerophosphoric acid | |
| fumaric acid | see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters |
| linoleic acid | A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed) |
| alpha-linolenic acid | A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. |
| stearic acid | |
| threonate | |
| ascorbic acid | A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. |
| cysteine | A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE. |
| aspartic acid | One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. |
| glutamine | A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. |
| lysine | An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. |
| sucrose | A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. |
| Cholesterol | The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. |
| tyrosine | A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. |
| methionine | A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions. |
| phenylalanine | An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. |
| ornithine | An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. |
| asparagine | A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) |
| valine | A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. |
| threonine | An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. |
| tryptophan | An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. |
| arginine | An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. |
| glucose, (beta-d)-isomer | |
| cystine | A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. |
| glycine | A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| triethanolamine | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| inositol | An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. |
| niacin | A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. |
| palmitic acid | A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. |
| phosphoenolpyruvate | A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways. |
| fructose-1,6-diphosphate | RN refers to (D)-isomer |
| acebutolol | A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. |
| myristic acid | A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed) |
| spermidine | A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. |
| lignoceric acid | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| tryptamine | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 6 beta-galactinol | |
| uracil | One of four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid RNA. |
| isocitric acid | RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd |
| homoserine | |
| proline | A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. |
| fixb protein, e coli | maybe involved in a redox process involved in nitrogen fixation; part of the fixABC region; amino acid sequence given in first source |
| beta-alanine | An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported. |
| beta-glycerophosphoric acid | plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro |
| rhamnose | A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. |
| glyceric acid | found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation |
| raffinose | A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. |
| alpha-ketoglutaric acid | |
| quercetin | A flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin. |
| trans-phytol | structure in first source |
| quercitrin | |
| stigmasterol | |
| kaempferol | |
| 3-methylquercetin | |
| lespenefril | RN given refers to (L)-isomer |
| tyramine | An indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. |
| alanine | A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| serine | A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. |
| Glucose-6-Phosphate | An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed) |
| leucine | An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. |
| histidine | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE. |
| isoleucine | An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. |
| dihydrouracil | |
| quinic acid | An acid which is found in cinchona bark and elsewhere in plants. (From Stedman, 26th ed) |
| caffeic acid | provides protection against genotoxicity of DMBA |
| fructose-6-phosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation |
| ethanolamine | A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. |
| 3-phosphoglycerate | |
| trehalose | |
| glutaric acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| hydroxylamine | A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. |
| shikimic acid | A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it. |
| succinyl-coenzyme a | |
| oxaloacetic acid | A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE. |
| nicotianamine | an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from soy sauce |
| putrescine | A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. |
| cyanidin | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| campesterol | RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure |
| sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer | |
| dehydroascorbic acid | The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion. |
| acetyl coenzyme a | Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. |
| aconitic acid | A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH. |
| galacturonic acid | N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation |
| homocysteine | A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE. |