ascorbic-acid and Swine-Diseases

The various roles of the water-soluble vitamins (including choline and vitamin C) in diseases of swine are outlined. The most important role is in the prevention of deficiency disease; another important role is in relation to the immune response. Deficiency signs relating to each vitamin are described and the metabolism of each vitamin is outlined. Recent estimates of requirements are set out, together with suggestions on supplementation of practical diets for swine.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Biotin; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Niacin; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Solubility; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamins; Water

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ascorbic Acid; Aspirin; Dipyrone; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination

Topics: Animal Welfare; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Dietary Supplements; Least-Squares Analysis; Magnesium; Stress, Psychological; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tryptophan; Vibration; Vitamin E

Oxygen radical species can influence vascular tone, and antioxidants may have hemodynamic and vascular effects. To date, the vascular effects of chronic intervention with a combination of antioxidant vitamins E and C on renal blood flow (RBF) in hypercholesterolemia (which increases oxidative stress) have not been fully defined. The aim of this intervention study was to explore the involvement of increased oxidative stress in pig RBF disturbance by using chronic dietary antioxidant vitamin intervention. Responses of RBF to the acetylcholine (Ach) were measured in vivo using electron beam computed tomography (EBCT). Acetylcholine significantly increased RBF in normal and hypercholesterolemic + vitamins (P < 0.05 for both), but not in hypercholesterolemic pigs (P=0.1). In normocholesterolemic + vitamins pigs, Ach infusion did not induce any further increase in RBF, but RBF was similar to that observed in normal and hypercholesterolemic + vitamins under the same conditions, and tended to be higher than in hypercholesterolemic pigs (P=0.06). Thus, antioxidants improve RBF in hypercholesterolemic pigs and this effect may help to prevent renal diseases and hypertension in animals.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Dietary Supplements; Hypercholesterolemia; Radiography; Renal Circulation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin E

A single versus a divided dose regimen of danofloxacin was evaluated in treatment of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection using clinical observations combined with biochemical infection markers: C-reactive protein, zinc and ascorbic acid. Twenty hours after experimental infection, the 18 pigs received danofloxacin intravenously as a single dose of 2.5mg/kg or four doses of 0.6 mg/kg administered at 24h intervals. These dosage regimens resulted in similar AUCs of the plasma danofloxacin vs time curve. The maximum concentration was 3.5-fold higher using the single dose regimen, while the time with concentrations above the MIC was 2.5-fold longer using the fractionated regimen. Using the single dose regimen, temperature was normalised 32 h post-infection. In contrast, normalisation was delayed until 44 h post-infection using four low doses and a relapse with elevated temperatures at 52 and 68 h was observed. No other significant differences between the treatments were found, neither regarding clinical, haematological nor biochemical observations. The use of the more convenient single dose regimen was appropriate, as it was at least equivalent to the fractionated regimen.

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Area Under Curve; Ascorbic Acid; Body Temperature; C-Reactive Protein; Fluoroquinolones; Injections, Intravenous; Leukocyte Count; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pleuropneumonia; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Zinc

Biomarkers of infection were screened for their possible role as evaluators of antibiotic treatment in an aerosol infection model of porcine pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap). Following infection of 12 pigs, clinical signs of pneumonia developed within 20 h, whereafter the animals received a single dose of either danofloxacin (2.5mg/kg) or tiamulin (10 mg/kg). To test the discriminative properties of the biomarkers, the dosage regimens were designed with an expected difference in therapeutic efficacy in favour of danofloxacin. Accordingly, the danofloxacin-treated pigs recovered clinically within 24h after treatment, whereas tiamulin-treated animals remained clinically ill until the end of the study, 48 h after treatment. A similar picture was seen for the biomarkers of infection. During the infection period, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and haptoglobin increased, whereas plasma zinc, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol decreased. In the danofloxacin-treated animals, CRP, interleukin-6, zinc, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol reverted significantly towards normalisation within 24h of treatment. In contrast, signs of normalisation were absent (CRP, zinc and ascorbic acid) or less marked (interleukin-6 and alpha-tocopherol) in the tiamulin-treated animals. Plasma haptoglobin remained elevated throughout the study in both groups. This indicates that CRP, zinc, ascorbic acid and to a lesser extent interleukin-6 and alpha-tocopherol might be used to evaluate antibiotic treatment of acute Ap-infection in pigs. The present model provides a valuable tool in the evaluation of antibiotic treatments, offering the advantage of clinical and pathological examinations combined with the use of biochemical infection markers.

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; alpha-Tocopherol; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Diterpenes; Fluoroquinolones; Haptoglobins; Interleukin-6; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Macrolides; Male; Pleuropneumonia; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Zinc

Four litters (41 pigs) of cross-bred pigs were studied from 6 to 26 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at 6, 13, 21 and 26 weeks of age and analysed for contents of vitamin C, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The pigs were examined clinically for foreleg weakness at the ages of 21 and 26 weeks. At the age of 26 weeks the pigs were slaughtered and the right forelegs were examined macroscopically and selected samples were collected for radiological, histological and ultrastructural examination. The prevalence of foreleg lesions was high, with lesions of dyschondroplasia of the distal growth plate of the ulna in 30 pigs, synovitis of the elbow joint in 24 pigs and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint in 25 pigs. At the ages of 21 and 26 weeks, five pigs had evidently crooked forelegs and 14 pigs (age 21 weeks) and 25 pigs (age 26 weeks) had mildly deformed forelegs. The serum levels of Ca, P and ALP were within normal values for growing-finishing pigs. The range of vitamin C concentrations in plasma showed a wide difference (7.1-49.8 mumol/l) but was not associated with deformed forelegs. The serum concentrations of Ca, P and ALP and the plasma concentration of vitamin C differed significantly (P = 0.05) between age groups and there was a significant (P = 0.001) positive correlation between the levels of vitamin C in plasma and the serum levels of ALP at 6 weeks of age. The aim of the present study was to determine if there was any association between the plasma levels of vitamin C and the extent of crooked or deviated forelegs in growing-finishing pigs. We could not find a vitamin C deficiency during the study and no association between low levels of vitamin C in plasma and the presence of deformed forelegs of these 40 pigs.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Female; Forelimb; Growth Plate; Joints; Male; Swine; Swine Diseases

We studied the influence of ascorbate (vitamin C) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of pigs with hereditary deficiency in ascorbate synthesis. Groups of animals were depleted of, or supplemented with dietary ascorbate for up to 5 weeks. B lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets differed in the two experimental groups only marginally and transiently as determined by analysis of cell surface markers. The proliferative response of PBMC to B and T lymphocyte mitogens was lower in depleted as compared to supplemented animals. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 were determined by bioassays and were secreted within few hours after mitogenic activation of PBMC which contained normal physiological concentrations of ascorbate. IL-2 production peaked at about 24 h of in vitro culture after Con A activation, but it lasted for 2-3 days after PWM activation. The production of IL-2 and IL-6 were compared during systemic depletion and supplementation with ascorbate. Depleted PBMC produced IL-2 which accumulated in cultures instead of being rapidly consumed by IL-2 dependent cell growth. This suggests that cellular ascorbate influences the production of IL-2. Secretion of IL-6 by mitogen activated PBMC was also affected by prolonged dietary ascorbate depletion. The results suggest that ascorbate levels exert an early effect on immune homeostasis via reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI)-dependent expression of interleukin genes, since the transcription factor NF-kappa B is sensitive to ROI and regulates the expression of interleukin genes.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; B-Lymphocytes; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6; Interleukins; Kinetics; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lymphocyte Activation; Mitogens; Phenotype; Reactive Oxygen Species; Swine; Swine Diseases; T-Lymphocytes

The effect of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) on porcine osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation was studied using in vitro cell culture systems. When grown in the presence of Vitamin D3, isolated porcine bone marrow cells formed multinucleated cells with features characteristic of osteoclasts. Exposure of bone marrow cells to Vitamin D3 and PMT during growth resulted in formation of increased numbers and earlier appearance of osteoclasts compared to controls. Ultrafiltered medium form PMT-treated cells likewise increased osteoclast numbers, suggesting that a soluble mediator may be involved in the action of PMT. When cell cultures were treated with fluorescein-labeled PMT, fluorescence was found within the cytoplasm of small, round cells that did not resemble either osteoclasts or osteoclastic precursor cells. Cultures of porcine bone marrow cells exposed to dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and beta-glycerophosphate developed into osteoblastic cells that formed multilayered, mineralized nodules. Exposure of osteoblastic cultures to low concentration of PMT resulted in retarded cell growth, formation of decreased numbers of nodules and minimal to no mineralization in the nodules; higher concentration of PMT resulted in increased cellular debris and poor growth of cells, with no nodule formation. These findings suggest that PMT may induce turbinate atrophy in pigs by increasing osteoclast numbers and inhibiting osteoblastic bone formation. The effect of PMT on osteoclastic differentiation and growth may not be due to a direct effect on preosteoclastic cells, but rather due to alterations in the soluble mediator secretion by marrow stromal cells.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Resorption; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Dexamethasone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glycerophosphates; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases

The influence of maternal vitamin C deficiency on fetal development was studied in swine with a hereditary lack of ability to synthesize ascorbic acid (OD pigs). Thirteen pregnant sows homozygous (od/od) for the defect were depleted of ascorbic acid for 24 to 38 d at various stages of gestation. Six normal (OD/OD) sows were used as controls. Only a few experimental sows showed clinical symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. Nevertheless, severe pathological changes were seen in the uterus and fetuses. Characteristic findings were hemorrhages and hematomas in both fetal and maternal placenta, and general edema and subcutaneous hemorrhages in the fetuses. Similarities were noted to the abruptio placentae syndrome in women. Depletion of vitamin C resulted in a pronounced decline in ascorbic acid concentration in most maternal and fetal organs as well as in plasma and embryonic fluids. No morphological malformations were found in the fetuses, but the ossification of the skeleton was severely deranged. Macroscopically the lesions comprised swelling of the costochondral junction and separation of the epiphysial cartilage from the spongiosa in ribs and limb bones. Another characteristic finding was loosening of the periost from the cortex, often resulting in subperiosteal bleedings. Microscopically normal osteoblasts were few and the formation of osteoid defective.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Bone and Bones; Edema; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fetus; Hematoma; Hemorrhage; Male; Placenta; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Swine; Swine Diseases; Uterine Diseases; Uterus

Navel bleeding of newborn piglets was completely prevented by dosing the pregnant sows with ascorbic acid. The coagulation defect appeared to be caused by immature collagen which did not efficiently induce platelet plug formation. It seems that piglets depend upon their dams for their supply of vitamin C.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Female; Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Ascorbic Acid; Bacterial Vaccines; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Mice; Rabbits; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cervix Uteri; Endometrium; Female; Hydrocortisone; Lactation Disorders; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Organ Size; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Pregnancy; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thyroid Gland; Uterus; Vagina

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cold Temperature; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Hot Temperature; Humidity; Noise; Seasons; Stomach Diseases; Stomach Ulcer; Stress, Physiological; Swine; Swine Diseases; Temperature

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ascorbic Acid; Iron; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Diet; Skin Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Breeding; Stomach Ulcer; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin B Complex; Zea mays