Compounds > maculosin
Page last updated: 2024-11-07

maculosin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Maculosin is a natural product belonging to the coumarin class. It was first isolated from the plant *Maclura pomifera*, commonly known as the Osage orange. Maculosin has demonstrated various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. It has also shown promise as a potential therapeutic agent for conditions like cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Research into maculosin focuses on understanding its mechanisms of action, exploring its therapeutic potential, and investigating its potential for drug development. Maculosin's unique structure and diverse biological activities make it a promising target for further research and development.'

maculosin: RN refers to (3S-trans)-isomer; isolated from Alternaria alternata; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

maculosin : A homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID119404
CHEMBL ID359788
CHEBI ID6631
SCHEMBL ID12035399
MeSH IDM0226475

Synonyms (25)

Synonym
TYP ,
cyclo-(l-tyrosine-l-proline) inhibitor
maculosin
cyclo(l-pro-l-tyr)
4549-02-4
(3s,8ar)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione
DB04520
1W1Y
(3s,8as)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione
chebi:6631 ,
CHEMBL359788
(3s,8as)-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione
pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-((4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-, (3s,8as)-
pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-((4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-, (3s-trans)-
SCHEMBL12035399
DTXSID30196526
cyclo(pro-tyr)
mfcd03093467
cyclo(-pro-tyr)
Q27089361
(3s,8as)-hexahydro-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione
cyclo-(l-pro-l-tyr)
cyclo(l-prolinyl-l-tyrosine)
CS-0064671
HY-P1940

Research Excerpts

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
pyrrolopyrazine
phenolsOrganic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
dipeptideAny molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
homodetic cyclic peptideA homodetic cyclic peptide is a cyclic peptide in which the ring consists solely of amino-acid residues in peptide linkages.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (33)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1291884Toxicity in HUVEC cells assessed as effect on human neutrophil migration index at 10 uM after 6 hrs by crystal violet staining-based microscopic analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1092123Insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) fourth-instar larvae fed on cabbage leaves soaked in compound solutions measured 48 hr post compound treatment by leaf-dipping method2012Applied and environmental microbiology, Jun, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.
AID1238341Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis NCTC 2116 after 18 hrs by agar diffusion method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
Antibacterial activity of diketopiperazines isolated from a marine fungus using t-butoxycarbonyl group as a simple tool for purification.
AID1291890Reduction in CLP-induced sepsis lethality in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as increase in survival rate at 5.21 ug, iv administered first dose at 12 hrs post CLP challenge followed by second dose at 50 hrs post CLP challenge measured every 6 hrs after CLP challe2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1238342Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 after 18 hrs by agar diffusion method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
Antibacterial activity of diketopiperazines isolated from a marine fungus using t-butoxycarbonyl group as a simple tool for purification.
AID252783Cell aggregates after incubation of compound with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as measure of chitinase inhibitory activity2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 47, Issue:23
Structure-based exploration of cyclic dipeptide chitinase inhibitors.
AID1092125Inhibition of phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph of Spodoptera exigua fifth-instar larvae using DOPA substrate2012Applied and environmental microbiology, Jun, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.
AID1092122Potentiation of 1000 ppm Bacillus thuringiensis-induced pathogenicity against Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) fourth-instar larvae at 10000 ppm measured 48 hr post compound treatment2012Applied and environmental microbiology, Jun, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.
AID1291881Reduction in LPS-induced human Vybrant DiD labelled neutrophil adhesion in HUVEC cells after 6 hrs by fluorescence analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1291877Inhibition of LPS-induced paracellular gap formation in HUVEC cells assessed as formation of dense F-actin rings at 10 uM after 6 hrs by immunofluorescence staining assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID468917Inhibition of CCR2 in human monocytes assessed as cell migration at 100 uM after 30 mins2009Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 72, Issue:8
An inhibitor of CCL2-induced chemotaxis from the fungus Leptoxyphium sp.
AID1291879Vascular barrier protective effect in mouse assessed as inhibition of LPS induced peritoneal leakage of evans blue dye at 2 to 10 uM after 30 mins2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID616383Anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of FMLP/CB-induced elastase release2011Journal of natural products, Sep-23, Volume: 74, Issue:9
Anti-inflammatory principles from Cordyceps sinensis.
AID468914Inhibition of CCR2 in human monocytes assessed as CCL2-induced cell migration at 100 uM after 1.5 hrs by micro-Boyden chamber2009Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 72, Issue:8
An inhibitor of CCL2-induced chemotaxis from the fungus Leptoxyphium sp.
AID616299Anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of FMLP/CB-induced superoxide anion generation2011Journal of natural products, Sep-23, Volume: 74, Issue:9
Anti-inflammatory principles from Cordyceps sinensis.
AID1291883Reduction in LPS-induced human neutrophil migration index in HUVEC cells after 6 hrs by crystal violet staining-based microscopic analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1291882Toxicity in HUVEC cells assessed as effect on human Vybrant DiD labelled neutrophil adhesion at 10 uM after 6 hrs by fluorescence analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID400688Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 2 days by disk assay1996Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 59, Issue:3
Metabolites from an Antarctic sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID470187Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 300 uM after 48 hrs by spectrophotometry2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Indole derivatives from a marine sponge-derived yeast as DPPH radical scavengers.
AID1092126Inhibition of PLA2 in hemocytes of Spodoptera exigua fifth-instar larvae using pyrene-labeled phospholipid substrate by spectrofluorometry2012Applied and environmental microbiology, Jun, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.
AID252784Cell aggregates after mild sonication of compound with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as measure of chitinase inhibitory activity2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 47, Issue:23
Structure-based exploration of cyclic dipeptide chitinase inhibitors.
AID1291885Reduction in LPS-induced leukocyte migration in mouse peritoneal cavity at 2 to 10 uM after 6 hrs by crystal violet staining-based light microscopic analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1291878Inhibition of LPS induced barrier disruption in HUVEC cells assessed as evans blue-bound albumin complex flux after 6 hrs by spectrophotometric method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1291880Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells assessed as cell viability upto 30 uM by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID332429Displacement of [3H]substance P from NK1 receptor in human astrocytoma cells at 200 uM1994Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 57, Issue:4
Spiroquinazoline, a novel substance P inhibitor with a new carbon skeleton, isolated from Aspergillus flavipes.
AID400686Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus after 2 days by disk assay1996Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 59, Issue:3
Metabolites from an Antarctic sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1291892Induction of permeabilization in HUVEC assessed as evans blue-bound albumin complex flux at 10 uM after 6 hrs by spectrophotometric method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID1092124Inhibition of immune responses in Spodoptera exigua fifth-instar larvae assessed as inhibition of hemocytic nodulation in response to Escherichia coli challenge by stereomicroscopy2012Applied and environmental microbiology, Jun, Volume: 78, Issue:11
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.
AID1238340Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 18 hrs by agar diffusion method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
Antibacterial activity of diketopiperazines isolated from a marine fungus using t-butoxycarbonyl group as a simple tool for purification.
AID400687Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus after 2 days by disk assay1996Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 59, Issue:3
Metabolites from an Antarctic sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID468915Cytotoxicity against human monocytes at 100 uM after 24 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 72, Issue:8
An inhibitor of CCL2-induced chemotaxis from the fungus Leptoxyphium sp.
AID1291887Reduction in CLP-induced sepsis lethality in C57BL/6 mouse at 5.21 ug, iv administered at 12 hrs post CLP challenge measured every 6 hrs for 132 hrs2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.
AID616386Antioxidant activity assessed DPPH scavenging activity at 500 uM2011Journal of natural products, Sep-23, Volume: 74, Issue:9
Anti-inflammatory principles from Cordyceps sinensis.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (19)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's3 (15.79)18.2507
2000's5 (26.32)29.6817
2010's9 (47.37)24.3611
2020's2 (10.53)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 25.18

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index25.18 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.00 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.85 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index26.67 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (25.18)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other19 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
indole
[no description available]		2.0710indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.0610aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
tyramine
[no description available]		7.4110monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0510benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.1510iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
2-furoic acid
2-furoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. furoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.. 2-furoic acid : A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.		2.0610furoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		2.06104-pyranonesmetabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		2.0710hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
tryptophol
tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.		2.0510indolyl alcoholauxin;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
violacein
[no description available]		2.1510
pyrrolnitrin
Pyrrolnitrin: 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.. pyrrolnitrin : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		2.0110alkaloid;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0510phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.1110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: precursor of mutagenic nitroso cpd in soy sauce; structure given in first source		2.1110harmala alkaloid
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.		1.9910aromatic carboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenazines		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
phenazine-1-carboxamide
phenazine-1-carboxamide: used as a root colonization. phenazine-1-carboxamide : An aromatic amide that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carbamoyl group.		1.9910aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenazines
n-acetyltyramine
N-acetyltyramine: structure given in first source. N-acetyltyramine : A member of the class of tyramines that is tyramine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by an acetyl group.		7.4110acetamides;
tyramines		animal metabolite;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor
cyclo(prolylglycyl)
cyclo(prolylglycyl): RN given is for 17O-labeled cpd		2.0210
prolyl-tyrosine
prolyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source. Pro-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.		2.0710dipeptidemetabolite
perlolyrine
perlolyrine: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entitymetabolite
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone
[no description available]		2.0610ribonolactonemetabolite
n-valyltryptophan
N-valyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.1110peptide
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0810biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brevianamide f
brevianamide F: isolated from the endophyte from Aspergillus fumigatus associated with Melia azedarach L that could be used to develop a natural eco-friendly herbicide.structure in first source. brevianamide F : A pyrrolopyrazine that is hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione bearing an indol-3-ylmethyl substituent at position 3 (the 3S,8aS-diastereomer, obtained by formal cyclocondensation of L-tryptophan and L-proline).		2.5220dipeptide;
indoles;
pyrrolopyrazine		metabolite
erythritol
[no description available]		2.0810butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.0710gamma-lactam;
indolinone
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate
2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source		2.0810tetritol phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
cyclo(l-phe-l-pro)
[no description available]		2.9340organic molecular entitymetabolite
histidyl-proline diketopiperazine
cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide resulting from the formal condensation of both the amino and acid groups of L-histidine with the acid and amino groups of L-proline. It is a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).		2.0210dipeptide;
homodetic cyclic peptide;
imidazoles;
pyrrolopyrazine		anti-inflammatory agent;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
human blood serum metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		2.2510
benzylideneacetone
benzylideneacetone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1153. trans-benzylideneacetone : The trans-isomer of benzylideneacetone. It acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) of insects like diamond back moth.. benzylideneacetone : An enone in which a phenyl ring is attached to the beta-carbon atom of but-3-en-2-one. Although both cis- and trans-isomers are possible for the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone, only the trans-isomer is observed.		2.0710benzylideneacetonebacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0510
daidzein
[no description available]		2.06107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
gamma-oryzanol
cycloartenyl ferulate: antinociceptive agent from rice bran; structure in first source		2.0610triterpenoid
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'.		2.06107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
flazin
flazin: structure given in first source		2.0610harmala alkaloidmetabolite
cyclo(prolyl-valyl)
[no description available]		2.9340piperazinonemetabolite
phenylalanylproline
Phe-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-proline residues.		2.1110dipeptidemetabolite
cyclo(leucyl-prolyl)
cyclo(leucyl-prolyl): structure in first source. cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide composed from leucyl and prolyl residues.		2.730dipeptide;
homodetic cyclic peptide;
pyrrolopyrazine		bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite
prolylisoleucine
prolylisoleucine: RN refers to (L)-isomer. Pro-Ile : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-isoleucine residues.		2.1110dipeptidemetabolite
spiroquinazoline
spiroquinazoline: isolated from the fungus Aspergillus flavipes; structure given in first source; substance P antagonist		1.9810
tyrosyl-proline
[no description available]		2.1310dipeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0610ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.1110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		01.9810
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		01.9810
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.1310
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.1310