cyclopentolate profile

Cyclopentolate is a synthetic anticholinergic drug that is used to dilate the pupils of the eyes. It is a tertiary amine with a similar structure to atropine, but with a shorter duration of action. Cyclopentolate is typically used for eye examinations, such as to check for refractive errors (nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism). It is also used to treat conditions like iritis and uveitis. The compound is synthesized by a process that begins with the reaction of tropine with cyclopentyl bromide. This reaction yields cyclopentyltropine bromide, which is then hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to yield cyclopentolate. It acts by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors in the iris and ciliary muscle. Cyclopentolate is studied because it is a valuable tool for ophthalmologists, but it is important to use it cautiously because it can cause adverse effects such as blurred vision, increased intraocular pressure, and photophobia. The potential for these side effects makes it crucial to understand its mechanism of action and how to use it safely. '

Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	2905
CHEMBL ID	1201338
CHEBI ID	4024
SCHEMBL ID	132500
MeSH ID	M0005484

Synonym
AC-15991
CHEMBL1201338
bell pentolate
i76f4shp7j ,
2-dimethylaminoethyl 2-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)-2-phenylacetat
unii-i76f4shp7j
BRD-A77291778-003-05-5
benzeneacetic acid, .alpha.-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)-, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
KBIO1_000610
DIVK1C_000610
SPECTRUM_000856
SPECTRUM5_000793
PRESTWICK2_001095
BSPBIO_002097
bell pentolate (tn)
D07759
cyclopentolate (inn)
BPBIO1_001288
AB00053445
C06932
512-15-2
cyclopentolate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)-2-phenylacetate
alpha-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)benzeneacetic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
beta-dimethylaminoethyl (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)phenylacetate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 1-hydroxy-alpha-phenylcyclopentaneacetate
beta-(dimethylamino)ethyl (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)phenylacetate
2-phenyl-2-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethanoic acid beta-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
(+/-)-cyclopentolate
DB00979
1-hydroxy-alpha-phenylcyclopentaneacetic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
einecs 208-136-4
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)-, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
cyclopentolatum [inn-latin]
ciclopentolato [inn-spanish]
cyclopentolate [inn:ban]
KBIO2_006472
KBIO2_001336
KBIO3_001317
KBIOSS_001336
KBIOGR_000886
KBIO2_003904
PRESTWICK0_001095
SPECTRUM4_000303
PRESTWICK1_001095
SPECTRUM2_001122
SPBIO_003055
SPBIO_000983
SPECTRUM3_000369
NINDS_000610
PRESTWICK3_001095
IDI1_000610
BSPBIO_001170
L000802
ciclopentolato
CHEBI:4024 ,
(+-)-cyclopentolate
cyclopentolatum
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetate
NCGC00018213-02
nsc_2905
bdbm82375
cas_512-15-2
AKOS015962137
cyclopentylate
cyclopentoiate
diopentolate
FT-0624265
gtpl7153
cyclopentolate [who-dd]
cyclopentolate [mi]
cyclopentolate [inn]
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl (+/-)-1-hydroxy-.alpha.-phenylcyclopentaneacetate
cyclopentolate [vandf]
SCHEMBL132500
mydrilate (salt/mix)
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 1-hydroxy-.alpha.-phenyl-, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
cyclogyl (salt/mix)
.beta.-(dimethylamino)ethyl (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)phenylacetate
1-hydroxy-.alpha.-phenylcyclopentaneacetic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester
SKYSRIRYMSLOIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2-dimethylaminoethyl 1-hydroxy-.alpha.-phenylcyclopentaneacetate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetate #
DTXSID3048528 ,
cyclo-pentolatum
STL430452
AB00053445_12
mfcd00599448
SBI-0051324.P003
cyclopentolatum; cyclogyl; cyclopentylate
BCP21334
AS-16057
Q867332
BRD-A77291778-003-15-4
tsiklopentolat;cyclogyl;dl-cyclopentolate
H10434
A913427
EN300-7359577
dtxcid4027995
s01fa04
ciclopentolato (inn-spanish)
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl (+/-)-1-hydroxy-alpha-phenylcyclopentaneacetate
cyclopentolatum (inn-latin)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cyclopentolate is a synthetic anticholinergic drug and antagonist of the muscarine receptors. Spray is a good alternative to traditional drops, leading to equal cycloplegic efficacy but greater tolerance in children.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cyclopentolate is a drug that dilates the pupil and relaxes accommodation (cycloplegia)."	( Vault changes after cyclopentolate instillation in eyes with posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens. Fernandes, P; Garcia-Medina, JJ; Gargallo-Martinez, B; Gonzalez-Meijome, JM; Gutierrez-Ortega, R; Rubio-Velazquez, E; Villa-Collar, C, 2020)	1.6
"Cyclopentolate is a synthetic anticholinergic drug and antagonist of the muscarine receptors."	( [Cyclopentolate as a cycloplegic drug in determination of refractive error]. Bolinovska, S; Popović, J, )	1.76
"Cyclopentolate spray is a good alternative to traditional drops, leading to equal cycloplegic efficacy but greater tolerance in children and easier administration by the nursing staff."	( [Comparative study of cyclopentolate drops versus spray in cycloplegia in children]. Ajdnik, S; Chafai, A; Cordonnier, M; Lejeune, L, 2006)	2.09
"Cyclopentolate is a synthetic anti-cholinergic agent widely used in ophthalmology clinics. "	( Acute progressive midbrain hemorrhage after topical ocular cyclopentolate administration. Altinors, N; Calisaneller, T; Ozdemir, O; Sonmez, E, )	1.82
"100 Cyclopentolate is an important short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic preparation."	( [Diagnostic and therapeutic use of cyclopentolate cycloplegia]. Quéré, MA, 1976)	1.01

Effects

Cyclopentolate has been widely used as a cycloplegic and mydriatic agent for over 30 years.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cyclopentolate has been used occasionaly in diagnostic purposes: defining ocular refraction and in ophthalmoscopy."	( [Cyclopentolate as a cycloplegic drug in determination of refractive error]. Bolinovska, S; Popović, J, )	1.76
"Cyclopentolate has been widely used as a cycloplegic and mydriatic agent for over 30 years. "	( Possible allergic reactions to cyclopentolate hydrochloride: case reports with literature review of uses and adverse reactions. Hodes, DT; Jones, LW, 1991)	2.01

Toxicity

Atropine has a side effect incidence rate 7 times higher than the incidence rate of cyclopentolate. Preterm infants undergoing Retinopathy of Prematurity Eye Exams (ROPEE) may experience adverse events.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cycloplegics are very safe and useful medications."	( Avoiding adverse effects of cycloplegics in infants and children. Gray, LG, 1979)	0.26
" The usefulness and toxic reactions of this very valuable drug are discussed."	( Systemic toxicity of cyclopentolate hydrochloride in adults following topical ocular instillation. Awan, KJ, 1976)	0.57
" The ocular drugs causing serious adverse ocular or systemic side effects in children include glaucoma medications, corticosteroids, phenylephrine, and the anticholinergic cycloplegics."	( How safe are ocular drugs in pediatrics? Palmer, EA, 1986)	0.27
"A drug registry was established at Southern California College of Optometry (SCCO) to study use rates and incidence of adverse side effects of the nine pharmaceutical agents in the California optometry law."	( Use of diagnostic pharmaceutical agents and incidence of adverse effects. Applebaum, M; Jaanus, SD, 1983)	0.27
"Preterm infants undergoing Retinopathy of Prematurity Eye Exams (ROPEE) may experience adverse events, possibly from systemic absorption of cyclopentolate."	( Systemic Absorption of Cyclopentolate and Adverse Events After Retinopathy of Prematurity Exams. Erickson, SW; Hall, RW; Hendrickson, H; Lowery, S; Mitchell, A; Yates, C, 2016)	0.95
" Relationships between drug levels and adverse events were assessed."	( Systemic Absorption of Cyclopentolate and Adverse Events After Retinopathy of Prematurity Exams. Erickson, SW; Hall, RW; Hendrickson, H; Lowery, S; Mitchell, A; Yates, C, 2016)	0.74
" There is a need to predict infants at risk for high blood levels of cyclopentolate in order to prevent or treat adverse events after ROPEE."	( Systemic Absorption of Cyclopentolate and Adverse Events After Retinopathy of Prematurity Exams. Erickson, SW; Hall, RW; Hendrickson, H; Lowery, S; Mitchell, A; Yates, C, 2016)	0.98
"Uveitis due to brimonidine is a rare adverse effect, but it must be known."	( Hypertensive acute granulomatous anterior uveitis as a side effect of topical brimonidine. Arciniegas-Perasso, CA; Clemente-Tomás, R; Duch-Samper, AM; García-Ibor, F; Hervás-Hernandis, JM; Ruiz-Del Río, N, 2018)	0.48
"Atropine has a side effect incidence rate 7 times higher than the incidence rate of cyclopentolate."	( Incidence of side effects of topical atropine sulfate and cyclopentolate hydrochloride for cycloplegia in Japanese children: a multicenter study. Fujikado, T; Hayashi, T; Kimura, A; Miki, A; Nishina, S; Sato, M; Sugasawa, J; Utsumi, T; Wakayama, A, 2018)	0.95

Compound-Compound Interactions

Repeated administration of cyclopentolate alone or combined with phenylephrine induce a significant mydriasis for at least 48 h after the last administration in normal horses' eyes. Do not affect STT-1, IOP, digestive function, and HR.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" An examiner masked to drug combination and time used digital analysis to calculate pupil diameter for each photograph."	( Comparison of two drug combinations for dilating dark irides. Anderson, HA; Bertrand, KC; Fern, KD; Hu, YS; Manny, RE, 2010)	0.36
" The combination with topical phenylephrine did not have any additional effect on mydriasis compare with the cyclopentolate alone."	( Effect of topical cyclopentolate alone or combined with phenylephrine in healthy horses. Bessonnat, A; Vanore, M, 2021)	1.17
"Repeated administration of cyclopentolate alone or combined with phenylephrine induce a significant mydriasis for at least 48 h after the last administration in normal horses' eyes, and do not affect STT-1, IOP, digestive function, and HR."	( Effect of topical cyclopentolate alone or combined with phenylephrine in healthy horses. Bessonnat, A; Vanore, M, 2021)	1.25

Dosage Studied

A small amount of cyclopentolate drops could induce convulsions in young children after only minutes to less than an hour. A larger dosage of atropine over the span of several hours could cause this rare and unpredictable complication.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The above agents, used individually for a total dosage of three drops in each eye did not provide adequate dilation for a thorough funduscopic examination."	( Systemic response to mydriatic eyedrops in neonates: mydriatics in neonates. Caputo, AR; Schnitzer, RE, )	0.13
" Drug potency was obtained from log dose-response curves."	( Factors determining the potency of mydriatic drugs in man. Smith, SA, 1976)	0.26
" This case demonstrates the uncommon, though serious, atropine-like side effect of cyclopentolate eyedrops (Cyclogyl, Alcon) in usual dosage in a brain damaged child without an epileptic focus."	( Seizures associated with 1% cyclopentolate eyedrops. Brown, J; Fitzgerald, DA; Hanson, RM; Kilham, HA; Martin, F; West, C, 1990)	0.8
" Adverse effects are often related to dosage or other factors."	( Mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs: a review of ocular and systemic complications. Doughty, CB; Rengstorff, RH, 1982)	0.26
"To determine the optimal dosage of cyclopentolate for adequate cycloplegia with minimal side effects."	( Optimal dosage of cyclopentolate 1% for complete cycloplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Bagheri, A; Givrad, S; Reza Mohebbi, M; Yazdani, S, )	0.74
"To find the optimal dosage of cyclopentolate 1% for cycloplegic refraction in hypermetropes with brown irides, we investigated the difference in cycloplegic auto-refractions obtained after one, two, and three instillations in the same patient."	( Optimal dosage of cyclopentolate 1% for cycloplegic refraction in hypermetropes with brown irides. Mohan, K; Sharma, A, )	0.75
" This case demonstrates the uncommon, although serious, atropine-like adverse effect of cyclopentolate eyedrops in usual dosage in child."	( Inability to walk, disequilibrium, incoherent speech, disorientation following the instillation of 1% cyclopentolate eyedrops: case report. Derinoz, O; Er, A, 2012)	0.82
"A small amount of cyclopentolate drops could induce convulsions in young children after only minutes to less than an hour, while a larger dosage of atropine over the span of several hours could cause this rare and unpredictable complication."	( Epileptic seizures induced by cycloplegic eye drops. Goldchmit, M; Mezer, E; Nucci, P; Wygnanski-Jaffe, T, 2014)	0.74
" These agents are rarely absorbed to systemic circulation and in some cases result with serious side effects like skin rash, tachycardia, feeding intolerance, discomfort, apnea, gastric dilatation and ileus, despite different treatment models and dosage reducing strategies."	( Fatal necrotising enterocolitis due to mydriatic eye drops. Demet, T; Mehmet, Y; Murat, S; Nilgun, K; Ozge, KA; Ozgun, U; Zafer, D, 2014)	0.4
"The EtOH dose-response curve was not altered by pretreatment with pBBG or by transgenic overexpression of Glo1."	( Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) Inhibition or Genetic Overexpression Does Not Alter Ethanol's Locomotor Effects: Implications for GLO1 as a Therapeutic Target in Alcohol Use Disorders. Barkley-Levenson, AM; Lagarda, FA; Palmer, AA, 2018)	0.48
" However, neither manipulation altered the dose-response curve for EtOH's locomotor effects, whereas muscimol appeared to enhance the locomotor sedative effects of EtOH."	( Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) Inhibition or Genetic Overexpression Does Not Alter Ethanol's Locomotor Effects: Implications for GLO1 as a Therapeutic Target in Alcohol Use Disorders. Barkley-Levenson, AM; Lagarda, FA; Palmer, AA, 2018)	0.48

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
mydriatic agent	Agent that dilates the pupil. Used in eye diseases and to facilitate eye examination. It may be either a sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic. The latter cause cycloplegia or paralysis of accommodation at high doses and may precipitate glaucoma.
parasympatholytic	Any cholinergic antagonist that inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the muscarinic antagonists.
muscarinic antagonist	A drug that binds to but does not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetylcholine or exogenous agonists.
diagnostic agent	A substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
carboxylic ester	An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
tertiary amino compound	A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
tertiary alcohol	A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	100 (21.23)	18.7374
1990's	95 (20.17)	18.2507
2000's	98 (20.81)	29.6817
2010's	132 (28.03)	24.3611
2020's	46 (9.77)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	90 (16.95%)	5.53%
Reviews	12 (2.26%)	6.00%
Case Studies	124 (23.35%)	4.05%
Observational	5 (0.94%)	0.25%
Other	300 (56.50%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Preoperative Cataract Pupillary Dilation: Inpatient vs Outpatient [NCT01169688]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
Nepafenac Versus Ketorolac Eye Drops in Prevention of Intraoperative Miosis During Cataract Surgery [NCT03851172]	Phase 2	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Not yet recruiting
Combined Subconjunctival Atropine and Intracameral Epinephrine Injection for Pupil Dilation in Phacoemulsification Under Peribulbar Anesthesia. [NCT03638726]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-28	Recruiting
Methodes of Meausring Refraction in Children Under General Anesthesia [NCT02459600]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Recruiting
Screening for 3-D Visual Disorders in Preschool Children, VISION Study [NCT05204069]		95 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Completed
The Effect of Mydriatics on Posterior Synechia After Combined Surgery of Pars Plana Vitrectomy, Phacoemulsification, and Intraocular Lens Implantation [NCT05614622]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-10	Completed
A New More Efficient Cycloplegia Scheme [NCT02177539]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Lowest Effective Dose for Adequate Mydriasis in Premature Infants [NCT01054027]		15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Swiss PACK-CXL (Photoactivated Chromophore for Infectious Keratitis Cross-linking) Multicenter Trial for the Treatment of Infectious Keratitis [NCT02717871]	Phase 3	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Does Undercorrection of Myopia Retard Myopia Progression Among Kindergarten [NCT00348166]	Phase 1	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Stringent eligibility criterion caused difficulties in recruiting patients.)
Changes in Vital Signs and Pupil Diameter Related to Pharmacologic Mydriasis in Premature Infants: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Study [NCT04838665]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Completed
Tropicamide Versus Cyclopentolate Objective Refraction in Pediatric Population [NCT05442801]	Phase 4	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-01	Completed
Tropicamide Versus Cyclopentolate for Cycloplegic Refraction in Pediatric Patients With Esotropia: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT06077682]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-01	Recruiting
Optimal Method for Mydriasis in Cataract Surgery [NCT02909140]		3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to insufficient patient recruitment)
Evaluation of a Preoperative Pharmacological Protocol for Mydriasis in Femtosecond Laser-assisted Cataract Surgery [NCT03375996]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-06-01	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Cumulative Energy Dispersed for Each Arm
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification in Each Arm
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Another Mydriatic Agent
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Use of an Iris Expansion Device During the Procedure
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Pupil Size (mm) Immediately After Nuclear Disassembly
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Capsulorrhexis
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Intraocular Lens (IOL) Insertion
NCT02909140 (9) [back to overview]	Pupil Size Upon Completion of Surgery

Cumulative Energy Dispersed for Each Arm

The amount of energy needed to break up the cataractous lens (NCT02909140)
Timeframe: During cataract surgery

Intervention	Percent-seconds (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	6.6

[back to top]

Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification

(NCT02909140)
Timeframe: During cataract surgery

Intervention	seconds (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	76

[back to top]

Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification in Each Arm

(NCT02909140)
Timeframe: intraoperative

Intervention	seconds (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	76

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Another Mydriatic Agent

(NCT02909140)
Timeframe: intraoperative

Intervention	percent of participants (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	0

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Use of an Iris Expansion Device During the Procedure

(NCT02909140)
Timeframe: intraoperative

Intervention	percent (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	50

[back to top]

Pupil Size (mm) Immediately After Nuclear Disassembly

Pupil size immediately after breaking up of cataractous lens (NCT02909140)
Timeframe: Immediately after nuclear disassembly step of cataract surgery

Intervention	mm (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	8

[back to top]

Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Capsulorrhexis

Pupil size immediately prior to the capsulorrhexis step of cataract surgery. This will be recorded by digital photography and measured by a researcher who is masked to the intervention. (NCT02909140)
Timeframe: Immediately prior to the capsulorrhexis step of cataract surgery

Intervention	mm (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	8

[back to top]

Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Intraocular Lens (IOL) Insertion

Pupil size after insertion of IOL lens (NCT02909140)
Timeframe: Immediately prior to IOL insertion step of cataract surgery

Intervention	mm (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	8

[back to top]

Pupil Size Upon Completion of Surgery

(NCT02909140)
Timeframe: intraoperative

Intervention	mm (Number)
Intracameral Mydriasis	7

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	1.98	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
choline [no description available]	1.95	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.06	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.43	1	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.95	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	1.98	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.44	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.21	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.07	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.21	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	1.98	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	1.98	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.43	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
caffeine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.95	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.41	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	1.98	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.86	4	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	1.98	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.36	2	0
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.08	3	1	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.07	3	1
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.94	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.39	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
p-hydroxyamphetamine p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.	2.36	2	0	amphetamines
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	3.38	1	1	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	10.37	19	11	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	10.83	34	4	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	3.35	1	1	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.25	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	2.65	3	0	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.17	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.13	1	0	purine nucleoside
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.73	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.41	2	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	3.29	2	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	6.12	3	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.57	3	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
proxymetacaine proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.95	13	3	benzoate ester
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.08	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	4.08	3	1	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	1.98	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	14.75	80	22	acetamides
valethamate valethamate: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.78	27	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.01	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.95	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	3.98	13	0	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.67	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	7.38	20	2	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2	1	0	guanidines
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	5.33	7	2	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	2.36	2	0	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	8.07	5	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	15.37	107	25	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.36	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	1.98	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.52	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
propoxycaine Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)	7.95	13	3	benzoate ester
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.36	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.1	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.17	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.37	2	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.73	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.21	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	2.65	3	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.21	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.15	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.54	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.1	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.05	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.93	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.44	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	4.5	5	1	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.73	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
lodoxamide ethyl lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure	2.03	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.17	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.	2	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.43	2	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.2	3	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.21	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	13.62	51	12
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	3.37	1	1
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	2.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.77	2	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	1.94	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium iii tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium III: RN refers to trichloride	1.98	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.01	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.17	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.74	3	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	1.99	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.82	3	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	5.5	8	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.1	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	2.05	1	0	tartrate salt
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.44	2	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.36	1	1
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.44	2	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.93	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.17	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.17	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
eye [no description available]	11.84	15	5

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	2.06	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.91	4	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Ametropia [description not available]	0	11.31	73	11
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	1	13.31	73	11
Farsightedness [description not available]	0	9.85	30	5
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.85	30	5
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	12.66	40	8
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	17.66	40	8
Presbyopia The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.	0	3.03	4	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	2.41	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	2.92	4	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	3.84	11	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	0	2.79	3	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	7.75	3	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	7.75	3	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	3.99	1	1
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	8.83	19	5
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.83	19	5
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Myopia, Pathological [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Myopia, Degenerative Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.	0	3.44	2	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	4.3	7	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	2.99	4	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	4.3	7	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.53	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.77	3	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.61	5	1
Epiphora [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	2.25	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	9.14	30	4
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	0	2.25	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	8.32	12	1
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	4.04	5	0
Choroidal Detachment Separation of the CHOROID from the SCLERA.	0	3.17	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	3.17	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	8.32	12	1
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	4.04	5	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.77	3	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	2.31	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	2.73	3	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	0	2.51	2	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	3.16	5	0
Eye Diseases, Hereditary Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.	0	2.15	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	3.83	2	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	7.06	5	0
Co-infection [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	3.42	7	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	2.15	1	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	0	2.15	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	2.15	1	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	0	4.09	3	1
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	0	2.58	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	2.17	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	3.4	7	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	4.19	6	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	0	2.73	3	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	3.4	7	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.5	2	0
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	0	5.98	14	2
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.27	12	1
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	0	5.98	14	2
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	0	5.9	9	1
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	0	5.9	9	1
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	0	8.39	7	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.21	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	3.73	10	0
Ataxia of Gait [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	2.77	3	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	2.08	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	2.44	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	2.1	1	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	0	4.47	2	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	2.51	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	0	2.1	1	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	0	2.45	2	0
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	0	2.72	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	2.1	1	0
Corneal Wavefront Aberration Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.	0	2.81	3	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	0	2.43	2	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	2.78	3	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	2.91	4	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	2.1	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	7.1	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	2.1	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	5.38	5	0
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)	0	2.1	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	5.38	5	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.96	4	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	4.51	5	1
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	4.51	5	1
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	2.96	4	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	3.01	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	3.01	1	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Anisometropia A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.	0	2.5	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	3.61	9	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.61	9	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.11	1	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	0	2.73	3	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	0	2.11	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	4.5	5	1
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	2.17	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.17	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.17	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	2.17	1	0
Atrial Ectopic Beats [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	2.13	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	3.31	2	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	4.39	2	2
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	4.39	2	2
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.53	1	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	3.09	5	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	0	5.48	8	2
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	5.46	8	2
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	2.46	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	2.95	4	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	0	2.41	2	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	2.05	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	2.41	2	0
Convergent Strabismus [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Esotropia A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.	0	8.38	7	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	4.47	5	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	5.2	6	2
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	4.47	5	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	5.2	6	2
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	2.46	2	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	0	2.05	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	0	4.88	4	2
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	5.22	20	0
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.	0	2.06	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	2.05	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	2.05	1	0
Lens Dislocation [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	2.38	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	2.07	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Dysarthosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	2.07	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	3.45	1	1
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	0	3.47	1	1
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Artificial Intra-ocular Implant Dislocation [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	2.07	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	0	2.07	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.07	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	0	2.08	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.01	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	2.01	1	0
Histiocytosis, Sinus Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.	0	2.01	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	4.29	4	1
Cranial Nerve V Diseases [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	0	2.4	2	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	0	2.01	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.64	3	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	5.05	10	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	2.36	2	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	2.34	2	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	1.93	1	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	1.93	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	2.69	3	0
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	0	2.02	1	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	1	5.41	1	1
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	2.03	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	2.03	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	2.03	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	0	2.03	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	3.6	3	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	2.03	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.03	1	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	0	2.03	1	0
Acute Retinal Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Drooling [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	2.4	2	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	0	2.03	1	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	3.79	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	3.79	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	1.98	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	2.67	3	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	0	1.98	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	1.98	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	1.98	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	1.98	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.37	2	0
Asthenopia Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.	0	1.98	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	0	4.61	3	2
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	0	4.61	3	2
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	0	3.37	1	1
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	1.99	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	1.99	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	1.99	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.4	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	7.69	3	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	2.69	3	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	1.99	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	1.99	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	1.99	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	1.99	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	1.99	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	0	1.99	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	0	2	1	0
Calcinosis-Raynaud Phenomenon-Sclerodactyly-Telangiectasia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	0	2	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	2	1	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	0	2	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	0	2	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	0	2	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	3.39	1	1
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	0	2	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	1.95	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	1.95	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	1.95	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	1.95	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	0	1.95	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	0	1.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	1.95	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	1.95	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	1.95	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	1.95	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	1.95	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	1.95	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	1.97	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	1.97	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	0	1.97	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	1.96	1	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	0	3.35	1	1
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.86	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.86	1	0

cyclopentolate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (103)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (3)

Bioassays (15)

Research

Studies (471)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 81.38

Study Types

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Cumulative Energy Dispersed for Each Arm

Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification

Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification in Each Arm

Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Another Mydriatic Agent

Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Use of an Iris Expansion Device During the Procedure

Pupil Size (mm) Immediately After Nuclear Disassembly

Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Capsulorrhexis

Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Intraocular Lens (IOL) Insertion

Pupil Size Upon Completion of Surgery

cyclopentolate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (103)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (3)

Bioassays (15)

Research

Studies (471)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 81.38

Study Types

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Cumulative Energy Dispersed for Each Arm

Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification

Mean Time Taken to Perform Phacoemulsification in Each Arm

Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Another Mydriatic Agent

Percentage of Patients in Each Arm That Required Use of an Iris Expansion Device During the Procedure

Pupil Size (mm) Immediately After Nuclear Disassembly

Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Capsulorrhexis

Pupil Size Immediately Prior to Intraocular Lens (IOL) Insertion

Pupil Size Upon Completion of Surgery

Related Drugs (119)

Related Conditions (354)