ascorbic-acid and Ascites

The study was conducted to determine the effects of low ambient temperature (LAT) and a vitamin C (VC) dietary supplement on the growth performance, blood parameters, and antioxidant capacity of 21-d-old broilers. A total of 400 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments as follows: 1) LAT and a basal diet; 2) LAT and a basal diet supplemented with 1,000 mg of VC/kg (LAT + VC); 3) normal ambient temperature (NAT) and a basal diet; 4) NAT and a basal diet supplemented with 1,000 mg of VC/kg (NAT + VC). All birds were fed to 21 d of age. Broilers in groups 1 and 2 were raised at 24 to 26°C during 1 to 7 d, and at 9 to 11°C during 8 to 21 d, whereas groups 3 and 4 were raised at 29 to 31°C during 1 to 7 d and at 24 to 26°C during 8 to 21 d. The LAT increased the feed conversion ratio during the whole experimental period (P < 0.01), whereas it increased heart index at 21 d (P < 0.05) and hematocrit and hemoglobin level at 14 d (P < 0.05). Supplementing the diet with VC increased hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count at 21 d (P < 0.05). At 21 d, LAT conditions decreased total antioxidant capacity in the serum, liver, and lungs (P < 0.05), and it also increased the levels of VC in the serum and liver, the amount of protein carbonylation in liver and lungs, and the malondialdehyde level in the lungs (P < 0.05). The addition of VC tended to increase the total antioxidant capacity level in serum (P < 0.1). Low ambient temperature resulted in oxidative stress for broilers that were fed from 1 to 21 d of age, whereas no significant effect was found on the antioxidant activity by dietary VC supplementation.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chickens; Cold Temperature; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Hematologic Tests; Male; Poultry Diseases

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate Zingiber officinale paste against Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA)-induced tumours in Swiss albino mice. Experimental animals received Z. officinale paste (low dose 100 mg/kg bw and high dose 500 mg/kg bw) orally for eight alternative days. Treatment with Z. officinale paste showed significant increase in haemoglobin level and decrease in aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) level. Z. officinale paste reduced the inflammatory mediators and cytokine levels, such as inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), tumour necrosis factor level (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Treatment with Z. officinale paste also significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme level, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase (GST), and decreased the lipid peroxidation. Treatment also increased the vitamin C and E levels in treated animals compared with the DLA-bearing host. Histopathological studies also confirmed the protective influence of Z. officinale paste against DLA. The present study suggested that Z. officinale paste could be used as natural spice and a potent antitumour agent.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cytokines; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Inflammation Mediators; Liver; Lymphoma; Male; Mice; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents; Zingiber officinale

Chlorambucil is an anticancer drug with alkylating and immunosuppressive activities. Considering various reports on the possible antioxidant/protective functions of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), it was aimed at to explore the modulatory effect of ascorbic acid on therapeutic efficacy and toxicity induced by chlorambucil. Dalton's ascites lymphoma tumor serially maintained in Swiss albino mice were used for the present experiments. The result of antitumor activity showed that combination treatment with ascorbic acid and chlorambucil exhibited enhanced antitumor activity with 170% increase in life span (ILS), which is significantly higher as compared to chlorambucil alone (ILS 140%). Analysis of apoptosis in Dalton's lymphoma tumor cells revealed a significantly higher apoptotic index after combination treatment as compared to chlorambucil alone. Blood hemoglobin content, erythrocytes and leukocytes counts were decreased after chlorambucil treatment, however, overall recovery in these hematological values was noted after combination treatment. Chlorambucil treatment also caused morphological abnormalities in red blood cells, majority of which include acanthocytes, burr and microcystis. Combination treatment of mice with ascorbic acid plus chlorambucil showed less histopathological changes in kidney as compared to chlorambucil treatment alone, thus, ascorbic acid is effective in reducing chlorambucil-induced renal toxicity in the hosts. Based on the results, for further development, hopefully into the clinical usage, the administration of ascorbic acid in combination with chlorambucil may be recommended.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Cell Count; Chlorambucil; Hemoglobins; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Lymphoma; Mice

Cisplatin treatment caused a significant increase in the life span of ascites Dalton's lymphoma (DL) Tumor-bearing (TB) mice. However, as compared to cisplatin (CP) alone, combination treatment with ascorbic acid plus CP resulted in better therapeutic efficacy against murine DL. Cisplatin treatment of TB mice resulted in the appearance of thickened and irregular arrangement of mitochondrial cristae in the liver, kidney and DL tumor cells. Combination treatment of the hosts with ascorbic acid and CP lessened deformities in the mitochondria of liver and kidney, while in tumor cells, this increased the formation of vacuoles and disruption in mitochondrial cristae. Cisplatin treatment decreased the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the mitochondria of kidney and DL cells and combination treatment caused further decrease in SDH activity in kidney and DL cells during 24-48 h of treatment. After CP treatment, the protein content in the mitochondria of these tissues decreased, and during combination treatment, it showed significant improvement. Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased in these tissues after CP treatment. However, combination treatment significantly decreased mitochondrial LPO in liver and kidney but increased in DL cells. This increase in mitochondrial LPO in DL cells and decrease in liver and kidney could play an important role in the antitumor activity of combination treatment and at the same time reduce CP-induced toxicity in the host. However, further study may be desirable to explore some aspects of the mechanism(s) involved in these changes in mitochondria.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Cisplatin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Lymphoma; Male; Mice; Mitochondria; Mitochondria, Liver; Neoplasms, Experimental; Time Factors

Cyclophosphamide, an antineoplastic drug effective against a wide variety of cancers is cytotoxic to normal cells also. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) at higher concentrations possesses cytotoxic effects and it can also enhance the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil in a dose-dependent manner in mouse lymphoma. In the present study, effect of cyclophosphamide treatment alone and in combination with ascorbic acid in vivo on the ultrastructure and some biochemical changes in Dalton's lymphoma tumor cells were investigated. Cyclophosphamide treatment causes disappearance of cell membrane processes, thickening and reduction in the number of mitochondrial cristae as well as the manifestation of rounded shape of mitochondria. The combination treatment with ascorbic acid plus cyclophosphamide caused further changes in tumor cells showing disintegration in the cell surface membrane, disruption in the nuclear membrane and roundish mitochondria with reduction and disruption in the mitochondrial cristae. The observed ascorbic acid plus cyclophosphamide-mediated decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells may play an important role in the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide by weakening cellular antioxidant-mediated defense mechanism, thereby increasing tumor cell's susceptibility to cell death. The cyclophosphamide-mediated decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity in tumor cells and simultaneous increase in ascites supernatant may possibly indicate alteration in the membrane permeability of tumor cells for lactate dehydrogenase as well as tumor cell injury. Further investigation should determine detailed mechanism(s) involved in cyclophosphamide-induced ultrastructural and biochemical changes in tumor cells.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Glutathione; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphoma, T-Cell; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Mitochondria; Neoplasm Transplantation; Tumor Cells, Cultured

To test the carcinostatic effects of ascorbic acid, we challenged the mice of seven experimental groups with 1.7 x 10(-4) mol high dose concentration ascorbic acid after intraperitoneal administrating them with sarcoma S-180 cells. The survival rate was increased by 20% in the group that received high dose concentration ascorbic acid, compared to the control. The highest survival rate was observed in the group in which 1.7 x 10(-4) mol ascorbic acid had been continuously injected before and after the induction of cancer cells, rather than just after the induction of cancer cells. The expression of three angiogenesis-related genes was inhibited by 0.3 times in bFGF, 7 times in VEGF and 4 times in MMP2 of the groups with higher survival rates. Biopsy Results, gene expression studies, and wound healing analysis in vivo and in vitro suggested that the carcinostatic effect induced by high dose concentration ascorbic acid occurred through inhibition of angiogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms; Neovascularization, Pathologic; NIH 3T3 Cells; Sarcoma; Survival Rate; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Hyperdynamic circulation and systemic vasodilation complicate cirrhosis of the liver and are related to vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity. We investigated whether impaired vasoconstrictor responsiveness may be overcome by antioxidants in patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis.. Controlled clinical study.. University setting.. Nine patients with liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh grade C and nine healthy age-matched volunteers.. Forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-l-arginine were measured by strain-gauge plethysmography and compared between groups of patients. To assess the role of oxidative stress, the antioxidant vitamin C (24 mg/min) was administered locally into the brachial artery, and forearm blood flow responses were reassessed.. Plasma concentrations of vitamin C were lower in patients with cirrhosis (p < .05). In patients with cirrhosis, the reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin II was markedly reduced (p < .05 vs. controls). Coadministration of vitamin C completely restored the potency of vasoconstrictors to that in controls but had no effect in healthy subjects. No changes were observed in time-control experiments in cirrhosis patients (n = 3) employing vehicle coinfusion. The response to N-monomethyl-L-arginine was comparable between groups and not affected by vitamin C.. Oxidative stress with consumption of antioxidants seems to play an important role in the development of vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity in patients with cirrhosis. Antioxidant therapy may be a promising clinical approach to restore vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity in these patients.

Topics: Angiotensin II; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Female; Forearm; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic; Male; Middle Aged; Norepinephrine; omega-N-Methylarginine; Oxidative Stress; Vasoconstriction; Vasoconstrictor Agents

Probiotics and antioxidants could be alternatives to antibiotics in the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 and antioxidants on intestinal flora, endotoxemia, and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats.. Twenty-nine Sprague-Dawley rats with cirrhosis induced by CCl(4) and ascites received Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 10(9)cfu/day in vehicle (antioxidants: vitamin C+glutamate) (n=10), vehicle alone (n=11), or water (n=8) by gavage. Another eight non-cirrhotic rats formed the control group. After 10 days of treatment, a laparotomy was performed to determine microbiological study of ileal and cecal feces, bacterial translocation, endotoxemia, and intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as index of intestinal oxidative damage.. Intestinal enterobacteria and enterococci, bacterial translocation (0/11 and 0/10 vs. 5/8, P<0.01), and ileal MDA levels (P<0.01) were lower in cirrhotic rats treated with antioxidants alone or in combination with Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 compared to cirrhotic rats receiving water. Only rats treated with antioxidants and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 showed a decrease in endotoxemia with respect to cirrhotic rats receiving water (P<0.05).. Antioxidants alone or in combination with Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 can be useful in preventing bacterial translocation in cirrhosis.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Bacterial Translocation; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Models, Animal; Endotoxemia; Glutamic Acid; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactobacillus; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative Stress; Peritonitis; Probiotics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To assess effects of high dietary amounts of vitamin C or vitamin E and oxidative stress on the heart and growth performance of broilers maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level.. 360 chicks (1-day-old broilers).. Birds were randomly assigned to 3 groups (120 chicks/group). Each group of birds was fed a specific diet (control group, basal diet containing 12 mg of vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate)/kg of feed without additional ascorbic acid; vitamin E group, basal diet supplemented with 75 mg of vitamin E/kg of feed; and vitamin C group, basal diet supplemented with 400 mg of ascorbic acid/kg of feed) throughout the entire 7 weeks of the study. Feed consumption and body weight of chicks were recorded on a weekly basis. Nine randomly selected birds from each group were euthanatized each week. Remaining birds were euthanatized at the end of the study. Samples of cardiac tissues were obtained to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of oxidative stress.. Vitamin E-supplemented diets resulted in better growth performance, lower rates of feed conversion, and lower TBARS content. Vitamin C-supplemented diets resulted in lower feed consumption and lower rates of feed conversion. When used separately, neither of the vitamins had any effect on mortality attributable to ascites syndrome.. It is recommended that diets supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin E, or both be fed to broilers maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level to improve growth performance.

Topics: Altitude; Animals; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Chickens; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipid Peroxides; Mexico; Myocardium; Oxidative Stress; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Vitamin E

1. Three experiments were conducted using a low temperature model to induce pulmonary hypertension (PH) and ascites in broiler chickens. Diets containing 25 g or 50 g flax oil/kg food and control diets with an equivalent amount of animal/vegetable (A/V) blend oil, with and without supplemental antioxidants (vitamin C and vitamin E) were used. The amount of PH was assessed by the ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight (RV/TV ratio). Birds were considered to suffer from pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) if the RV/TV ratio was greater than 0.299. 2. In experiment 1, the test diets contained 50 g oil/kg food and were given during the grower period only. Birds fed on the flax oil diet tended to have a lower incidence of PHS, ascites and lower RV/TV ratios than birds fed on the control diet. However, when the flax oil diet was supplemented with antioxidants, the incidence of ascites, PHS, haematocrit and whole blood and plasma viscosity increased compared with birds fed on the flax oil diet without antioxidants. These effects were not seen in experiment 2, when the test diets containing 30 g oil/kg food (25 g flax oil plus 5 g A/V blend oil/kg food compared to 30 g A/V blend oil/kg food) were given during the grower period. However, in experiment 3, when the test diets containing 30 g oil/kg food were given from day 1 to week 8, birds fed on the control diet supplemented with antioxidants had a higher incidence of PHS than those fed on the control diet alone. 3. In all 3 experiments, there was no significant effect of dietary fat source or supplemental antioxidants on total food intake or food conversion. 4. We conclude that diets containing 50 g flax oil/kg food tend to reduce the incidence of PHS and ascites in broilers using a low temperature model but the results were not statistically significant. In some cases, supplementing diets with a combination of vitamin E and vitamin C increased the incidence of ascites and PHS.

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Incidence; Linseed Oil; Male; Poultry Diseases; Temperature; Vitamin E

The proton spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) in malignant and non-malignant ascites was measured with an FT NMR spectrometer operating at 60 MHz. The mean relaxation rate in non-malignant ascites was significantly smaller than that of malignant ascites. However, the 1/T1 of malignant ascites overlaps with that of non-malignant ascites over all concentrations of total protein (TP) in samples. The 1/T1 in non-malignant ascites correlates strongly with TP, whilst the 1/T1 in malignant ascites shows only a moderate correlation. T1 measurements before and after addition of ascorbic acid (reductant) suggest that there is a small paramagnetic contribution of ions to the 1/T1 in malignant ascites. The least-squares fitting of 1/T1 versus TP for non-malignant data gives a linear relationship, and suggests that the T1 mechanism in non-malignant ascites is caused by a fast chemical exchange of water molecules between protein-bound water and free water.

Topics: Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Biophysical Phenomena; Biophysics; Copper; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Iron; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms; Oxidation-Reduction; Proteins; Protons

To understand the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of energy metabolism of tumor cells, its effect on the respiration and calcium homeostasis was examined with ascites hepatoma (AH130) cells under different oxygen tensions. NO reversibly inhibited the respiration and depolarized the membrane potential of AH130 cells in an oxygen-dependent manner; the inhibition was more marked at physiologically low oxygen concentrations than at its high tensions. NO reversibly decreased the cellular ATP levels and elevated the cytosolic calcium, particularly under low oxygen concentrations. Since the peritoneal cavity is fairly anaerobic, the results suggested that small amounts of NO generated in this compartment might strongly affect the energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis of tumor cells in vivo.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Antimycin A; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Biological Transport; Calcium; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Electron Transport; Energy Metabolism; Erythrocytes; Hemoglobins; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mitochondria, Liver; Neoplasm Transplantation; Nitric Oxide; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rotenone; Succinates; Succinic Acid; Tetramethylphenylenediamine; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Tissue infiltration by white blood cells in poultry with ascites has been reported, which could alter endogenous antioxidant status from oxidant stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of ascites on ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and glutathione (GSH), which are major intracellular antioxidants. Broiler chicks (1 day) were placed in environmental chambers maintained with normal ventilation (Control) or under low ventilation, which produced a cumulative mortality of 31.3% due to ascites. At 3, 5, and 7 wk, lung and liver tissues were obtained from control birds (n = 5) and from birds in the low ventilation chamber with (ASC, n = 5) or without (NASC, n = 5) overt symptoms of ascites. There were no differences in tissue ascorbate, tocopherol, and GSH between the control and NASC groups with the exception of hepatic tocopherol at 7 wk, which was higher (P < .05) in NASC birds than in ASC and control birds. In general, lung and liver concentrations of all three antioxidants were lower (P < .05) in ASC birds than in NASC and control groups. Uric acid, a product of purine metabolism, was lower (P < .05) in liver and lung in ASC birds at 3 wk compared with control birds. However, uric acid concentrations in ASC birds were higher (P < .05) in the lung and serum at 5 wk, and in the liver at 7 wk compared with NASC and control birds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Glutathione; Liver; Lung; Poultry Diseases; Time Factors; Vitamin E

A total of 480 day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into 4 equal groups, each of 4 replicates, and reared for two weeks. To their rations, which contained sodium chloride at 2.5% ascorbic acid was added at the rate of 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Incidences of ascites cases were 20.8, 10.8, 7.5 and 7.5% for the groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. When vitamin C was added to their rations body weights were increased significantly, but feed consumption remained unchanged. There were no significant differences in water consumption or body moisture. The total serum protein was significantly increased. The packed cell volume was only increased in the chicks that had received 450 mg vitamin C/kg of feed and there were no significant differences in the ascorbic acid content of the plasma. It was concluded that the addition of vitamin C to the chicks' rations reduces the incidence of ascites caused by toxic dietary levels of sodium chloride.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Incidence; Poultry Diseases; Sodium Chloride

A study on the onset and growth kinetics of solid tumours obtained by injecting ATP C+ cells preincubated with ascorbic acid, iodoacetate or citric acid into BALB Cf/Had/Se substrain mice showed that ascorbic acid was not as effective as iodoacetate in inhibiting the growth of these tumours, since higher doses of ascorbic acid were required to obtain a similar effect. This suggests that ascorbic acid, unlike iodoacetate, does not act by blocking the SH groups. Furthermore, not only did incubation of ATP C+ cells with lower doses of ascorbic acid fail to inhibit tumour growth, but rather favoured the growth of solid tumours derived from these cells. Other experiments designed to evaluate the degree of immunity provided by ascorbic acid, iodoacetate and citric acid pretreated cells in mice indicated that such treatment was of limited efficiency, since it considerably reduced the antigenicity of the cells.

Topics: Animals; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Division; Iodoacetates; Iodoacetic Acid; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Sulfhydryl Compounds

The effects of AA and DHA on ATP C+ cell multiplication in vitro were studied by measuring incorporation of 3H thymidine into DNA. The results obtained demonstrate that both AA and DHA have the same effects: they favor cell multiplication at low doses and inhibit it at high doses. Experiments carried out with serial doses of both these substances revealed that AA is more efficient in determining both stimulating and inhibiting effects. The lesser efficiency of DHA may be attributed to its limited stability in culture medium. Studies on the effect of high doses of AA and DHA added to the culture medium in single or fractionated doses revealed that fractionated administration is more efficient in inhibiting cell multiplication than single administration.

Topics: Animals; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Division; Dehydroascorbic Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasms, Experimental

Topics: Adult; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Cardiomegaly; Edema; Female; Humans; Leg; Scurvy

Topics: Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; Ascorbic Acid; Biotin; Folic Acid; Humans; Nicotinic Acids; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Solubility; Thiamine; Time Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin E; Vitamins; Water

Topics: Adult; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiadiazines; Child; Edema; Heart Failure; Humans

Topics: Acute Disease; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Protein Disorders; Diet Therapy; Diuretics; Glucocorticoids; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis A; Humans; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Rest; Rutin; Serum Albumin; Vitamin K

Topics: Animals; Ascites; Ascorbic Acid; Carcinoma; In Vitro Techniques; Neoplasms, Experimental; Sarcoma, Experimental; Sarcoma, Yoshida; Vitamins