Compounds > echinuline
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

echinuline

Description

Echinuline is a mycotoxin produced by various fungi, including Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It has been isolated from different sources, such as food, soil, and air. Research has shown that echinuline possesses a wide range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Its structure consists of a pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole ring system, which is believed to be responsible for its biological activity. Echinuline has been studied extensively due to its potential health effects, including its toxicity to humans and animals. Studies have investigated its effects on various biological systems, such as the nervous system, immune system, and reproductive system. The synthesis of echinuline has been achieved through various chemical methods, and its biosynthesis has been studied in detail. Understanding the biosynthesis and biological activities of echinuline is essential for assessing its potential risks and developing strategies for its control.'

echinuline: tri-isoprenylated cyclic dipeptide from Aspergillus amstelodami; structure; Rn given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

echinulin : An indole alkaloid with formula C29H39N3O2. It is a fungal metabolite found in several Aspergillus species. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID115252
CHEMBL ID251450
CHEBI ID68193
MeSH IDM0041228

Synonyms (22)

Synonym
2,5-piperazinedione, 3-((2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5,7-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-, (3s,6s)-
1859-87-6
echinuline
(3s,6s)-3-[[2-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-5,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1h-indol-3-yl]methyl]-6-methyl-piperazine-2,5-dione
bdbm50223401
CHEMBL251450 ,
echinulin
(3s,6s)-3-methyl-6-{[2-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-5,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1h-indol-3-yl]methyl}piperazine-2,5-dione
(3s,6s)-3-methyl-6-[[2-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-5,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1h-indol-3-yl]methyl]piperazine-2,5-dione
unii-3dp19vpn8u
3-((2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5,7-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-2,5-piperazinedione
3dp19vpn8u ,
(3s,6s)-3-[[2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl)-5,7-bis(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1h-indol-3-yl]methyl]-6-methyl-2,5-piperazinedione
CHEBI:68193
echinuline [mi]
AKOS030213189
NCGC00386111-01
2,5-piperazinedione, 3-[[2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5,7-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1h-indol-3-yl]methyl]-6-methyl-, (3s,6s)-
Q27257084
CS-0024238
BAA85987
HY-N3796

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
Aspergillus metaboliteAny fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in the mould, Aspergillus.
marine metaboliteAny metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
indolesAny compound containing an indole skeleton.
2,5-diketopiperazinesAny piperazinone that has a piperazine-2,5-dione skeleton.
olefinic compoundAny organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
indole alkaloidAn alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Nitric oxide synthase, inducibleMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.00103.39119.6000AID344829
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (32)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1085772Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare ATCC 230682012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID610904Binding affinity at human mu opioid receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells at 10 uM2011Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7
Benzyl derivatives with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID610905Binding affinity at human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells at 10 uM2011Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7
Benzyl derivatives with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID610902Binding affinity at human delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells at 10 uM2011Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7
Benzyl derivatives with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1225534Toxicity in brine shrimp assessed as mortality2015Journal of natural products, Apr-24, Volume: 78, Issue:4
Rubrumazines A-C, Indolediketopiperazines of the Isoechinulin Class from Eurotium rubrum MA-150, a Fungus Obtained from Marine Mangrove-Derived Rhizospheric Soil.
AID311562DPPH radical scavenging activity2007Journal of natural products, Oct, Volume: 70, Issue:10
Isoechinulin-type alkaloids, variecolorins A-L, from halotolerant Aspergillus variecolor.
AID610906Binding affinity at human CB2 receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells at 10 uM2011Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7
Benzyl derivatives with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085767Antifungal activity against Pichia kudriavzevii ATCC 6258 at 20 ug/ml2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085765Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 at 20 ug/ml2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085774Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 352182012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID610903Binding affinity at human kappa opioid receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells at 10 uM2011Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7
Benzyl derivatives with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085763Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 after 72 hr by plasmodial LDH assay2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID344829Inhibition of iNOS-mediated NO production in LPS-induced mouse BV2 cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 16, Issue:22
New diterpenoids and the bioactivity of Erythrophleum fordii.
AID1085766Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 at 20 ug/ml2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1320314Inhibition of melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as reduction in melanin level incubated for 72 hrs2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20
Conditional changes enhanced production of bioactive metabolites of marine derived fungus Eurotium rubrum.
AID1085762Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 after 72 hr by plasmodial LDH assay2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085761Cytotoxicity against Chlorocebus aethiops (African green monkey) Vero cells after 48 hr by neutral red assay2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085764Antileishmanial activity against promastigote form of Leishmania donovani after 48 hr by alamar blue assay2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID344828Inhibition of NADPH oxidase in LPS-induced mouse BV2 cells assessed as NOX-dependent ROS production at 50 uM2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 16, Issue:22
New diterpenoids and the bioactivity of Erythrophleum fordii.
AID1085768Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90113 at 20 ug/ml2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID670892Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as inhibition zone at 100 ug/disc by well diffusion method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Cristatumins A-D, new indole alkaloids from the marine-derived endophytic fungus Eurotium cristatum EN-220.
AID1085771Antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 900282012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085769Antifungal activity against Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 at 20 ug/ml2012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1200482Antiviral activity against influenza A virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1) infected in MDCK cells assessed as reduction in cytopathic effect at 100 uM after 48 hrs by plaque assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Neoechinulin B and its analogues as potential entry inhibitors of influenza viruses, targeting viral hemagglutinin.
AID1085770Antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 2043052012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1085773Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 278532012Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens.
AID1200484Cytotoxicity against MDCK cells assessed as cell growth after 40 hrs by CellTiter-Glo assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Neoechinulin B and its analogues as potential entry inhibitors of influenza viruses, targeting viral hemagglutinin.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (20)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19903 (15.00)18.7374
1990's1 (5.00)18.2507
2000's2 (10.00)29.6817
2010's10 (50.00)24.3611
2020's4 (20.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.33

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.33 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.04 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.38 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.33)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other20 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		1.9710sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.1110adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0410organic cation
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0710aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		2.2110azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.4920C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.1110alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.2110organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0310taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.11101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0410alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.1110acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
friedelin
3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.		2.0410cyclic terpene ketone;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
plant metabolite
taraxerol
taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.		2.0410pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
beta-amyrin acetate
[no description available]		2.0410triterpenoid
taraxerone
taraxerone: structure		2.0410scalarane sesterterpenoidmetabolite
cyclopenol
cyclopenol: RN given refers to cis-(-)-isomer		2.0810
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.0610
flavoglaucin
flavoglaucin: structure		2.7730hydroquinonesmetabolite
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		2.1110indolyl carboxylic acid
methylinositol
methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.		2.0410
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0710antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
spinasterol
spinasterol: RN given refers to alpha-spinasterol ((3beta,5alpha,22E)-isomer)		2.0410steroid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0610morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside
kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside: from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source. afzelin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0410glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
glutinol
glutinol: from a medicinal lichen, Usnea longissima; structure in first source. glutinol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is picene which has been fully hydrogenated except for a double bond between the 4a and 5 positions and is substituted by methyl groups at the 4, 4, 6bbeta, 8abeta, 11, 11, 12balpha and 14bbeta positions, and by a hydroxy group at the 3beta position.		2.0410pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol
neoechinulin a
neoechinulin A: from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source		3.2150
tardioxopiperazine a
tardioxopiperazine A: isolated from Microascus tardifaciens; structure in first source		2.76302,5-diketopiperazines
cyclo(L-tryptophyl-L-alanyl)
[no description available]		2.81302,5-diketopiperazines
isoechinulin a
isoechinulin A: structure in first source		2.9940
preechinulin
[no description available]		2.47202,5-diketopiperazines
(E)-5-hydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2-(pent-1-enyl)benzofuran-4-carbaldehyde
[no description available]		2.47201-benzofurans;
aldehyde;
phenols		Aspergillus metabolite;
Chaetomium metabolite;
radical scavenger
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0310ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.2110
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.2110
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