Compounds > valganciclovir
Page last updated: 2024-10-15

valganciclovir

Description

Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID135413535
CHEMBL ID1201314
CHEBI ID63635
SCHEMBL ID28996
SCHEMBL ID12672612
SCHEMBL ID22357189
MeSH IDM0334922

Synonyms (44)

Synonym
valganciclovir (inn)
D02495
valganciclovir
ro1079070/194
[2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-1h-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxy-propyl] (2s)-2-amino-3-methyl-butanoate
l-valine, ester with ganciclovir
rs 79070
DB01610
valganciclovir [inn:ban]
l-valine, 2-((2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)methoxy)-3-hydroxypropyl ester
ganciclovir l-valyl ester
chebi:63635 ,
CHEMBL1201314
AKOS015966553
unii-gcu97fkn3r
gcu97fkn3r ,
hsdb 8085
HY-A0032
2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-9h-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl l-valinate
CS-0950
AKOS015896083
gtpl4716
2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3h-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl (2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate
ro-1079070/194
l-valine, ester with 9-((2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methyl)guanine
l-valine, 2-[(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl ester
AM807983
SCHEMBL28996
DTXSID8048288 ,
SCHEMBL12672612
AB01563009_01
Q423384
BRD-A50922295-003-01-9
NCGC00387997-04
[2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-1h-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl] (2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate
NCGC00387997-02
ganciclovir l valyl ester
l-valine, 2-((2-amino-3,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)methoxy)-3-hydroxypropyl ester
SCHEMBL22357189
EN300-37158611
valganciclovirum
2-((2-amino-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-9h-purin-9-yl)methoxy)-3-hydroxypropyl l-valinate
j05ab14
dtxcid3028263

Research Excerpts

Overview

Valganciclovir (VGC) is an orally available mono-valyl ester pro drug of the nucleoside analog (NA) ganciclovIR (GCV) used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) Little is known about its clinical efficacy.

ExcerptReference
"Valganciclovir (VGC) is an orally available mono-valyl ester pro drug of the nucleoside analog (NA) ganciclovir (GCV) used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV). "( Validation of an assay for quantifying ganciclovir in dried blood spots.
Nielson, C; Park, AH; Rower, JE; Shi, K, 2020)
"Valganciclovir is a treatment option in PEL, however, little is known about its clinical efficacy."( Is valganciclovir really effective in primary effusion lymphoma: case report of an HIV(-) EBV(-) HHV8(+) patient.
Ar, MC; Ferhanoglu, B; Koroglu, A; Laleli, Y; Örnek, S; Ozbalak, M; Özdemirli, M; Tecimer, T; Tokatlı, I, 2013)
"Valganciclovir is a well established drug for the management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). "( Valganciclovir as pre-emptive therapy for cytomegalovirus infection post-allogenic stem cell transplantation: implications for the emergence of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus.
Allice, T; Busca, A; Falda, M; Ghisetti, V; Locatelli, F; Pittaluga, F, 2009)
"Valganciclovir is an attractive and safe alternative for preemptive CMV viremia treatment in allo-HSCT recipients."( [Valganciclovir for treatment of cytomegalovirus viremia in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].
Chen, YH; Han, W; Huang, XJ; Liu, DH; Liu, KY; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xu, LP, 2008)
"Valganciclovir (VGC) is an oral prodrug of ganciclovir (GCV) recently introduced for prophylaxis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection. "( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in solid-organ transplant recipients receiving oral valganciclovir.
Aubert, JD; Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Lamoth, F; Manuel, O; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N; Soccal, P; Venetz, JP, 2009)
"Valganciclovir is an l-valyl ester pro-drug of ganciclovir that was initially used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated retinitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. "( Severe bone marrow failure due to valganciclovir overdose after renal transplantation from cadaveric donors: four consecutive cases.
Ar, MC; Bekoz, H; Ferhanoglu, B; Ozbalak, M; Ozer, O; Tabak, F; Tuzuner, N; Ugurlu, K, 2009)
"Valganciclovir is a prodrug of ganciclovir with > 60% bioavailability and has become an alternative to intravenous ganciclovir."( Valganciclovir for the prevention and treatment of CMV in solid organ transplant recipients.
Asberg, A; Hartmann, A; Rollag, H, 2010)
"Valganciclovir (VGC) is a prodrug of ganciclovir with high bioavailability."( High efficacy and low toxicity of short-course oral valganciclovir as pre-emptive therapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplant cytomegalovirus infection.
Ahmed, S; Al Abdely, H; Al Mohareb, F; Al Rabiah, F; Al Sharif, F; Al Zahrani, H; Aljurf, M; Bakr, M; Chaudhri, N; Ibrahim, K; Mohamed, SY; Nasser, A; Nurgat, Z; Patel, M; Rasheed, W; Saleh, AJ; Zaidi, S, 2010)
"Valganciclovir is an effective antiviral for the prevention of CMV disease in liver transplant recipients. "( Valganciclovir is an effective prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients.
Barth, RN; Fayek, SA; Mantipisitkul, W; Munivenkatappa, R; Philosophe, B; Rasetto, F, 2010)
"Valganciclovir is a prodrug of ganciclovir and has been shown to have significantly higher oral absorption than ganciclovir capsules."( Valganciclovir: A new oral alternative for cytomegalovirus retinitis in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals.
Salazar, MI; Segarra-Newnham, M, 2002)
"Valganciclovir is an orally administered prodrug of ganciclovir, the most widely used drug in the clinical management of Cytomegalovirus infections. "( [Valganciclovir. Oral treatment of Cytomegalovirus infections].
Kroes, AC, 2004)
"Valganciclovir is a highly recognized substrate of the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1, which underlies the tenfold higher bioavailability of ganciclovir after valganciclovir compared to oral ganciclovir administration."( Valganciclovir for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in immunocompromised hosts.
Paya, CV; Razonable, RR, 2004)
"Valganciclovir is an oral pro-drug of ganciclovir, with a 10-fold greater bioavailability than oral gancyclovir."( Pre-emptive treatment with oral valganciclovir in management of CMV infection after cardiac transplantation.
Bohdjalian, A; Devyatko, E; Grimm, M; Rödler, S; Ruzicka, M; Wieselthaler, G; Wolner, E; Zuckermann, A, 2004)
"Valganciclovir (Valcyte) is an orally administered prodrug of the standard anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug ganciclovir. "( Valganciclovir: a review of its use in the management of CMV infection and disease in immunocompromised patients.
Cvetković, RS; Wellington, K, 2005)
"Valganciclovir (V-GCV) is an oral prodrug hydrolyzed to the anti-CMV drug ganciclovir (GCV)."( Oral valganciclovir leads to higher exposure to ganciclovir than intravenous ganciclovir in patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Bornhäuser, M; Chalandon, Y; Ehninger, G; Einsele, H; Hebart, H; Hertenstein, B; Kalhs, P; Kröger, N; Reusser, P; Rohde, F, 2006)
"Oral valganciclovir is an attractive and safe alternative for pre-emptive CMV treatment in T-cell-depleted allo-SCT recipients."( Oral valganciclovir as pre-emptive therapy has similar efficacy on cytomegalovirus DNA load reduction as intravenous ganciclovir in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients.
Barge, RM; Kalpoe, JS; Kroes, AC; Schippers, EF; van der Heiden, PL; Willemze, R, 2006)
"Oral valganciclovir is a more convenient alternative."( Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Asberg, A; Hartmann, A; Humar, A; Jardine, AG; Mouas, H; Noronha, IL; Pescovitz, MD; Rollag, H; Sgarabotto, D; Tuncer, M, 2007)
"Valganciclovir is a prodrug of ganciclovir which has been developed for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. "( Valganciclovir.
Curran, M; Noble, S, 2001)
"Valganciclovir is an oral prodrug of ganciclovir, with a 10-fold greater bioavailability than oral ganciclovir."( Oral valganciclovir: a new option for treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in immunocompromised hosts.
Reusser, P, 2001)
"Valganciclovir is an orally administered prodrug that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ganciclovir. "( A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Georgiou, P; Macey, K; Martin, DF; Robinson, CA; Sierra-Madero, J; Stempien, MJ; Walmsley, S; Wolitz, RA, 2002)

Effects

Valganciclovir (VGCV) has been shown to improve sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and neurological outcomes in patients with neonatal symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection. The drug has been reported to cause usually mild to moderate hematologic adverse effects such as leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenie, and pancytopenia.

ExcerptReference
"Valganciclovir, which has an oral bioavailability of 60%, has proven to be useful for prophylaxis of CMV infection in high-risk SOT recipients and for treating retinitis in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome."( Valganciclovir as treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Aguado, JM; Borrell, N; Bou, G; Carratalà, J; Cervera, C; Cisneros, JM; Cuervas-Mons, V; Gavaldà, J; Gurguí, M; Len, O; Martin-Dávila, P; Montejo, M; Muñoz, P; Pahissa, A; Torre-Cisneros, J, 2008)
"Valganciclovir (VGCV) has been shown to improve sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and neurological outcomes in patients with neonatal symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection. "( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of oral valganciclovir in patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Abe, T; Adachi, N; Arai, T; Asanuma, S; Furuichi, M; Kawano, Y; Matsumoto, D; Oh-Ishi, T; Sakata, H; Sato, S; Suganuma, E; Takahashi, R; Uejima, Y; Yamamoto, S, 2021)
"Valganciclovir has been shown to improve hearing and neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with symptomatic congenital CMV infection."( The Yield of Targeted Examination for the Detection of Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.
Felszer-Fisch, C; Hasanein, J; Lurye-Marcu, B; Masarweh, K; Miron, D; Peniakov, M; Shinwell, E; Weiner, SA, 2021)
"Valganciclovir has been widely used for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in solid-organ transplant recipients. "( Efficacy and Safety of a Weight-based Dosing Regimen of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Berkovitch, M; Bilavsky, E; Krause, I; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Scheuerman, O; Yarden-Bilavsky, H, 2019)
"Valganciclovir has been reported to cause usually mild to moderate hematologic adverse effects such as leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia."( Severe bone marrow failure due to valganciclovir overdose after renal transplantation from cadaveric donors: four consecutive cases.
Ar, MC; Bekoz, H; Ferhanoglu, B; Ozbalak, M; Ozer, O; Tabak, F; Tuzuner, N; Ugurlu, K, 2009)
"Valganciclovir has been reported to improve physical and cognitive symptoms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with elevated human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgG antibody titers. "( Response to valganciclovir in chronic fatigue syndrome patients with human herpesvirus 6 and Epstein-Barr virus IgG antibody titers.
Balise, R; Bhangoo, MS; Kar, AK; Lunn, MR; Merrihew, L; Montoya, JG; Oberfoell, S; Watt, T, 2012)

Treatment

Valganciclovir treatment allowed the length of hospitalization to be shortened over 2.5 times during the six-year observation period. Little is known about its clinical efficacy in PEL.

ExcerptReference
"Valganciclovir treatment allowed the length of hospitalization to be shortened over 2.5 times during the six-year observation period."( Antiviral treatment in congenital HCMV infection: The six-year experience of a single neonatal center in Poland.
Czech-Kowalska, J; Dobrzańska, A; Gradowska, K; Gruszfeld, D; Jedlińska-Pijanowska, D; Kasztelewicz, B; Kłodzińska, M; Michalska, E; Pietrzyk, A, 2020)
"Valganciclovir is a treatment option in PEL, however, little is known about its clinical efficacy."( Is valganciclovir really effective in primary effusion lymphoma: case report of an HIV(-) EBV(-) HHV8(+) patient.
Ar, MC; Ferhanoglu, B; Koroglu, A; Laleli, Y; Örnek, S; Ozbalak, M; Özdemirli, M; Tecimer, T; Tokatlı, I, 2013)
"Oral valganciclovir facilitated treatment compliance in prophylaxis for CMV without being inferior to other prophylactic therapies."( Utility of oral valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis: does it improve treatment compliance?
Agüero, J; Almenar, L; Blanes, M; Martínez-Dolz, L; Moro, JA; Salvador, A; Sánchez-Lázaro, I, 2008)
"Valganciclovir treatment for CMV infection/disease in D+/R- transplant recipients can thus result in variable viral clearance despite adequate ganciclovir plasma concentrations, probably correlating inversely with anti-CMV immune responses after primary infection."( Variable viral clearance despite adequate ganciclovir plasma levels during valganciclovir treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in D+/R- transplant recipients.
Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Lamoth, F; Manuel, O; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N; Sahli, R; Venetz, JP, 2010)
"Valganciclovir-treated participants had significantly greater reductions in CD8 activation at weeks 8 (P = .03) and 12 (P = .02) than did placebo-treated participants."( Valganciclovir reduces T cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy.
Corey, L; Deeks, SG; Epling, L; Hunt, PW; Jacobson, MA; Martin, JN; Sinclair, E; Teague, J; Tracy, RP, 2011)
"Valganciclovir treatment is well tolerated. "( Treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection beyond the neonatal period.
Baquero-Artigao, F; Blázquez, D; del Rosal, T; Moreno-Pérez, D; Noguera-Julian, A; Reyes, A; Vilas, J, 2012)
"Valganciclovir treatment, independent of the baseline antibody titers, was associated with self-rated improvement in physical and cognitive functioning for CFS patients who had positive HHV-6 and/or EBV serologies."( Response to valganciclovir in chronic fatigue syndrome patients with human herpesvirus 6 and Epstein-Barr virus IgG antibody titers.
Balise, R; Bhangoo, MS; Kar, AK; Lunn, MR; Merrihew, L; Montoya, JG; Oberfoell, S; Watt, T, 2012)
"Oral treatment with valganciclovir in patient resulted in progressive improvement of SNHL, which effectively reduced the CMV viral load and was well tolerated without apparent adverse effects."( Effect on hearing of oral valganciclovir for asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Vardar, F; Yilmaz Çiftdogan, D, 2011)
"Treatment with valganciclovir allowed a prompt recovery, while treatment by methotrexate was maintained."( [Management of cytomegalovirus infections in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs for chronic inflammatory diseases].
Baglin, A; Hanslik, T; Lortholary, O; Massoumi, A; Prinseau, J; Soussan, P; Tnani, N, 2008)

Toxicity

Valganciclovir is safe and effective for prevention of CMV infection and disease in at-risk lung transplant recipients. A study should be performed to determine the proper pediatric dose of valganciliclovir with and without renal impairment.

ExcerptReference
" After a median treatment duration of 372 days, the adverse event profile was similar to that reported for intravenous (IV) and oral ganciclovir."( A safety study of oral valganciclovir maintenance treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Buhles, W; Fisher, M; Friedberg, D; Kuppermann, B; Lalezari, J; Lalonde, R; Lindley, J; Matheron, S; Nieto, L; Stempien, MJ; Sutton, MA; Torriani, FJ; Van Syoc, R; Walmsley, S, 2002)
" GCV and CMV-IVIG, valganciclovir is safe and effective for prevention of CMV infection and disease in at-risk lung transplant recipients."( Following universal prophylaxis with intravenous ganciclovir and cytomegalovirus immune globulin, valganciclovir is safe and effective for prevention of CMV infection following lung transplantation.
Astor, T; Grazia, T; Hodges, TN; Marquesen, J; Nicolls, MR; Weill, D; Zamora, MR, 2004)
"Data collected from renal transplant recipients were demographics, immunosuppressive and antiviral drug therapy, and occurrence of CMV disease, acute rejection, allograft loss, and hematologic adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of low-dose valganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients: a single-center, retrospective analysis.
Baroletti, SA; Chandraker, AK; Cina, JL; Gabardi, S; Magee, CC; Powelson, JA, 2004)
" Despite the low dosage of valganciclovir, hematologic adverse events were common."( Efficacy and safety of low-dose valganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients: a single-center, retrospective analysis.
Baroletti, SA; Chandraker, AK; Cina, JL; Gabardi, S; Magee, CC; Powelson, JA, 2004)
" Thus, the adverse effects seemed related to an overdosage of valganciclovir and were worsened by the addition of acyclovir."( Neurotoxicity related to valganciclovir in a child with impaired renal function: usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring.
Benketira, A; Blayac, JP; Cociglio, M; Hansel, S; Hillaire-Buys, D; Jalabert, A; Jeziorsky, E; Margueritte, G; Peyrière, H, 2006)
" A study should be performed to determine the proper pediatric dose of valganciclovir with and without renal impairment to prevent the occurrence of adverse effects."( Neurotoxicity related to valganciclovir in a child with impaired renal function: usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring.
Benketira, A; Blayac, JP; Cociglio, M; Hansel, S; Hillaire-Buys, D; Jalabert, A; Jeziorsky, E; Margueritte, G; Peyrière, H, 2006)
" Preemptive VGCV therapy is safe and effective in the prevention of CMV disease in seropositive solid organ transplant recipients."( Efficacy and safety of valgancyclovir as preemptive therapy for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Aguado, JM; Andrés, A; Del Valle, P; Delgado, J; Díaz-Pedroche, C; Folgueira, D; Hernando, S; Lumbreras, C; Meneu, JC; Morales, JM; Moreno, E; San Juan, R, 2005)
" Pre-emptive therapy of CMV infection with oral VGC is safe and effective in allogeneic HSCT recipients."( Valganciclovir is safe and effective as pre-emptive therapy for CMV infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Ayala, E; Field, T; Fields, KK; Goldstein, S; Greene, J; Perkins, J; Sandin, R; Tate, C, 2006)
"Treatment with VCV suspension provides precise dosage and seems to be safe in patient with low body weight."( [Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety of valganciclovir oral suspension treatment in pediatric kidney graft recipients--preliminary report].
Grenda, R; Kozłowski, K; Prokurat, S; Rubik, J, 2006)
" We hypothesized that valganciclovir may not be as safe as nor more effective than other therapies for CMV prevention."( Valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prevention in solid organ transplant patients: an evidence-based reassessment of safety and efficacy.
Freifeld, AG; Kalil, AC; Lyden, ER; Stoner, JA, 2009)
" We found that vGCV 900 mg, adapted to renal function, was effective and safe for long CMV prophylaxis together with efficient exposure in thoracic transplantation."( Valganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in thoracic transplant patients: retrospective study of efficacy, safety, and drug exposure.
Amrein, C; Benammar, M; Billaud, EM; Boussaud, V; Charpentier, C; Chevalier, P; Guillemain, R; Havard, L; Lefeuvre, S; Lillo-Le Louët, A; Zekkour, R, 2010)
" Adverse events occurred at similar rates between the groups and the majority were rated mild-to-moderate in intensity and not related to study medication."( The efficacy and safety of 200 days valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients.
Abramowicz, D; Blumberg, EA; Hauser, IA; Humar, A; Ives, J; Jardine, AG; Lebranchu, Y; Limaye, AP; Peeters, P; Punch, JD; Vincenti, F; Voulgari, AT, 2010)
" As in adults, valganciclovir appears to be as efficacious and safe as oral ganciclovir."( The efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir in the prevention of symptomatic CMV infection in children after solid organ transplantation.
Amir, J; Avitzur, Y; Davidovits, M; Lapidus-Krol, E; Mor, E; Shapiro, R; Steinberg, R, 2010)
"Extending valganciclovir prophylaxis to 12 months provides a durable long-term CMV protective benefit compared with short-course therapy, without increasing adverse hematologic effects."( Long-term efficacy and safety of 12 months of valganciclovir prophylaxis compared with 3 months after lung transplantation: a single-center, long-term follow-up analysis from a randomized, controlled cytomegalovirus prevention trial.
Avery, R; Banks, M; Davis, RD; Davis, WA; Finlen Copeland, CA; Palmer, SM; Snyder, LD, 2011)
" The higher risk of leucopenia in the 200 days than 100 days group was the only one adverse event that met statistical significance."( [Clinical efficacy and safety of prolonged use of the valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in patients after kidney transplantation].
Kawalec, P; Kaweczyńska-Lasoń, A; Maks, J; Paszulewicz, A; Pilc, A; Szkultecka-Debek, M, 2013)
"Prolonged prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus till 200 days in high-risk patients (D+/B-) is safe and provides significant therapeutic benefits."( [Clinical efficacy and safety of prolonged use of the valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in patients after kidney transplantation].
Kawalec, P; Kaweczyńska-Lasoń, A; Maks, J; Paszulewicz, A; Pilc, A; Szkultecka-Debek, M, 2013)
" Five patients with PACT experienced severe drug-related adverse events."( Assessment of the efficacy and safety of pre-emptive anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) therapy in HIV-infected patients with CMV viraemia.
De Castro, N; Denis, B; Mattioni, S; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Scieux, C; Simon, F, 2015)
"We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the optimal dose of VGCV as pre-emptive therapy for preventing CMV infection by comparing the frequency of adverse events (AEs) and clinical efficacy in a low-dose VGCV group with those in a standard-dose VGCV group."( Occurrence of adverse events caused by valganciclovir as pre-emptive therapy for cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is reduced by low-dose administration.
Endo, T; Fujimoto, K; Hashino, S; Imamura, M; Kondo, T; Nishio, M; Onozawa, M; Shigematsu, A; Sugita, J; Takahata, M; Tanaka, J; Teshima, T, 2015)
" We evaluated the safety and tolerability of ATII-cell transplantation by assessing the emergent adverse side effects that appeared within 12 months."( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)
"No significant adverse events were associated with the ATII-cell intratracheal transplantation."( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)
"Our results support the hypothesis that ATII-cell intratracheal transplantation is safe and well tolerated in patients with IPF."( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)
"The rates of graft loss, patient survival, T-cell and/or antibody-mediated rejection, hematological adverse events, opportunistic infections, and early VGCV discontinuation were evaluated."( Multicenter evaluation of efficacy and safety of low-dose versus high-dose valganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in donor and recipient positive (D+/R+) renal transplant recipients.
Cross, RP; DePiero, KA; Dick, TB; Ferguson, K; Gabardi, S; Heldenbrand, S; Kim, M; Li, C; Newkirk, E; Park, JM; Sudaria-Kerr, J; Tichy, EM; Ueda, KR; Weng, R; Wisniewski, J, 2016)
" The only reported adverse event was neutropenia."( Hematologic Adverse Events Associated With Prolonged Valganciclovir Treatment in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.
Amir, J; Bilavsky, E; Osovsky, M; Pardo, J; Yacobovich, J; Yarden-Bilavsky, H; Ziv, L, 2019)
" Data of drug-related hematologic adverse events were collected."( Hematologic Adverse Events Associated With Prolonged Valganciclovir Treatment in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.
Amir, J; Bilavsky, E; Osovsky, M; Pardo, J; Yacobovich, J; Yarden-Bilavsky, H; Ziv, L, 2019)
" No long-term adverse events were recorded."( Hematologic Adverse Events Associated With Prolonged Valganciclovir Treatment in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.
Amir, J; Bilavsky, E; Osovsky, M; Pardo, J; Yacobovich, J; Yarden-Bilavsky, H; Ziv, L, 2019)
" Incidence of CMV infection was assessed by periodic measurements of viral load; adverse events were evaluated."( Efficacy and Safety of a Weight-based Dosing Regimen of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Berkovitch, M; Bilavsky, E; Krause, I; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Scheuerman, O; Yarden-Bilavsky, H, 2019)
" Treatment-related adverse effects occurred in 7 patients (8%), mostly hematological, resulting in premature drug cessation."( Efficacy and Safety of a Weight-based Dosing Regimen of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Berkovitch, M; Bilavsky, E; Krause, I; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Scheuerman, O; Yarden-Bilavsky, H, 2019)
" We analyzed the impact of the patient's BW on the effectiveness and adverse events (AEs) of VGCV."( Impact of the patient's body weight on the efficacy and adverse events of valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Akahoshi, Y; Gomyo, A; Kako, S; Kameda, K; Kanda, Y; Kawamura, K; Kawamura, M; Kawamura, S; Kimura, SI; Kusuda, M; Matsumi, S; Misaki, Y; Nakasone, H; Sato, M; Takeshita, J; Tamaki, M; Tanihara, A; Terasako-Saito, K; Wada, H; Yoshimura, K; Yoshino, N, 2020)
" The safety endpoints are adverse events and drug side effects."( Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir in patients with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease: Study Protocol Clinical Trial (SPIRIT Compliant).
Fujioka, K; Ito, Y; Kakei, Y; Morioka, I; Moriuchi, H; Nozu, K; Oka, A; Omori, T; Yoshikawa, T, 2020)
" CMV DNA copy number, maximum plasma VGCV concentration (Cmax), and adverse events (ADEs) during treatment were evaluated."( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of oral valganciclovir in patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Abe, T; Adachi, N; Arai, T; Asanuma, S; Furuichi, M; Kawano, Y; Matsumoto, D; Oh-Ishi, T; Sakata, H; Sato, S; Suganuma, E; Takahashi, R; Uejima, Y; Yamamoto, S, 2021)
" There was no serious medication-related adverse event."( Efficacy and safety of oral valganciclovir in cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis with uncontrolled intraocular pressure.
Chan, CKM; Wong, MOM; Yu, AHY, 2021)
" The primary outcome was an incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection, whereas the secondary outcome was a composite of major adverse drug reactions."( Efficacy and Safety of Antiviral Agents in Preventing Allograft Rejection Following CMV Prophylaxis in High-Risk Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Chaiyakittisopon, K; Ngamprasertchai, T; Phoompoung, P; Ruenroengbun, N; Sapankaew, T, 2022)

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of oral ganciclovir (Cymevene, 1000 mg three times daily) and from valgancic Lovir (900 mg once daily) were described with plasma levels from 240 patients using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) software.

ExcerptReference
"The study was an open-label, randomised, 4-way crossover, dose-ranging pharmacokinetic study, conducted in 39 patients who were HIV- and CMV-seropositive."( Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir following multiple oral dosages of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive volunteers.
Arum, I; Banken, L; Brown, F; Saywell, K, 1999)
" Pharmacokinetic analyses have indicated that oral ganciclovir dosing should be adjusted, based on renal function, to achieve adequate drug levels."( Oral ganciclovir and pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in liver transplant recipients.
Pescovitz, MD, 1999)
" Furthermore, it is not known whether there are any pharmacokinetic differences between patients who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir in renal impairment.
Czock, D; Keller, F; Rasche, FM; Schaarschmidt, D; Scholle, C, 2002)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by means of noncompartmental and compartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir in renal impairment.
Czock, D; Keller, F; Rasche, FM; Schaarschmidt, D; Scholle, C, 2002)
" The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of ganciclovir was longer in patients with renal failure (t(1/2) of 68."( Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir in renal impairment.
Czock, D; Keller, F; Rasche, FM; Schaarschmidt, D; Scholle, C, 2002)
"We report a pharmacokinetic study in a 6-year-old girl with congenital human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytomegalovirus coinfection maintained on iv ganciclovir for 6 years."( Oral valganciclovir in children: single dose pharmacokinetics in a six-year-old girl.
Burri, M; Kahlert, C; Rudin, C; Wiltshire, H; Wouters, G, 2004)
" A recent randomised, double-blind study of valganciclovir in 364 D+/R- (intent-to-treat population) SOT recipients provided valuable data on which a population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."( Pharmacokinetic profile of ganciclovir after its oral administration and from its prodrug, valganciclovir, in solid organ transplant recipients.
Alexander, B; Blumberg, E; Dominguez, E; Farrell, C; Freeman, R; Heaton, N; Hirankarn, S; Humar, A; Paya, C; Pescovitz, MD; Washburn, K; Wiltshire, H, 2005)
"The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir from oral ganciclovir (Cymevene, 1000 mg three times daily) and from valganciclovir (900 mg once daily) were described with plasma levels from 240 patients (1181 datapoints describing 449 pharmacokinetic profiles) using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) software."( Pharmacokinetic profile of ganciclovir after its oral administration and from its prodrug, valganciclovir, in solid organ transplant recipients.
Alexander, B; Blumberg, E; Dominguez, E; Farrell, C; Freeman, R; Heaton, N; Hirankarn, S; Humar, A; Paya, C; Pescovitz, MD; Washburn, K; Wiltshire, H, 2005)
" Pharmacokinetic profiles and safety of the oral solution versus the tablet formulation were determined in 23 renal transplant recipients with estimated creatinine clearance>or=60 mL/min who had been receiving cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valganciclovir for >or=4 days prior to the administration of the study drug."( Establishing pharmacokinetic bioequivalence of valganciclovir oral solution versus the tablet formulation.
Bouw, MR; Freeman, R; Jain, A; Mulgaonkar, S; Pescovitz, MD; Robson, R, 2007)
" Serial pharmacokinetic assessments were performed after administration of valganciclovir oral solution and of intravenous ganciclovir."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of oral valganciclovir in the treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease.
Acosta, EP; Agrawal, V; Cloud, GA; Griffin, J; Homans, J; Jacobs, RF; Kimberlin, DW; Lakeman, FD; Lang, D; Romero, JR; Sánchez, PJ; Sood, S; Whitley, RJ, 2008)
"On the basis of a previous pharmacokinetic study of the use of intravenous ganciclovir in this population, a target AUC12 (area under the concentration-time curve over a 12-h period) of 27 mg x h/L was defined."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of oral valganciclovir in the treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease.
Acosta, EP; Agrawal, V; Cloud, GA; Griffin, J; Homans, J; Jacobs, RF; Kimberlin, DW; Lakeman, FD; Lang, D; Romero, JR; Sánchez, PJ; Sood, S; Whitley, RJ, 2008)
" A fixed dose of 900 mg daily is typically recommended, however, there has never been a formal pharmacokinetic study comparing various doses in renal transplant patients."( Pharmacokinetics of low and maintenance dose valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients.
Alfaro, RM; Chamberlain, CE; Daniels, CE; Hale, D; Kirk, AD; Mannon, RB; Penzak, SR; Wesley, R, 2008)
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant recipients, identify covariates that explain variability, and determine valganciclovir dosage regimens for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in children."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following administration of valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Le Guellec, C; Zhang, D; Zhao, W, 2009)
"The mean population pharmacokinetic parameters were apparent systemic clearance (CL) 10."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following administration of valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Le Guellec, C; Zhang, D; Zhao, W, 2009)
"The dosage regimens of valganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis have been defined using the final population pharmacokinetic model based on WT and CLCR for paediatric renal transplantation patients."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following administration of valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Le Guellec, C; Zhang, D; Zhao, W, 2009)
" This review aims to describe the current knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of this agent, and to address the issue of therapeutic drug monitoring."( Valganciclovir in adult solid organ transplant recipients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and clinical interpretation of plasma concentration measurements.
Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N, 2009)
"In an open-label, prospective, pharmacokinetic assessment, we evaluated total drug exposure (area under the curve [AUC]) of intravenous (IV) ganciclovir (GCV) and oral (p."( Pharmacokinetics of oral valganciclovir solution and intravenous ganciclovir in pediatric renal and liver transplant recipients.
Bartosh, S; Bouw, MR; Bucuvalas, J; Ettenger, RB; Ives, J; McDiarmid, S; Pescovitz, MD; Sherbotie, JR; Strife, CF; Thomas, SE, 2010)
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on a subgroup of patients (n=120)."( Ganciclovir pharmacokinetic parameters do not change when extending valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis from 100 to 200 days.
Farhan, M; Humar, A; Washington, C; Welker, H, 2010)
" These results are consistent with previously published pharmacokinetic models."( Ganciclovir pharmacokinetic parameters do not change when extending valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis from 100 to 200 days.
Farhan, M; Humar, A; Washington, C; Welker, H, 2010)
"We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir in transplant children."( Pharmacokinetic profile of valganciclovir in pediatric transplant recipients.
Alvarez, F; Duval, M; Lamarre, V; Lapeyraque, AL; Larocque, D; Launay, E; Litalien, C; Ovetchkine, P; Phan, V; Poirier, N; Théôret, Y, 2012)
" The pharmacokinetic profile of valganciclovir in lung transplant patients has not been well described or linked to efficacy and safety."( Evaluation of valganciclovir pharmacokinetics in lung transplant recipients.
Fish, DN; Kiser, TH; Zamora, MR, 2012)
"This prospective, randomized, crossover study determined the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile of 2 different doses of valganciclovir in lung transplant recipients and compared these profiles with intravenous ganciclovir."( Evaluation of valganciclovir pharmacokinetics in lung transplant recipients.
Fish, DN; Kiser, TH; Zamora, MR, 2012)
" This article reviews all the available literature about V-GCV syrup in the treatment of newborns and infants with congenital CMV infection with the regard to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic properties and clinical use, focussing on new data and on our experience."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of valganciclovir in newborns with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Garofoli, F; Lombardi, G; Regazzi, M; Stronati, M; Villani, P, 2013)
"Our aims were to quantify ganciclovir pharmacokinetics in paediatric and adult kidney, liver and lung transplant patients taking a range of valganciclovir doses to prevent herpes virus infections, including a 450 mg regimen, and to identify sources of pharmacokinetic variability."( Population pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir prophylaxis in paediatric and adult solid organ transplant recipients.
Balfour, HH; Brundage, RC; Vezina, HE, 2014)
" Moving forward, identification of optimal pediatric ganciclovir and valganciclovir dosing regimens may involve the use of an externally validated pediatric population pharmacokinetic model for empirical dosing, an optimal sampling strategy for collecting a minimal number of blood samples for each patient and Bayesian updating of the dosing regimen based on an individual patient's pharmacokinetic profile."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in children with cytomegalovirus infection.
Knackstedt, ED; Roberts, JK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C, 2015)
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed for ganciclovir and its prodrug valganciclovir."( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Ganciclovir and Its Prodrug Valganciclovir in Adults and Children.
Goelzer, P; Greig, G; Lukacova, V; Parrott, N; Reddy, M; Reigner, B, 2016)
"Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are frequently used to support pediatric drug development."( Bottom-up Meets Top-down: Complementary Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Regulatory Approval of a Dosing Algorithm of Valganciclovir in Very Young Children.
Chavanne, C; Frey, N; Jorga, K; Lave, T; Lukacova, V; Parrott, N; Peck, R; Reigner, B, 2016)
" However, pharmacokinetic data in children are scarce, and the pediatric dosing regimen is uncertain."( Valganciclovir Dosing for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Pharmacokinetic Study.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Bar-Haim, A; Berkovitch, M; Bernfeld, Y; Bilavsky, E; Brandriss, N; Dorfman, L; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Ziv-Baran, T, 2017)
" There is high pharmacokinetic (PK) interindividual variability and PK data are scarce, especially in paediatric stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in paediatric solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients.
Autmizguine, J; Bittencourt, H; Briand, A; Demers, E; Franck, B; Lapeyraque, AL; Marquet, P; Ovetchkine, P; Théorêt, Y; Woillard, JB, 2021)
" Reported pharmacokinetic parameters showed considerable interpatient variability and were different from other populations, such as solid organ transplant and human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients."( A Systematic Review of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Toxicodynamics of Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir in Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients.
Hahn, U; Peake, SL; Roberts, JA; Selby, PR; Shakib, S; Warner, MS; Yeung, D, 2021)
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the newly developed osmotic formulation has controlled zero-order release for 24 h with a single dose of 450 mg while the marketed formulation requires twice administration within 24 h to maintain the plasma concentration in the therapeutic window."( Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of osmotically controlled drug delivery system of Valganciclovir HCl for potential application in the treatment of CMV retinitis.
Gadade, D; Gundu, R; Kulkarni, D; Pekamwar, S; Shelke, S; Shep, S, 2022)

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReference
" We assessed the efficacy and safety of the introduction of universal valganciclovir prophylaxis in combination with a tacrolimus/mycophenolate-based regimen in kidney transplantation at our centre."( Efficacy and safety of universal valganciclovir prophylaxis combined with a tacrolimus/mycophenolate-based regimen in kidney transplantation.
Fellay, J; Fontana, M; Manuel, O; Matter, M; Meylan, PR; Pascual, M; Sturzenegger, N; Venetz, JP; Wasserfallen, JB, 2007)

Bioavailability

Valganciclovir has an oral bioavailability of 60%. It has proven to be useful for prophylaxis of CMV infection in high-risk SOT recipients.

ExcerptReference
"As a result of the low oral bioavailability of ganciclovir, a prodrug was developed to improve the bioavailability of ganciclovir."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive subjects.
Dorr, A; Jung, D, 1999)
" Owing to limited bioavailability and saturable absorption, the use of oral ganciclovir in CMV retinitis is restricted to maintenance therapy only."( Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir following multiple oral dosages of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive volunteers.
Arum, I; Banken, L; Brown, F; Saywell, K, 1999)
"In clinical trials, valganciclovir, the valyl ester of ganciclovir, has been shown to enhance the bioavailability of ganciclovir when taken orally by patients with cytomegalovirus infection."( Transport of valganciclovir, a ganciclovir prodrug, via peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2.
Fei, YJ; Ganapathy, ME; Ganapathy, V; Huang, W; Leibach, FH; Sugawara, M, 2000)
" h/ml; 90% CI for relative bioavailability of 95 to 109%), and the exposure of 900 mg of VGC (42."( Valganciclovir results in improved oral absorption of ganciclovir in liver transplant recipients.
Banken, L; Brown, F; Buhles, W; Freeman, RB; Merion, RM; O'Grady, J; Paya, CV; Pescovitz, MD; Pirsch, J; Rabkin, J; Robinson, C; To, Z; Wren, K, 2000)
" Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, offers excellent oral bioavailability and is the closest to approval of all the new anti-CMV drugs."( Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Hoffman, VF; Skiest, DJ, 2000)
" The oral bioavailability of ganciclovir after oral valganciclovir administration is high."( Valganciclovir.
Curran, M; Noble, S, 2001)
" The ester linkage of the amino acid valine to ganciclovir results in ten-fold higher bioavailability of ganciclovir: 450 mg of valganciclovir given once daily produces drug exposure similar to that achieved with 3 g of oral ganciclovir; 900 mg of valganciclovir given once daily produces drug exposures equivalent to that of 5 mg/kg of IV ganciclovir."( Oral ganciclovir and pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in liver transplant recipients.
Pescovitz, MD, 1999)
" However, these agents have a poor oral bioavailability and, for systemic use, require iv."( Oral valganciclovir: a new option for treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in immunocompromised hosts.
Reusser, P, 2001)
" The low bioavailability of oral ganciclovir restricts its use to prophylaxis and maintenance treatment."( Valganciclovir: an advance in cytomegalovirus therapeutics.
Cocohoba, JM; McNicholl, IR, 2002)
" The oral bioavailability of ganciclovir from valganciclovir is 10 times higher than that from the original ganciclovir formulation."( New prophylactic treatment strategy for cytomegalovirus disease.
Lake, KD, 2003)
"7 microg x h/ml, equivalent to 43% bioavailability of ganciclovir from valganciclovir, which exceeded the area under the concentration curve of 11."( Oral valganciclovir in children: single dose pharmacokinetics in a six-year-old girl.
Burri, M; Kahlert, C; Rudin, C; Wiltshire, H; Wouters, G, 2004)
" Valganciclovir, the valine ester of ganciclovir, at 900 mg/day, provides oral bioavailability equivalent to that of intravenous ganciclovir and superior to that of oral ganciclovir."( Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valganciclovir in kidney, pancreas-kidney, and pancreas transplantation.
Burke, GW; Ciancio, G; Cirocco, RE; Dowdy, L; Jorge, D; Kupin, W; Leibovici, Z; Mattiazzi, A; Miller, J; Rosen, A; Roth, D, 2004)
" The good bioavailability and the rapid conversion into ganciclovir provide oral valganciclovir with pharmacokinetic properties approaching those of intravenously administered ganciclovir."( [Valganciclovir. Oral treatment of Cytomegalovirus infections].
Kroes, AC, 2004)
" When taken orally, valganciclovir has much-improved bioavailability compared with oral ganciclovir and achieves ganciclovir exposures similar to intravenous ganciclovir."( Valganciclovir: oral prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host.
Freeman, RB, 2004)
" Valganciclovir is a highly recognized substrate of the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1, which underlies the tenfold higher bioavailability of ganciclovir after valganciclovir compared to oral ganciclovir administration."( Valganciclovir for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in immunocompromised hosts.
Paya, CV; Razonable, RR, 2004)
" Valganciclovir is an oral pro-drug of ganciclovir, with a 10-fold greater bioavailability than oral gancyclovir."( Pre-emptive treatment with oral valganciclovir in management of CMV infection after cardiac transplantation.
Bohdjalian, A; Devyatko, E; Grimm, M; Rödler, S; Ruzicka, M; Wieselthaler, G; Wolner, E; Zuckermann, A, 2004)
" Absolute bioavailability of GCV after V-GCV was approximately 75% in individuals with or without I-GVHD grades I-II."( Oral valganciclovir leads to higher exposure to ganciclovir than intravenous ganciclovir in patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Bornhäuser, M; Chalandon, Y; Ehninger, G; Einsele, H; Hebart, H; Hertenstein, B; Kalhs, P; Kröger, N; Reusser, P; Rohde, F, 2006)
" Valganciclovir (VGC), the oral pro-drug of GCV, has excellent bioavailability and is ideal for oral therapy."( Valganciclovir is safe and effective as pre-emptive therapy for CMV infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Ayala, E; Field, T; Fields, KK; Goldstein, S; Greene, J; Perkins, J; Sandin, R; Tate, C, 2006)
" This drug has proved similar efficacy and good bioavailability (roughly 70%), however there is no registered liquid form which can be precisely and safety administered in small children."( [Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety of valganciclovir oral suspension treatment in pediatric kidney graft recipients--preliminary report].
Grenda, R; Kozłowski, K; Prokurat, S; Rubik, J, 2006)
" The antiviral agent valganciclovir (VGCV) has a greater bioavailability after oral administration than oral ganciclovir (GCV) and can be considered a substitute for GCV."( Efficacy and safety of preemptive anti-CMV therapy with valganciclovir after kidney transplantation.
Greser, A; Lopau, K; Wanner, C, )
" Oral bioavailability of Valganciclovir was 42."( Unexpectedly high inter- and intrapatient variability of ganciclovir levels in children.
Chretien, A; Feber, J; Filler, G; Lampe, D; Vethamuthu, J, 2007)
"Antiviral compounds including ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir are routinely used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease; however, these agents have a poor oral bioavailability and have the inconvenience and expense of intravenous administration."( Oral valganciclovir as preemptive therapy for cytomegalovirus infection post allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Allice, T; Busca, A; de Fabritiis, P; Falda, M; Gentile, G; Ghisetti, V; Locatelli, F; Mirabile, M, 2007)
" Valganciclovir, which has an oral bioavailability of 60%, has proven to be useful for prophylaxis of CMV infection in high-risk SOT recipients and for treating retinitis in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome."( Valganciclovir as treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Aguado, JM; Borrell, N; Bou, G; Carratalà, J; Cervera, C; Cisneros, JM; Cuervas-Mons, V; Gavaldà, J; Gurguí, M; Len, O; Martin-Dávila, P; Montejo, M; Muñoz, P; Pahissa, A; Torre-Cisneros, J, 2008)
" The bioavailability of valganciclovir was 41."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of oral valganciclovir in the treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease.
Acosta, EP; Agrawal, V; Cloud, GA; Griffin, J; Homans, J; Jacobs, RF; Kimberlin, DW; Lakeman, FD; Lang, D; Romero, JR; Sánchez, PJ; Sood, S; Whitley, RJ, 2008)
"This multi-centre randomized study assessed the bioavailability of ganciclovir in patients undergoing alemtuzumab-based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after oral administration of valganciclovir."( Results of a phase I/II British Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation study on PCR-based pre-emptive therapy with valganciclovir or ganciclovir for active CMV infection following alemtuzumab-based reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Cook, G; Johnson, PR; Lim, ZY; Marks, D; Mufti, GJ; Pagliuca, A; Parker, A; Wiltshire, H; Zuckerman, M, 2009)
" New antiviral agents are urgently needed with less adverse effects, good oral bioavailability and possibly novel targets or mechanisms of action to avoid cross-resistance and to improve the ability to suppress the selection of resistant virus strains by combination therapy."( Antiviral treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and resistant strains.
Bunjes, D; Härter, G; Mertens, T; Michel, D; Schreiber, A; Schubert, A, 2009)
" Oral valganciclovir, the ester prodrug of ganciclovir, has been developed to enhance the oral bioavailability of ganciclovir."( Valganciclovir in adult solid organ transplant recipients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and clinical interpretation of plasma concentration measurements.
Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N, 2009)
" Pharmacokinetic studies in mice established that the oral bioavailability of valcyclopropavir was 95%."( L-valine ester of cyclopropavir: a new antiviral prodrug.
Bowlin, TL; Drach, JC; Prichard, MN; Wu, Z; Yanachkov, I; Yanachkova, M; Zemlicka, J, 2009)
" Ganciclovir is the first-line anti-CMV treatment, but its low oral bioavailability limits its use and generally intravenous treatment has been mandatory."( Valganciclovir for the prevention and treatment of CMV in solid organ transplant recipients.
Asberg, A; Hartmann, A; Rollag, H, 2010)
" The existing literature demonstrated that V-GCV is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is rapidly converted into GCV in the intestinal wall and liver."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of valganciclovir in newborns with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Garofoli, F; Lombardi, G; Regazzi, M; Stronati, M; Villani, P, 2013)
"37 μg/mL, and bioavailability of ganciclovir from oral valganciclovir was 41 ± 20%."( Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in the adult horse.
Carmichael, RJ; Maxwell, LK; Whitfield, C, 2013)
" Ganciclovir has been the mainstay antiviral agent for prevention and treatment of CMV; however, its clinical use is hampered by the poor oral bioavailability and the need for intravenous access."( Valganciclovir: therapeutic role in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
Park, JM; Yu, MA, 2013)

Dosage Studied

Valganciclovir dosing should be based on renal function to avoid toxicity.

ExcerptReference
" VGC has promise for effective CMV prophylaxis or treatment with once-daily oral dosing in transplant recipients."( Valganciclovir results in improved oral absorption of ganciclovir in liver transplant recipients.
Banken, L; Brown, F; Buhles, W; Freeman, RB; Merion, RM; O'Grady, J; Paya, CV; Pescovitz, MD; Pirsch, J; Rabkin, J; Robinson, C; To, Z; Wren, K, 2000)
" Pharmacokinetic analyses have indicated that oral ganciclovir dosing should be adjusted, based on renal function, to achieve adequate drug levels."( Oral ganciclovir and pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in liver transplant recipients.
Pescovitz, MD, 1999)
" The mean values for the area under the curve for the ganciclovir dosage interval were similar at both induction doses and maintenance doses."( A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Georgiou, P; Macey, K; Martin, DF; Robinson, CA; Sierra-Madero, J; Stempien, MJ; Walmsley, S; Wolitz, RA, 2002)
"The dosage of valganciclovir has to be adjusted to the degree of renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir in renal impairment.
Czock, D; Keller, F; Rasche, FM; Schaarschmidt, D; Scholle, C, 2002)
" The high bioavailability and convenient dosing formulation make valganciclovir an attractive option for these indications."( Valganciclovir: oral prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host.
Freeman, RB, 2004)
" These patients received valganciclovir in dosage 450 to 900 mg daily depending on renal function for 3 weeks."( Pre-emptive treatment with oral valganciclovir in management of CMV infection after cardiac transplantation.
Bohdjalian, A; Devyatko, E; Grimm, M; Rödler, S; Ruzicka, M; Wieselthaler, G; Wolner, E; Zuckermann, A, 2004)
" Despite the low dosage of valganciclovir, hematologic adverse events were common."( Efficacy and safety of low-dose valganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients: a single-center, retrospective analysis.
Baroletti, SA; Chandraker, AK; Cina, JL; Gabardi, S; Magee, CC; Powelson, JA, 2004)
"There is a paucity of data examining the efficacy of valganciclovir (VGC) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in kidney transplant patients, particularly with regard to utilization of a risk-stratified dosing regimen."( Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valganciclovir in African-American renal allograft recipients based on donor/recipient serostatus.
Alangaden, GJ; Chandrasekar, P; El-Amm, JM; Garnick, J; Granger, DK; Gruber, SA; Haririan, A; Morawski, K; Sillix, DH; West, MS, 2005)
" Adherence to the prescribed dosing regimens, which were reduced for renal impairment, gave consistent exposure to ganciclovir."( Pharmacokinetic profile of ganciclovir after its oral administration and from its prodrug, valganciclovir, in solid organ transplant recipients.
Alexander, B; Blumberg, E; Dominguez, E; Farrell, C; Freeman, R; Heaton, N; Hirankarn, S; Humar, A; Paya, C; Pescovitz, MD; Washburn, K; Wiltshire, H, 2005)
" Treatment dosage of valganciclovir was 450 mg to 1800 mg daily, depending on renal function and white blood count."( Initial experience with oral valganciclovir for pre-emptive cytomegalovirus therapy after lung transplantation.
Aigner, C; Czebe, K; Jaksch, P; Klepetko, W; Marta, G; Taghavi, S; Winkler, G, 2005)
" Our experience shows that it is not possible to give a fixed dosing regime for VGCV in neonates and that continuous adaptation of dose is necessary to achieve stable target levels of GCV and to keep the viral load in urine at undetectable level."( Treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valganciclovir.
Gerards, LJ; Meine Jansen, CF; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van Loon, AM; Ververs, TF, 2005)
" After recovery of neurologic function, valganciclovir was resumed at a lower dosage (225 mg twice a week) with therapeutic drug monitoring and was well tolerated."( Neurotoxicity related to valganciclovir in a child with impaired renal function: usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring.
Benketira, A; Blayac, JP; Cociglio, M; Hansel, S; Hillaire-Buys, D; Jalabert, A; Jeziorsky, E; Margueritte, G; Peyrière, H, 2006)
"Treatment with VCV suspension provides precise dosage and seems to be safe in patient with low body weight."( [Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety of valganciclovir oral suspension treatment in pediatric kidney graft recipients--preliminary report].
Grenda, R; Kozłowski, K; Prokurat, S; Rubik, J, 2006)
"The implications of the findings from clinical studies and pharmacokinetic analyses of the antiviral agent valganciclovir for dosing of the drug to prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in solid organ transplant recipients are reviewed."( Antiviral dosing and efficacy for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Cochrane, AB, 2006)
" Dosage reduction is required for both drugs in patients with renal impairment to prevent high plasma ganciclovir concentrations and toxicity."( Antiviral dosing and efficacy for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Cochrane, AB, 2006)
"Valganciclovir dosing should be based on renal function to avoid toxicity."( Antiviral dosing and efficacy for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
Cochrane, AB, 2006)
" VGCV was given for up to 12 wk in a dosage adapted to renal graft function."( Efficacy and safety of preemptive anti-CMV therapy with valganciclovir after kidney transplantation.
Greser, A; Lopau, K; Wanner, C, )
" Reduction of didanosine dosage or substitution with an alternative antiretroviral may be necessary."( CD4+ cell count decline despite HIV suppression: a probable didanosine-valganciclovir interaction.
Salit, IE; Tseng, AL, 2007)
" For the normalization of dosing to GFR and target trough levels, we assumed first-order kinetics."( Unexpectedly high inter- and intrapatient variability of ganciclovir levels in children.
Chretien, A; Feber, J; Filler, G; Lampe, D; Vethamuthu, J, 2007)
" In addition, the once-daily dosing regimen of valganciclovir is more convenient, and avoids the complications associated with catheter use."( Cost of prophylaxis in the management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients.
Gonzalez-Molina, M; Oppenheimer, F; Rubio, M, )
" A "tutti-frutti" flavored oral valganciclovir solution has been developed to provide flexibility in dosage needed to accommodate these patients."( Establishing pharmacokinetic bioequivalence of valganciclovir oral solution versus the tablet formulation.
Bouw, MR; Freeman, R; Jain, A; Mulgaonkar, S; Pescovitz, MD; Robson, R, 2007)
"Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics was intensively studied in two lung transplant recipients under valganciclovir 450 mg every 48 h over one dosing interval."( Disposition of valganciclovir during continuous renal replacement therapy in two lung transplant recipients.
Aubert, JD; Berger, MM; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N; Robatel, C; Venetz, JP, 2008)
"A valganciclovir dosage of 450 mg every 48 h appears adequate for patients under CRRT requiring prophylaxis for CMV infection, providing concentration levels in the range reported for 900 mg once daily dosing outside renal failure."( Disposition of valganciclovir during continuous renal replacement therapy in two lung transplant recipients.
Aubert, JD; Berger, MM; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N; Robatel, C; Venetz, JP, 2008)
" Patients received up to 100 days' valganciclovir prophylaxis; dosage was calculated using the algorithm: dose (mg) = 7 x body surface area x creatinine clearance (Schwartz method; CrCLS)."( Valganciclovir dosing according to body surface area and renal function in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
Bouw, MR; Ettenger, R; Ives, J; Jara, P; Varela-Fascinetto, G; Vaudry, W; Walker, R, 2009)
" Optimal concentration exposure for effective and safe VGC therapy would require either reproducible VGC absorption and GCV disposition or dosage adjustment based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in solid-organ transplant recipients receiving oral valganciclovir.
Aubert, JD; Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Lamoth, F; Manuel, O; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N; Soccal, P; Venetz, JP, 2009)
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant recipients, identify covariates that explain variability, and determine valganciclovir dosage regimens for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in children."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following administration of valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Le Guellec, C; Zhang, D; Zhao, W, 2009)
" The dosage regimens of valganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis in children were simulated using the final model."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following administration of valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Le Guellec, C; Zhang, D; Zhao, W, 2009)
"The dosage regimens of valganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis have been defined using the final population pharmacokinetic model based on WT and CLCR for paediatric renal transplantation patients."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir following administration of valganciclovir in paediatric renal transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Le Guellec, C; Zhang, D; Zhao, W, 2009)
" The apparent clearance is highly correlated with renal function, hence the dosage needs to be adjusted in proportion to the glomerular filtration rate."( Valganciclovir in adult solid organ transplant recipients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and clinical interpretation of plasma concentration measurements.
Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Meylan, P; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N, 2009)
" Patients <5 years of age had AUC values approximately 50% of those compared with older age ranges; dosing based on both BSA and CrCL increased drug exposure in younger patients."( Pharmacokinetics of oral valganciclovir solution and intravenous ganciclovir in pediatric renal and liver transplant recipients.
Bartosh, S; Bouw, MR; Bucuvalas, J; Ettenger, RB; Ives, J; McDiarmid, S; Pescovitz, MD; Sherbotie, JR; Strife, CF; Thomas, SE, 2010)
"This prospective study aimed at determining the ganciclovir exposure observed under a daily dosage of 450 mg valganciclovir routinely applied to kidney transplant recipients with a GFR above 25 mL/min at risk for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease."( Ganciclovir exposure under a 450 mg daily dosage of valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prevention in kidney transplantation: a prospective study.
Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Lamoth, F; Manuel, O; Meylan, PR; Pascual, M; Perrottet, N; Venetz, JP, )
" This review provides an update on the status of its use and areas of controversy: How long should prophylaxis be given?; What is the appropriate dose for prophylaxis?; Can it be used in children, and at what dose?; Can it be used to treat CMV disease? The question of optimal dosing will probably not be settled as the sample size for controlled trials would be prohibitive."( Valganciclovir: recent progress.
Pescovitz, MD, 2010)
"The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir were similar between the two dosing groups (100 vs."( Ganciclovir pharmacokinetic parameters do not change when extending valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis from 100 to 200 days.
Farhan, M; Humar, A; Washington, C; Welker, H, 2010)
" Case reports show varied dosing and length of treatment of either intravenously administered ganciclovir, orally administered valganciclovir, or a combination of both."( Successful treatment with oral valganciclovir of primary CMV enterocolitis in a congenitally infected infant.
Demmler-Harrison, G; Honigbaum, S; Irizarry, K; Rippel, S; Wilsey, M, 2011)
" Valganciclovir dosage was adjusted according to renal function."( Valganciclovir prophylaxis versus preemptive therapy in cytomegalovirus-positive renal allograft recipients: 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial.
Bartels, M; Hauser, IA; Nitschke, M; Witzke, O; Wolf, G; Wolters, H, 2012)
" Reviewing the impact of different length dosing schemes is important for creating an immune response affecting malignancy development in kidney transplant recipients."( Significance of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis strategies and development of cancer in kidney transplant recipients.
Lozano, E; Medina, RD; Moreno, L; Osorio, JC; Patiño, N; Ricaurte, L, 2011)
" A posterior dosage adaptation was required in children to achieve the daily target area under the curve (AUC) of 40-50 μg·h·mL(-1)."( Individualization of valganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric kidney transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Fila, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Zhao, W, 2012)
"Valganciclovir dosage adaptation was required in children to achieve target AUC."( Individualization of valganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric kidney transplant patients.
Baudouin, V; Deschênes, G; Fakhoury, M; Fila, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Zhao, W, 2012)
"Pediatric valganciclovir dosing recommendations have not been extensively validated for prevention or treatment for CMV infection."( Valganciclovir dosing using area under the curve calculations in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
Brothers, A; Gantt, S; Harvey, E; Kemna, M; Law, Y; Nemeth, T; Villeneuve, D, 2013)
" Superposition predicted that oral dosing of 1800-mg valganciclovir two times daily would fail to produce and maintain effective plasma concentrations of ganciclovir."( Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in the adult horse.
Carmichael, RJ; Maxwell, LK; Whitfield, C, 2013)
" Valganciclovir was the most common antiviral used, with dosing often below recommendations (33% in infection)."( International survey of cytomegalovirus management in solid organ transplantation after the publication of consensus guidelines.
Jager, MM; Kotton, CN; Le Page, AK; Rawlinson, WD; Simoons-Smit, A, 2013)
"We conducted a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial in 187 kidney transplant recipients to evaluate the impact of VGCV dosing and renal function on the development of CMV infection."( Critical analysis of valganciclovir dosing and renal function on the development of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation.
Chavin, K; Chua, E; Pilch, N; Posadas Salas, MA; Taber, DJ; Thomas, B, 2013)
" VGCV dosing was appropriate for most patients, in those who did and did not develop CMV infection."( Critical analysis of valganciclovir dosing and renal function on the development of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation.
Chavin, K; Chua, E; Pilch, N; Posadas Salas, MA; Taber, DJ; Thomas, B, 2013)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate presently used dosing algorithms."( New algorithm for valganciclovir dosing in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
Åsberg, A; Bjerre, A; Neely, M, 2014)
"Neutropenia after kidney transplant is an adverse event usually treated with a dosage reduction of mycophenolic acid."( Replacement of mycophenolate acid with everolimus in patients who became neutropenic after renal transplant.
Goumenos, DS; Kalliakmani, P; Karavias, D; Kazakopoulos, P; Marangos, M; Papachristou, E; Savvidaki, E; Voliotis, G; Zavvos, V, 2014)
" One hundred eighteen episodes of neutropenia were recorded, originally treated by reducing the dosage of mycophenolic acid (765 ± 390 mg/d) and administering granulocyte colony-stimulating factor."( Replacement of mycophenolate acid with everolimus in patients who became neutropenic after renal transplant.
Goumenos, DS; Kalliakmani, P; Karavias, D; Kazakopoulos, P; Marangos, M; Papachristou, E; Savvidaki, E; Voliotis, G; Zavvos, V, 2014)
" Oral valganciclovir (Valcyte) was used for 3 months with dosage adjusted by eGFR."( Universal valganciclovir prophylaxis significantly reduces episodes of first-year cytomegalovirus disease and biopsy-proven acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients.
Chen, CH; Cheng, CH; Cheng, CY; Chuang, YW; Huang, ST; Shu, KH; Tsai, SF; Tu, PT; Wu, MJ; Yu, TM, 2014)
" The applicability of these targets to children remains uncertain; however, with the most sophisticated dosing regimens developed to date only 21% of patients are predicted to reach these targets."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in children with cytomegalovirus infection.
Knackstedt, ED; Roberts, JK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C, 2015)
" The result from the present investigation indicates that STELLA® when coupled with biorelevant dissolution media can predict the in vivo performance of the drug product with prediction error less than 20% irrespective of the dosage form (immediate release versus modified release) and BCS Classification."( Prediction of in vivo drug performance using in vitro dissolution coupled with STELLA: a study with selected drug products.
Aggarwal, D; Chakraborty, S; Yadav, L, 2015)
" Advances in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial medications have led to improved dosing guidance for neonates."( New antifungal and antiviral dosing.
Monk, HM; Wade, KC, 2015)
" The effectiveness of low-dose VGCV (900 mg per day) has been shown to be equal to that of standard-dose VGCV (900 mg twice daily); however, individualized optimal dosing and toxicity of VGCV have not been reported."( Occurrence of adverse events caused by valganciclovir as pre-emptive therapy for cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is reduced by low-dose administration.
Endo, T; Fujimoto, K; Hashino, S; Imamura, M; Kondo, T; Nishio, M; Onozawa, M; Shigematsu, A; Sugita, J; Takahata, M; Tanaka, J; Teshima, T, 2015)
" For group B, the dosing was adjusted based on target exposures using a Bayesian prediction model (NONMEM)."( Contribution of Population Pharmacokinetics to Dose Optimization of Ganciclovir-Valganciclovir in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients.
Bestard, O; Caldés, A; Colom, H; Cruzado, JM; Grinyó, JM; Lladó, L; Lloberas, N; Manito, N; Melilli, E; Niubó, J; Padullés, A; Rigo, R; Sabé, N; Torras, J, 2016)
"Suboptimal dosing of valGCV is associated with development of GCV-R CMV."( Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a single-center retrospective cohort study.
Angarone, M; Flaherty, J; Ison, MG; Penugonda, S; Rubin, J; Stosor, V; Young, PG, 2016)
" Both methods have strengths and limitations and we used them complementarily to support the regulatory approval of a dosing algorithm for valganciclovir (VGCV) in children <4 months old."( Bottom-up Meets Top-down: Complementary Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Regulatory Approval of a Dosing Algorithm of Valganciclovir in Very Young Children.
Chavanne, C; Frey, N; Jorga, K; Lave, T; Lukacova, V; Parrott, N; Peck, R; Reigner, B, 2016)
" A dosing algorithm for VGCV for pediatric patients, based on body surface area and renal function, provides a personalized dose using age-appropriate formulations."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Valganciclovir in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients 4 Months of Age and Younger.
Bradley, D; Chin, C; Ives, J; Moreira, S; Subramoney, V; Wang, K, 2016)
"This multicenter prospective study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of VGCV oral solution in 17 heart transplant recipients 4 months of age and younger who received 2 doses of VGCV on consecutive days using the pediatric dosing algorithm."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Valganciclovir in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients 4 Months of Age and Younger.
Bradley, D; Chin, C; Ives, J; Moreira, S; Subramoney, V; Wang, K, 2016)
" Estimated mean area under the curve during the 0-24 hours dosing interval for these patients was 68."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Valganciclovir in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients 4 Months of Age and Younger.
Bradley, D; Chin, C; Ives, J; Moreira, S; Subramoney, V; Wang, K, 2016)
"The pediatric dosing algorithm for VGCV (utilizing individuals' body surface area and renal function) provides systemic GCV exposures in patients younger than 4 months that are similar to those observed in older pediatric populations."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Valganciclovir in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients 4 Months of Age and Younger.
Bradley, D; Chin, C; Ives, J; Moreira, S; Subramoney, V; Wang, K, 2016)
" Neutropenia was more common if ValGCV dosage was ≥10% of the dose predicted (by BSA and creatinine clearance)."( The efficacy of valganciclovir for prevention of infections with cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus after kidney transplant in children.
Cameron, BM; Kennedy, SE; Mackie, FE; Rawlinson, WD, 2017)
" Fifty-six patients aged 4 months to 16 years received once-daily valganciclovir oral solution and/or tablets, dosed by BSA and renal function, for up to 200 days."( Tolerability of up to 200 days of prophylaxis with valganciclovir oral solution and/or film-coated tablets in pediatric kidney transplant recipients at risk of cytomegalovirus disease.
Benchimol, C; Bradley, D; Genevray, M; Ives, J; Reyes-Acevedo, R; Silva, HT; Varela-Fascinetto, G, 2017)
" However, pharmacokinetic data in children are scarce, and the pediatric dosing regimen is uncertain."( Valganciclovir Dosing for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Pharmacokinetic Study.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Bar-Haim, A; Berkovitch, M; Bernfeld, Y; Bilavsky, E; Brandriss, N; Dorfman, L; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Ziv-Baran, T, 2017)
" The manufacturer's dosing recommendation appears to result in supratherapeutic ganciclovir concentrations."( Valganciclovir Dosing for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Pharmacokinetic Study.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Bar-Haim, A; Berkovitch, M; Bernfeld, Y; Bilavsky, E; Brandriss, N; Dorfman, L; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Ziv-Baran, T, 2017)
" As demonstrated in our patient, surveillance with periodic viral loads and drug monitoring are vital to identify emerging resistance and optimise antiviral dosing according to weight gain."( Emerging (val)ganciclovir resistance during treatment of congenital CMV infection: a case report and review of the literature.
Emonts, M; Flood, T; Morillo-Gutierrez, B; Pickering, A; Waugh, S, 2017)
"An automated electronic health record (EHR)-based, pharmacist-driven program was developed to optimize dosing of valganciclovir in solid organ transplant recipients at a large transplant center."( Impact of electronic health record-based, pharmacist-driven valganciclovir dose optimization in solid organ transplant recipients.
Brown, J; DeCamp, PJ; Hensler, D; Ho, B; Ison, MG; Pawlowski, A; Richardson, CL; Tseng, C; Yang, A, 2018)
" Optimal renal dosage is essential throughout prophylaxis."( Low-dose valganciclovir prohylaxis is efficacious and safe in cytomegalovirus seropositive heart transplant recipients with anti-thymocyte globulin.
Eriksson, M; Hämmäinen, P; Jokinen, JJ; Lemström, K; Lommi, J; Söderlund, S, 2018)
"Data remain limited on the most appropriate valganciclovir (VGCV) dosing strategy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis and treatment in pediatric organ transplant recipients."( A national survey of valganciclovir dosing strategies in pediatric organ transplant recipients.
Jasiak-Panek, N; Park, JM; Shaikh, S, 2018)
"8%) utilize the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended VGCV dosing strategy of 7 × body surface area (BSA) × creatinine clearance (CrCl) for CMV prophylaxis."( A national survey of valganciclovir dosing strategies in pediatric organ transplant recipients.
Jasiak-Panek, N; Park, JM; Shaikh, S, 2018)
"Less than two-thirds of centers utilize the FDA-approved daily dosing regimen with various methods of CrCl calculation and serum creatinine assay measurements used."( A national survey of valganciclovir dosing strategies in pediatric organ transplant recipients.
Jasiak-Panek, N; Park, JM; Shaikh, S, 2018)
"We investigated whether ultralow-dose VGCV (450 mg every other day) and short dosing period (3 months) was sufficient to prevent CMV infection after ABOi KT."( Efficacy of Ultralow-Dose Valganciclovir Chemoprophylaxis for Cytomegalovirus Infection in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation Recipients.
Hwang, SD; Kim, HY; Kim, JH; Kim, JK; Lee, DY; Lee, JH; Oh, JS; Sin, YH; Song, JH, 2018)
" However, the optimal dosing protocol and target exposure in children are still unclear."( Efficacy and Safety of a Weight-based Dosing Regimen of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients.
Amir, J; Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L; Berkovitch, M; Bilavsky, E; Krause, I; Pappo, A; Peled, O; Rom, E; Scheuerman, O; Yarden-Bilavsky, H, 2019)
"This is a retrospective case series review (2002-2014) of immunocompetent patients with CMVAU treated with valganciclovir 900 mg BID and subsequent maintenance dosing of ≤450 mg BID."( Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis at a North American Tertiary Center With Oral Valganciclovir.
Bhoopat, T; Gonzales, JA; Keenan, JD; Margolis, TP; Oldenburg, CE; Takhar, JS, 2020)
"Optimal valganciclovir dosing for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in solid-organ transplant (SOT) patients on continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) is not known."( Valganciclovir Dosing for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Solid-organ Transplant Recipients on Continuous Veno-venous Hemodialysis.
Avery, RK; Crow, JR; Dioverti-Prono, MV; Jarrell, AS; Kruer, RM; Lees, L; Marzinke, MA; Strout, SE; Toman, LP, 2021)
" Based on these data, valganciclovir may require dosing every 24 hours to achieve concentrations equivalent to ganciclovir."( Valganciclovir Dosing for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Solid-organ Transplant Recipients on Continuous Veno-venous Hemodialysis.
Avery, RK; Crow, JR; Dioverti-Prono, MV; Jarrell, AS; Kruer, RM; Lees, L; Marzinke, MA; Strout, SE; Toman, LP, 2021)
" This study aimed to characterize ganciclovir pharmacokinetics, following intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir administration, to optimize dosing schemes."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Ganciclovir and Oral Valganciclovir in a Pediatric Population To Optimize Dosing Regimens.
Benaboud, S; Bendavid, M; Béranger, A; Berthaud, R; Bouazza, N; Boujaafar, S; Briand, C; Demir, Z; Foissac, F; Gana, I; Hirt, D; Lopez, V; Nguyen, T; Oualha, M; Tréluyer, JM; Winter, S; Zheng, Y, 2021)
" We sought to determine the optimal GCV and VGCV dosing in transplanted children."( Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in paediatric solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients.
Autmizguine, J; Bittencourt, H; Briand, A; Demers, E; Franck, B; Lapeyraque, AL; Marquet, P; Ovetchkine, P; Théorêt, Y; Woillard, JB, 2021)
"Our preliminary study suggests that the dosage endorsed by The Transplantation Society may be an overdose for Japanese pediatric recipients."( Valganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: a single-center experience.
Ando, T; Ban, H; Hattori, M; Hisano, M; Iida, T; Ishiwa, S; Ishizuka, K; Kaneko, N; Miura, K; Shirai, Y; Shiratori, A; Suyama, K; Takaiwa, M; Yabuuchi, T, 2021)
" All patients were treated with valgancilovir for symptomatic cCMV infection (6-12 months), followed by suppressive dosing in the 2 patients with PFIC and A1ATD."( Concomitant congenital CMV infection and inherited liver diseases.
Falik-Zaccai, TC; Kassis, I; Mandel, H; Meir, M; Shaoul, R; Swed-Tobia, R; Tal, G; Weiss, K, 2021)
" Currently, there are no FDA dosing recommendations for the use of valganciclovir for the treatment of CMV infections in pediatric patients."( Valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in pediatric intestinal transplant recipients: A case series.
Florescu, DF; Henry, M; Keck, M; Leick, M, 2021)
" Based on these results, weight-based dosing of valganciclovir seems to be an appropriate option for the treatment of CMV in pITR."( Valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in pediatric intestinal transplant recipients: A case series.
Florescu, DF; Henry, M; Keck, M; Leick, M, 2021)
"The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of two valganciclovir (VGCV) institutional dosing protocols for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in liver transplant (LT) recipients with CMV serotype donor +/recipient- (D+/R-)."( Comparison of standard versus low-dose valganciclovir regimens for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk liver transplant recipients.
Bixby, AL; Fitzgerald, L; Kaul, D; Park, JM; Tischer, S, 2021)
"The developed linked PK/PD population model and subsequent PD simulations showed slow decline of CMV viral load and it appears that dosing of (val)ganciclovir in this study might have been inadequate to achieve fast reduction of viral load."( Standard ganciclovir dosing results in slow decline of cytomegalovirus viral loads.
Alffenaar, JC; Hope, W; Knoester, M; Märtson, AG; Sturkenboom, MGG; van der Werf, TS, 2022)
" The research was highlighted to develop, formulate, optimize, and evaluate single-core osmotic pump (SCOP) tablet of VGH with the dose of 450 mg to reduce dosing frequency and associated side effects."( Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of osmotically controlled drug delivery system of Valganciclovir HCl for potential application in the treatment of CMV retinitis.
Gadade, D; Gundu, R; Kulkarni, D; Pekamwar, S; Shelke, S; Shep, S, 2022)
" In conclusion, the risk of developing neutropenia was higher in HTRs receiving low-dose VGCV prophylaxis than it was in those not receiving prophylaxis, probably not attributed to dosing period and cumulative dose of VGCV until the onset of neutropenia."( Risk Assessment of Neutropenia during Low-Dose Valganciclovir Prophylaxis for Heart Transplant Recipients.
Fukushima, N; Hayakawa, N; Hayase, K; Ikura, M; Nakagita, K; Nakamura, T; Otokubo, M; Seguchi, O; Uno, T; Wada, K; Watanabe, T, 2022)
" Use of a low-dose valganciclovir (450 mg) has been used to prevent these adverse effects, but the data regarding this dosing strategy are not as robust in a steroid sparing LT center."( Incidence and risk factors for the development of cytomegalovirus viremia in a steroid sparing liver transplant center.
Chan, C; Choi, D; Lichvar, A; Viehl, E, 2022)
" VGCV dosing did not impact the development of kidney injury or neutropenia."( Antiviral toxicities in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
Boge, CLK; Downes, KJ; Galetaki, DM; Hayes, M; Li, Y; Mitrou, M; Sharova, A; Vader, D, 2022)
" Dosage modifications of valganciclovir, MPA, cotrimoxazole, and anti-thymoglobulin and the need for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) use were common with L/N."( Burden of neutropenia and leukopenia among adult kidney transplant recipients: A systematic literature review of observational studies.
Kistler, KD; Raval, AD; Tang, Y; Vincenti, F, 2023)
" However, with the currently recommended dosing regimens used in pediatric patients, large intra- and inter-individual variability of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and exposure are observed."( Optimizing ganciclovir and valganciclovir dosing regimens in pediatric patients with cytomegalovirus infection: a spotlight on therapeutic drug monitoring.
Hao, GX; Li, QY; van den Anker, J; Wu, YE; Zhao, W, )
" Moreover, the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and current clinical practice for GCV and VGCV dosing regimens optimization in pediatrics are discussed."( Optimizing ganciclovir and valganciclovir dosing regimens in pediatric patients with cytomegalovirus infection: a spotlight on therapeutic drug monitoring.
Hao, GX; Li, QY; van den Anker, J; Wu, YE; Zhao, W, )
" Optimal dosing in children, risk factors for failure, and the impact of dose adjustments on CMV DNAemia is not well established."( Incidence of cytomegalovirus DNAemia in pediatric kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients: Efficacy and risk factors associated with failure of weight-based dosed valganciclovir prophylaxis.
Deshpande, S; Garro, R; George, R; Liverman, R; Mao, C; Nance, G; Rodriguez, DS; Serluco, A; Yildirim, I, 2023)
" Guideline recommended prophylactic valganciclovir dosing is 900 mg daily for 6 months in this population."( Reduced dosing versus full dosing valganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus in high-risk abdominal transplant recipients.
Chargualaf, LM; Dupuis, R; Kreiser, ML; Szempruch, KR, 2023)
"This single center, retrospective study in adult ATR compared full valganciclovir prophylactic dosing (900 mg daily for 6 months) to reduced dosing (900 mg daily for 3 months, then 450 mg daily for 3 months)."( Reduced dosing versus full dosing valganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus in high-risk abdominal transplant recipients.
Chargualaf, LM; Dupuis, R; Kreiser, ML; Szempruch, KR, 2023)
"421) did not differ significantly between 68 ATR in reduced and full dosing groups, as well as incidence of leukopenia (94% vs."( Reduced dosing versus full dosing valganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus in high-risk abdominal transplant recipients.
Chargualaf, LM; Dupuis, R; Kreiser, ML; Szempruch, KR, 2023)
"There was no difference in the incidence of CMV infection, neutropenia, or leukopenia of the two dosing regimens, although time to CMV diagnosis was different."( Reduced dosing versus full dosing valganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus in high-risk abdominal transplant recipients.
Chargualaf, LM; Dupuis, R; Kreiser, ML; Szempruch, KR, 2023)
"Optimal dosing of valganciclovir (VGCV) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prevention in pediatric solid organ transplantation recipients (SOTR) is controversial."( Body surface area compared to body weight dosing of valganciclovir is associated with increased toxicity in pediatric solid organ transplantation recipients.
Ardura, MI; Bacon, S; Blum, S; Bocchini, CE; Boguniewicz, J; Danziger-Isakov, L; Demirhan, S; Ferrolino, J; Foca, M; Herold, BC; Maron, GM; Munoz, FM; Sharma, TS; Sherman, G; Valencia Deray, KG, 2023)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
prodrugA compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
antiviral drugA substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
purinesA class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
L-valyl esterAny alpha-amino acid ester that has L-valine as the amino acid component.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency7.07950.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (39)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID510792Antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus Davis xenograft mouse model assessed as reduction of viral load administered via oral gavage QD for 9 days measured post last dose2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel anticytomegalovirus compound AIC246.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1895576Inhibition of DENV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in African green monkey Vero cells measured for 24 to 72 hrs relative to control2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224Insights on Dengue and Zika NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID510791Antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus Davis xenograft mouse model assessed as reduction of viral load at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po QD for 9 days measured post last dose2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel anticytomegalovirus compound AIC246.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (875)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's4 (0.46)18.2507
2000's248 (28.34)29.6817
2010's474 (54.17)24.3611
2020's149 (17.03)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials131 (14.10%)5.53%
Reviews115 (12.38%)6.00%
Case Studies232 (24.97%)4.05%
Observational18 (1.94%)0.25%
Other433 (46.61%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (95)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Valganciclovir in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients < 4 Months of Age[NCT01165580]Phase 117 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Tolerability and Efficacy of Maribavir vs. Valganciclovir for CMV Prophylaxis in High-Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients[NCT06034925]Phase 470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-06Recruiting
Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With the Use of an Antiviral Compound - a Proof of Principle Study[NCT01255644]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Modified Preemptive CMV Management Strategy After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Laboratory Correlation With Innate Immune Function[NCT01199562]153 participants (Actual)Observational2010-12-31Completed
An Open-label Pilot Protocol to Evaluate the Efficacy of Letermovir for the Prevention of Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection and Disease in Adult Lung Transplant Recipients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis[NCT05041426]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-06Recruiting
Valganciclovir for Suppression of HHV-8 Four Weeks Prior to Initiation of cART in Patients With Disseminated Kaposi Sarcoma Compare With Standard Therapy, Its Impact on the Development of IRIS and Attributable Mortality[NCT03296553]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-01Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Maribavir Treatment Compared to Investigator-assigned Treatment in Transplant Recipients With Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections That Are Refractory[NCT02931539]Phase 3352 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-22Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Oral Valganciclovir and Placebo for Prevention of CMV After Lung Transplantation[NCT00227370]Phase 3136 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
B-Lymphocyte Immunotherapy in Islet Transplantation: Single Subject Modification to Calcineurin-Inhibitor Based Immunosuppression for Initial Islet Graft (CIT-0501)[NCT01049633]0 participants Expanded AccessNo longer available
Tolerability of up to 200 Days of Valganciclovir Oral Solution or Tablets in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients[NCT01376804]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Phase II Open-Label Randomized Study of Anti-Viral Antibiotic Therapy With and Without Familial (Maternal) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) in Neonates With Moderate/Severe Maternal Acquired CMV Infection[NCT05564598]Phase 223 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-01Recruiting
(Val)Ganciclovir Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Transplant Recipients[NCT03698435]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-05-25Recruiting
Cell Mediated Immunity as a Guide for Secondary Prophylaxis in SOT Patients With CMV Infection[NCT02370758]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Commonly Used Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastfed Infants[NCT03511118]1,600 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-10-04Recruiting
A Phase 2a Open-Label Multi-Center Study Evaluating HQK-1004 Administered With Valganciclovir in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Lymphoid Malignancies or Lymphoproliferative Disorders[NCT00992732]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Terminated
Systemic and Topical Antivirals for Control of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis: Treatment[NCT03586284]Phase 2/Phase 399 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-15Recruiting
A Phase II Trial of Low-Dose Arginine Butyrate and Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir in EBV(+)Lymphoid Malignancies[NCT00917826]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Terminated
Open Label, Balanced, Randomized, Two-treatment, Two-period, Two-sequence, Cross Over, Single Dose, Oral Bioequivalence Study of Valganciclovir Hydrochloride Tablets 450 mg Under Fasting Condition[NCT02297854]Phase 183 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Multicenter, Randomized Study Comparing Oral Valganciclovir Versus Intravenous Ganciclovir in Patients Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation[NCT01185223]Phase 3212 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-09-30Terminated
Comparison on Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Innovative Valganciclovir Versus Generic Valganciclovir in Kidney Transplant Recipients[NCT03631316]8 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
A Phase II, Single Stage, Single-Arm Investigation of Oral Valganciclovir Therapy in Infants With Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection[NCT03301415]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-21Terminated(stopped due to Safety signal)
Utilization of the Viracor® Assay in Directing Duration of Valganciclovir Prophylaxis in CMV High Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients[NCT05238220]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-01-04Recruiting
ValGanciclovir Versus ValAcyclovir for Viral Prophylaxis in Kidney Transplantation[NCT01972035]Phase 2137 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-01Completed
Cytomegalovirus T Cell Immunity and Antiviral Prophylaxis Minimization in Lung Transplant Recipients[NCT05708755]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-04-30Not yet recruiting
SUSTAIN: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Phase 3 Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Brincidofovir Versus Valganciclovir for the Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Disease in High-Risk Kidney Allograft Recipients[NCT02439970]Phase 35 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early due to results from another CMX001 study)
A Phase One-B (1B) Pilot Trial of Herpesvirus Treatment in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)[NCT02871401]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-03Completed
Phase IV.II Pilot Study of Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infection With a Brief Induction With Ganciclovir i.v. Followed by Valganciclovir Oral in Solid Organ Transplant Patients.[NCT00730769]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Anti-cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Versus Pre-emptive Approaches With Valganciclovir in Heart Transplant Recipients Treated With Everolimus or Mycophenolate. A Randomized Open-label Study for Prevention of Cardiaca Allograft Vasculopa[NCT00966836]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-04-30Recruiting
A Phase 1b/2 Open-Label, Dose Escalation & Expansion Study of Orally Administered VRx-3996 & Valganciclovir in Subjects With Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoid Malignancies[NCT03397706]Phase 1/Phase 267 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-29Completed
Valganciclovir to Reduce T Cell Activation in HIV Infection[NCT00264290]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Certican® (Everolimus) Against Cytomegalovirus Disease in Renal Transplant Patients[NCT00828503]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-12-31Recruiting
Determining a Viral Load Threshold for Pre-emptive Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Infection in Transplant Patients Using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Monitoring[NCT00947141]Phase 4165 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Maribavir Compared to Valganciclovir for the Treatment of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Re[NCT02927067]Phase 3553 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-14Completed
An Open-Label, Phase 2 Trial of Nanatinostat in Combination With Valganciclovir in Patients With Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive (EBV+) Relapsed/Refractory Lymphomas[NCT05011058]Phase 2140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-28Recruiting
Targeted Oncolytic Virotherapy and Natural History Study of KSHV-Associated Multicentric Castleman's Disease With Laboratory and Clinical Correlates of Disease Activity[NCT00092222]Phase 275 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-28Active, not recruiting
Monitoring of Specific Cytomegalovirus Cell-mediated Immunity (CMV-CMI) for Optimization of Preventive Strategies Against CMV Infection in High-risk Solid-organ Transplant Recipients[NCT02538172]195 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
A Randomized Trial Comparing Valcyte CMV Prophylaxis Versus Pre-emptive Therapy After Renal Transplantation Using Proteomics for Monitoring of Graft Alteration[NCT00372229]Phase 3299 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Randomized Trial of Preemptive Treatment With Oral Valganciclovir Compared With IV Ganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Infection After Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant[NCT00241345]Phase 339 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Due to low accrual)
Open Label, Phase II Randomized Study of Oral Valganciclovir Versus Valacyclovir for Prophylaxis of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Patients Receiving Alemtuzumab (Campath).[NCT00562770]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Randomized, Multi-Center Comparative Trial of Tacrolimus w/Steroids and Standard Daclizumab Induction vs a Novel Steroid-Free Tacrolimus Based Immunosuppression Protocol w/ Extended Daclizumab Induction in Pediatric Renal Transplantation[NCT00141037]Phase 1/Phase 2130 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Evaluation of the Benefit of Antiviral Treatment With Valganciclovir on Congenital CMV Infection-related Deafness on Hearing and Balance[NCT02606266]Phase 2/Phase 31 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-11Terminated(stopped due to No eligibles patients)
Phase II, Multicentric, Prospective and Opened Clinical Trial of Advance Valganciclovir Treatment of CMV in Allogenic Hematopoietic Progenitors Transplant[NCT00386412]Phase 2132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolate Mofetil Alone and in Combination With Valganciclovir in Renal and Heart Transplant Recipients[NCT00189150]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Pilot Study Of Valganciclovir In Patients With Classic, Non-HIV-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma[NCT00096538]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Valganciclovir Syrup Formulation in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients[NCT00090766]Phase 2/Phase 363 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
The Leiden CONCERT Study 2.0 Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Efficacy of Antiviral Treatment in a Non-Randomized Trial With Historical Control Group[NCT02005822]Phase 337 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-22Completed
A Phase III, Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Valganciclovir Pre-Emptive Therapy for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Viremia as Detected by Plasma CMV DNA PCR Assay[NCT00006145]Phase 3350 participants Interventional2000-08-31Completed
A Multicenter Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Valganciclovir as add-on Therapy in Glioblastoma Patients[NCT04116411]Phase 2220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-04Recruiting
Phase I Study of Cytolytic Viral Activation Therapy (CVAT) for Recurrent/Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma[NCT02761291]Phase 118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-31Recruiting
A Phase III Multicenter Study of Valganciclovir for the Prevention of Late Cytomegalovirus Infection After Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.[NCT00275665]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-11-30Completed
A Phase II Study of Phenylbutyrate and Valganciclovir in Epstein-Barr Virus Positive Tumors[NCT00387530]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Withdrawn
Phase IV Clinical Trial, Open, Randomized, Controlled and Multicentric, With Two Parallel Groups, to Assess the Efficacy of a Preventive Strategy Against Cytomegalovirus Infection in Heart Transplant Patients, Based on the Specific Basal T Cell Response A[NCT04278547]Phase 4188 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-12Recruiting
Empirical Treatment Against Cytomegalovirus and Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Infants With Severe Pneumonia: a Multicenter, Open-label Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT03915366]Phase 2/Phase 3624 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-01Recruiting
WP16302 A Bioequivalence Study Comparing Ganciclovir From the Valganciclovir Syrup Formulation and the Commercial Valganciclovir 450mg Tablet (Valcyte®) at a Dose of 900mg in Kidney Transplant Recipients, Sponsor Protocol Dated 8/11/2005 and Investigator [NCT00275314]Phase 35 participants Interventional2006-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Study never started at our site Funding issue)
A Randomized Double Blind Controlled Proof of Concept Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Valcyte® as an add-on Therapy in Patients With Malignant Glioblastoma With Successful Surgical Resection of at Least 90 % of the Initial Tumor and CMV Infection Demo[NCT00400322]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Study of the Effect of Oral Valcyte Versus Intravenous Ganciclovir on CMV Viremia in Solid Organ Transplant Patients[NCT00431353]Phase 4325 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Primary Effusion Lymphoma: A Pilot Trial of Bevacizumab and Modified Dose-Adjusted Infusional CDE Chemotherapy Preceded by a Brief Pre-Phase Assessment of Targeted Oncolytic Virotherapy With Bortezomib, Zidovudine and Valganciclovir[NCT00217503]Phase 215 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
The Strategy in the Prevention of Renal Post-transplant Cytomegalovirus Infection Among Chinese Population[NCT02973464]450 participants (Anticipated)Observational2016-06-30Recruiting
A Phase III Multicenter Study Of Valganciclovir For The Prevention Of Late Cytomegalovirus Infection After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation[NCT00016068]Phase 3184 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Open-Label Safety Study of Valganciclovir in Patients With CMV Retinitis and AIDS Who Have Complications Due to IV Treatment[NCT00017784]Phase 3500 participants InterventionalActive, not recruiting
Clinical and Virologic Response to HHV-8 Associated Multicentric Castleman's Disease to Valganciclovir[NCT00361933]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Research never begun.)
A Phase I/II Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Oral Valganciclovir in Neonates With Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection (CASG 109)[NCT00031434]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Valganciclovir in Kidney and Kidney/Pancreas Transplant Recipients[NCT00034385]Phase 412 participants Interventional2002-04-24Completed
Suppression of Oral Shedding of Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) With Valganciclovir[NCT00194467]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability Study of Ganciclovir From the Pro-drug, Valganciclovir, in Lung Transplant Recipients With or Without Cystic Fibrosis[NCT00377741]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Comparator-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of MK-8228 (Letermovir) Versus Valganciclovir for the Prevention of Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients[NCT03443869]Phase 3601 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-03Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Blinded Investigation of Six Weeks vs. Six Months of Oral Valganciclovir Therapy in Infants With Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection (CASG 112)[NCT00466817]Phase 3109 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
EXPERIMENTAL ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN DEPRESSION: AFFECTIVE, NEURAL, AND INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS[NCT04724447]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-23Recruiting
Impact of Anti-cytomegalovirus (Valganciclovir) Treatment in the Management of Relapsing Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Requiring Vedolizumab Therapy: a Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing a Strategy With or Without Antiviral Therapy.[NCT04064697]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-22Recruiting
Relevance of Valganciclovir in Recurrent Bouts of Cryptogenic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With an Infection by Cytomegalovirus[NCT00237653]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-02-29Terminated(stopped due to difficulty to include patients)
An Investigator Initiated Prospective Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study in Order to Evaluate the Place of Valganciclovir in Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation[NCT00330018]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
An Open-Label, Multicenter Phase 1b/2 Study of Nanatinostat and Valganciclovir in Patients With Advanced Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive (EBV+) Solid Tumors and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Recurrent/Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma[NCT05166577]Phase 1/Phase 2130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-07Recruiting
Anti-viral Prophylaxis for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Reactivation in Immunocompetent Patients in Critical Care[NCT01503918]Phase 2124 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Efficacy of Antiviral Treatment in a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01655212]Phase 32 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Terminated(stopped due to 1 Indication for further investigations (brain ultrasound). 2 Change of study design to efficacy study with historical control group.)
Cytogam Administration in Abdominal Organ Transplant Recipients at High Risk for CMV Infection[NCT01509404]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Individualization of Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir Doses in Renal Transplant Patients for Prophylaxis or Treatment of Cytomegalovirus(CMV)Infection Using Bayesian Prediction.[NCT01446445]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Reduced Duration Prophylaxis Followed by Immuno-guided Prophylaxis to Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Lung Transplant Recipients (CYTOCOR STUDY): An Open-label, Randomised, Non-inferiority Clinical Trial.[NCT03699254]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-05Completed
Prophylactic Vs Preemptive Oral Valganciclovir for Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Clinical and Pharmacoeconomic Study[NCT00374686]120 participants Interventional2003-03-31Completed
A Phase II Randomized and Controlled Investigation of Six Weeks of Oral Valganciclovir Therapy in Infants and Children With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Hearing Loss[NCT01649869]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-24Completed
A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study to Investigate if Ganciclovir Significantly Affects Spermatogenesis in Adult Male Renal Transplant Recipients Receiving up to 200 Days Valganciclovir Vs. Concurrent Untreated Matched Controls[NCT01663740]Phase 459 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-30Completed
A Phase 1/2a, Open-label, Multicenter, Dose Escalation and Dose Expansion Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of RZ-001 in Combination With Valganciclovir in Subjects With Glioblastoma[NCT06102525]Phase 1/Phase 243 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Not yet recruiting
The Use of Campath-1H, Tacrolimus, and Sirolimus Followed by Sirolimus Withdrawal in Renal Transplant Patients[NCT00078559]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Study of the Efficacy and Safety of up to 100 Days of Valganciclovir Versus up to 200 Days of Valganciclovir for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease in High-Risk Kidney Allograft Recipie[NCT00294515]Phase 3326 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Study to Assess Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Brincidofovir Versus Valganciclovir for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease in CMV-Seropositive Kidney Transplant Recipients Who Received Antilymphocyte Induction Therapy[NCT02439957]Phase 36 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Study terminated early due to results from another CMX001 study.)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Valganciclovir (Valcyte) in Patients Experiencing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome With Elevated Antibody Titers Against Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-B[NCT00478465]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
An Open Label Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Valganciclovir, an Oral Prodrug of Ganciclovir, for the Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Subjects With AIDS[NCT00002222]200 participants InterventionalCompleted
[NCT00002377]Phase 30 participants Interventional1997-01-31Completed
Donor-Alloantigen-Reactive Regulatory T Cell (darTreg) Therapy in Liver Transplantation (RTB-002)[NCT02188719]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-17Terminated(stopped due to The trial could not be completed within the grant timeline.)
Valganciclovir Dosing in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients - a Prospective Study[NCT02503982]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Prophylactic Therapy for Cytomegalovirus in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Single Center Experience With Oral Ganciclovir Versus Valganciclovir[NCT00364052]200 participants Observational2006-08-31Not yet recruiting
Prophylaxis Versus Preemptive Therapy for the Prevention of CMV in High-Risk R-D+ Liver Transplant Recipients[NCT01552369]Phase 4205 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-29Completed
Pilot Study of Tocilizumab in Patients With Symptomatic Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) - Associated Multicentric Castleman Disease[NCT01441063]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-13Completed
Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Study to Assess Clinical and Antiviral Activity of Valganciclovir (VAL) in Solid Organ Transplant Donors to Reduce Viral Transmission From Donor to Recipient[NCT01329185]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Open Label, Balanced, Randomized, Two-treatment, Two-period, Two-sequence, Cross Over, Single Dose, Oral Bioequivalence Study of Valganciclovir Hydrochloride Tablets 450 mg Under Fed Condition[NCT02296723]Phase 166 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Infected Hearing Impaired Infants: ValEAR Trial[NCT03107871]Phase 252 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-31Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Change in Renal Function as Measured by Serum Creatinine, Stratified by Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Alemtuzumab Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants Following Sirolimus Withdrawal
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Acute Rejections Between Initiation of Sirolimus Withdrawal and End of Study
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Deaths Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Tacrolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Side Effects of Conventional Immunosuppression, Stratified by Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Acute Rejection Occurred During the 1 Year Post-transplant Period
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Sirolimus Withdrawal Was Not Initiated
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Sirolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Severe Acute Rejections Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced Graft Loss Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Anti-lymphocyte Therapy for an Acute Rejection, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cytomegalovirus Disease Over Time
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Failures
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Mean Elimination Half-Life of Valganciclovir Over Time
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration of Valganciclovir Over Time
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced Graft Loss
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With 3 Grade Shift From Baseline of Adverse Events in Hematology and Serum Chemistry
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With 4 Grade Shift From Baseline of Adverse Events in Hematology and Serum Chemistry
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Mean Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From 0 to 24 Hours of Valganciclovir
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Opportunistic Infections
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Adverse Events and Any Serious Adverse Events
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced Episodes of Rejection Over Time
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation of the Study Drug
NCT00090766 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Dose Interruption or Modification
NCT00096538 (1) [back to overview]Tumor Response Rate Every 4 Weeks
NCT00141037 (2) [back to overview]The Difference in Linear Growth by Treatment Assignment at 1 Year Post Kidney Transplantation
NCT00141037 (2) [back to overview]Comparison by Treatment Assignment in the Number of Biopsy-Proven Acute Rejections Within 12 Months Post Kidney Transplantation
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Non-CMV Infection
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Severity of Viremia
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Any CMV Infection
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Biopsy Proven Acute Lung Rejection
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Ganciclovir Resistance
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Incidence of CMV End Organ Disease
NCT00227370 (7) [back to overview]Incidence of CMV Syndrome
NCT00264290 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Positive CMV DNA After a 4-week Washout Period
NCT00264290 (6) [back to overview]Change in Percent of CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T Cells After a 4-week Washout Period
NCT00264290 (6) [back to overview]Change in CMV DNA Shedding From Baseline to Week 8.
NCT00264290 (6) [back to overview]Change in %CD38+ Human Leukocyte Antigen-D-related (HLA-DR)+ CD8+ T Cells From Baseline to Week 8.
NCT00264290 (6) [back to overview]Change in CD4 Counts After a 4-week Washout Period
NCT00264290 (6) [back to overview]Change in Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) Counts at Week 8
NCT00294515 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 18 Post-transplant
NCT00294515 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Developed Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease up to Month 12 Post-transplant
NCT00294515 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 9 Post-transplant
NCT00294515 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 6 Post-transplant
NCT00294515 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 24 Post-transplant
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Proteomics Parameter: CMV
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Proteomics Parameter: Nephropathy
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Relationship Between Proteomics Pattern and Graft Survival
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Relationship Between Proteomics Pattern and Graft Survival
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Relationship Between Proteomics Pattern and Participant Survival
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Graft Rejections by CMV Status (Positive or Negative) of the Donor at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Proteomics Parameter: CKD273
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had Lost Their Transplant up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Any Opportunistic Infection Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With CMV Disease Within 12 Months Including CMV Syndrome and Tissue Invasive Disease
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One Treated and Biopsy-Proven Acute Rejection Episode Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With CMV Syndrome Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With CMV Tissue Invasive Disease Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Graft Loss at Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Graft Survival at Month 12
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Leukopenia Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Neutropenia Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Time to Occurrence of First Viremia Within 12 Months
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Urine Proteomic Pattern at Month 12
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Viral Burden at Viremia
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Creatinine Clearance at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Graft Rejections by CMV Status (Positive or Negative) of the Donor at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died From Months 24 to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had Lost Their Transplant or Died up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Active CMV Infection After Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Active CMV Infection Who Had Lost Their Transplant up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CMV Disease From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Creatinine Clearance at Month 12
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CMV Syndrome From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CMV Tissue Invasive Disease From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CMV Viremia (Active CMV Infection) From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants Without Active CMV Infection Who Had Lost Their Transplant up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Surviving at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Graft Survival at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Graft Survival or Participant Survival at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CMV Disease After Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Days of Hospitalization
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants (With Versus Without Active CMV Infection) on Pre-emptive CMV Therapy With First Occurrence of Graft Loss at Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants (With Versus Without Active CMV Infection) on Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis With First Occurrence of Graft Loss at Month 84
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Surviving at Month 12
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Active CMV Infections Not Responding to Valganciclovir or IV Ganciclovir Treatment
NCT00372229 (43) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Active Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Within 12 Months
NCT00377741 (5) [back to overview]Time to Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Ganciclovir
NCT00377741 (5) [back to overview]Plasma Half-Life (T1/2) of Ganciclovir
NCT00377741 (5) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Ganciclovir
NCT00377741 (5) [back to overview]Area Under The Observed Plasma Concentration-Time Curve Between Dosing Intervals AUC(0-tau)
NCT00377741 (5) [back to overview]Apparent Elimination Rate (Kelim) of Ganciclovir
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing in Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 6 Months.(Based on 84 Ears From 43 Placebo Subjects and 82 Ears From 43 Valganciclovir Subjects)
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 24 Months.(Based on 58 Ears From 31 Placebo Subjects and 70 Ears From 37 Valganciclovir Subjects)
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 6 Months.(Based on 84 Ears From 43 Placebo Subjects and 82 Ears From 43 Valganciclovir Subjects)
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 24 Months.(Based on 58 Ears From 31 Placebo Subjects and 70 Ears From 37 Valganciclovir Subjects)
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 24 Months, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Fine Motor Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Adverse Events Which Lead to Permanent Discontinuation of Valganciclovir Therapy or Lead to Irreversible Outcome of the Adverse Event.
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 12 Months.
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 24 Months.
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 6 Months.
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 24 Months Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Receptive Communication Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Motor Composite Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Gross Motor Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Expressive Communication Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Cognitive Composite Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Motor Composite Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Language Composite Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Gross Motor Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Fine Motor Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Age Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Receptive Communication Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Age Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Expressive Communication Scaled Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurologic Impairment at 24 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Language Composite Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Cognitive Composite Score).
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 12 Months.(Based on 77 Ears From 40 Placebo Subjects and 79 Ears From 41 Valganciclovir Subjects)
NCT00466817 (24) [back to overview]Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing in Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 12 Months.(Based on 77 Ears From 40 Placebo Subjects and 79 Ears From 41 Valganciclovir Subjects)
NCT01329185 (1) [back to overview]Incidence of EBV or CMV Related Disease in Transplant Recipient
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Known Ganciclovir Resistance (Mutations in Either UL54 or UL97 Genes)
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Peak Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Viral Load up to Week 52 Post-Transplant
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease in the First 52 Weeks Post-Transplant as Assessed by the Investigator
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Biopsy Proven Rejection
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AE), Serious Adverse Events (SAE) or Withdrawal Due to AEs
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Graft Loss
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Death
NCT01376804 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection in the First 52 Weeks Post-Transplant as Assessed by the Investigator
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival 4 Months After Treatment With Tocilizumab and Tocilizumab /Zidovudine (AZT)/Valganciclovir (VGC)
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Grade 3 or Greater Serious Adverse Events
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Progression-free Survival at 4 Months
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events Assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0)
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Kaposi Sarcoma Responses Per the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Response Criteria
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Overall Clinical Benefit Response
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Radiographic Response
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Clinical Response
NCT01441063 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Biochemical Response
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Renal Function
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Early CMV Infection
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Cell Mediated Immunity
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Opportunistic Infections
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CMV Seroconversions
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Asymptomatic CMV Viremia
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Acute Cellular and/or Antibody Mediated Rejection
NCT01509404 (8) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Late CMV Disease
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Incidence of Allograft Rejection
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Hematopoietic Growth Factors
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Graft Loss
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]All-cause Mortality
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Neutropenia Less Than 500
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Bacterial Infections
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Neutropenia
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Major Non-CMV Viral Infections
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Major Fungal Infections
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Late-onset CMV Disease
NCT01552369 (11) [back to overview]Incidence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Adverse Event (AE) Resulting in Unanticipated Medically Attended Visit
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Adverse Event (AE) Resulting in Unresolved Outcome
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Association of Change in Viral Load (Blood) With Change in Best Ear Hearing at 6 Months
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Association of Change in Viral Load (Blood) With Change in Total Ear Hearing at 6 Months
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Detection of Viruria (Urine) by PCR Six Month After Trial Entry
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Detection of Viremia (Blood) by PCR Six Weeks After Trial Entry
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Detection of Viremia (Blood) by PCR Six Month After Trial Entry
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Detection of CMV in Saliva PCR Six Month After Trial Entry
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Detection of CMV in Saliva by PCR Six Weeks After Trial Entry
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse+ no Change (Abnormal to Abnormal) Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Ear Hearing Assessments [Improved Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]The Quantitative Log Reduction in Viruria Detected After 6 Weeks of Therapy
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]The Quantitative Log Reduction in CMV in Saliva Detected After 6 Weeks of Therapy
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]The Quantitative Log Change in Viremia From Baseline to Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Number of Ears That Had (1) Improved Hearing or no Change in Hearing (2) Worsened Hearing.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Number of Best Ear That Had (1) Improved Hearing or no Change in Hearing (2) Worsened Hearing [ex. Improved+ no Change (Normal to Normal) Versus Other].
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Number of Adverse Events in the Active Group That Resulted in Discontinuation of Valganciclovir
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Association of Change in Viral Load (Saliva) With Change in Total Ear Hearing at 6 Months
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse + no Change (Abnormal to Abnormal) Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments [Improved Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Association of Change in Viral Load (Urine) With Change in Total Ear Hearing at 6 Months
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Association of Change in Viral Load (Urine) With Change in Best Ear Hearing at 6 Months
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Association of Change in Viral Load (Saliva) With Change in Best Ear Hearing at 6 Months
NCT01649869 (26) [back to overview]Detection of Viruria (Urine) by PCR Six Weeks After Trial Entry
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Sperm Morphology Evaluated as Percentage of Normal Sperm Cells From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Total Motility of Sperm From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Total Testosterone Level From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in TUNEL Score From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Improved Sperm Density From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Improved TUNEL Score From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in FSH Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Inhibin B Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in LH Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Prolactin Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Seminal Volume From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Sperm Morphology Evaluated as Percentage of Normal Sperm Cells From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Terminal Uridine Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) Score From Baseline to EOT and End of Follow-up (FU)
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Total Motility of Sperm From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Total Testosterone Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Sperm Density (<20 Mil/mL) From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Sperm Density (<20 Mil/mL) From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Improved Sperm Density From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Improved TUNEL Score From Baseline to EOT and End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Prolactin Level From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in FSH Level From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Inhibin B Level From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in LH Level From EOT to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Seminal Volume From EOT to End FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Sperm Density From Baseline to End of FU
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Sperm Density From Baseline to the End of Treatment (EOT)
NCT01663740 (27) [back to overview]Change in Sperm Density From EOT to End of FU
NCT02188719 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) Attributable to the Donor Alloantigen Reactive Tregs (darTregs) Infusion
NCT02188719 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Grade 2 or Higher Hematologic Adverse Events (AEs) of Anemia, Neutropenia, and/or Thrombocytopenia
NCT02188719 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Biopsy-Proven Acute and/or Chronic Rejection
NCT02188719 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Infectious Adverse Event(s)
NCT02188719 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Wound Complication(s) Adverse Event(s)
NCT02503982 (1) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC)
NCT02871401 (5) [back to overview]Adverse Events - Number
NCT02871401 (5) [back to overview]Total # Adverse Events
NCT02871401 (5) [back to overview]Serious Adverse Events
NCT02871401 (5) [back to overview]Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT02871401 (5) [back to overview]Proportion of Subjects Who Discontinue Study Drug Due to Adverse Events
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma CMV DNA (CMV Viremia Clearance) at Week 8 After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study Assigned Treatment
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) at the End of Study Week 8
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at the End of Week 8, Followed by Maintenance of Treatment Effect at Week 16
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia at Any Time During the Study
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia During First 8 Weeks of the Study
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia During the Follow-up Period
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events During the On-Treatment Period
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment Through Weeks 12, 16 and 20
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Maintained Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance at Week 8 After Receiving Study-Assigned Treatment Through Study Weeks 12 and 20 Regardless of Whether Study Assigned Treatment Was Completed
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia While on Study Treatment and Off Treatment
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Grade 3 or 4 (Shift From Baseline Grade <3) and Grade 4 Neutropenia (Shift From Baseline Grade <4) While on Study Treatment
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Predose Concentration (Cmin) of Maribavir
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Developing Resistance
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Time When Maximum Concentration is Observed (Tmax) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only
NCT02927067 (18) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve Over the 12-Hour Dosing Interval at Steady State AUC(0-tau) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants With All-cause Mortality by the End of the Study
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Receiving Maribavir Rescue Treatment Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at Week 8 With Maintenance of Effect Through Week 16
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma CMV DNA (CMV Viremia Clearance) at End of Week 8 After Starting Maribavir Rescue Treatment
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (CMV Viremia Clearance) at End of Week 8
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at End of Week 8, Followed by Maintenance of Treatment Effect at Week 16
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Completed 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the 12 Weeks of Follow-up Period
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Completed 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the First 8 Weeks of the Treatment
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia at Any Time on Study Regardless of Whether Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the 12 Weeks Follow-up Period Regardless of Whether Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the First 8 Weeks of Study Regardless of Whether Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia While Off Study-assigned Treatment During Follow-up Period
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia While on Study-assigned Treatment
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Time to All Cause Mortality
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Maintained CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at the End of Study Week 8 Through Weeks 12 and 20 Regardless of Whether Either Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Completed 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the 20 Weeks of Study
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment Through Weeks 12, 16 and 20
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious TEAEs During the On-treatment Observation Period
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had Post-baseline Resistance to Maribavir
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had Maribavir CMV Resistance at Baseline
NCT02931539 (21) [back to overview]Predose Concentration (Cmin) of Maribavir
NCT03296553 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Associated to Kaposi Sarcoma (IRIS-KS)
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in at Least One Ear Through Study Month 12
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Unsolicited Adverse Events Assessed by Adapted From DAIDS Toxicity Tables
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Safety Laboratory Adverse Events
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Ears of Mild Worsened Hearing
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Ears of Profound Worsened Hearing
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Moderate Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Profound Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Severe Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Ears of Severe Worsened Hearing
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Permanent Discontinuation of Valganciclovir Therapy, or Any Adverse Event That is Not Recovered / Not Resolved
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Mild Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in at Least One Ear Through Study Month 18
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Ears of Moderate Worsened Hearing
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Absolute Neutrophil Counts Below 500/mm^3
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]The Number of Participants Developing Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) in at Least One Ear Between Baseline and Study Month 6
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Transaminase Elevation During Treatment > / = 2 Times the Baseline Value
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events
NCT03301415 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in at Least One Ear Through Study Month 4
NCT03443869 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adjudicated Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease Through 52 Weeks Post-transplant
NCT03443869 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adjudicated CMV Disease Through 28 Weeks Post-transplant
NCT03443869 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Any Drug-related Serious Adverse Event (SAE)
NCT03443869 (5) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Adjudicated CMV Disease Through 52 Weeks Post-transplant
NCT03443869 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Any AE

Change in Renal Function as Measured by Serum Creatinine, Stratified by Withdrawal Status

Mean change from transplantation to Month 48 in serum creatinine. Normal serum creatinine range is from 0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL. In a transplant population, starting serum creatinine is higher than normal range. A negative change indicates better renal function (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)-4.2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)-5.4

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Number of Alemtuzumab Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

(NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)8

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Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants Following Sirolimus Withdrawal

"Following sirolimus withdrawal, the number of acute rejections[1] in all enrolled participants~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab0

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Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants

"Number of acute rejections[1] in all enrolled subjects from the time of transplantation to the end of the trial (four years post-transplant)~Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Four years post-transplant

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab1

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Number of Acute Rejections Between Initiation of Sirolimus Withdrawal and End of Study

"Acute rejections[1] between initiation of sirolimus withdrawal and end of study~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Initiation of sirolimus to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab0

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Number of Deaths Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

Participants who died during the study, all cause(s) (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to Death (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventiondeaths (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Tacrolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

(NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2

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Number of Side Effects of Conventional Immunosuppression, Stratified by Withdrawal Status

Side effects of conventional immunosuppression include increased body weight and hypertension (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionside effects (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)6

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Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Acute Rejection Occurred During the 1 Year Post-transplant Period

"Time (days) to acute rejection[1] for participants occurring during the year following transplantation~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to acute rejection (up to one year post-transplant)

InterventionDays (Number)
Alemtuzumab274

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Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Sirolimus Withdrawal Was Not Initiated

"Time (days) to acute rejection[1] for participants where sirolimus was not initiated~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to acute rejection (up to four years post-transplantation)

InterventionDays (Number)
Alemtuzumab274

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Number of Sirolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

(NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)7

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Number of Severe Acute Rejections Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

"Participants who experienced severe acute rejections[1] during study~Severe acute rejection is defined as that which requires treatment with anti-lymphocyte antibody or is histologically evaluated as Type IIA or greater using the Banff 1997 criteria[2]~Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to severe acute rejection (up to four years post-transplantation)

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Graft Loss Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

"Participants who experienced graft loss[1] during study~[1]Graft loss is defined as the institution of chronic dialysis (at least 6 consecutive weeks, excluding participants with delayed graft function), transplant nephrectomy, or retransplantation" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to Graft Loss (up to four years post-transplantation)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Participants Requiring Anti-lymphocyte Therapy for an Acute Rejection, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

"Participants who experienced acute rejection[1] during study which required anti-lymphocyte (OKT3, ATG) therapy~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-prove rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to acute rejection (up to four years post-transplantation)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Participants With Cytomegalovirus Disease Over Time

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is defined as syndrome or tissue invasive disease in which CMV virus was identified in blood, urine, biopsy or other suitable specimen, which could be in conjunction with one or more of the following events: a) CMV syndrome was defined as virus present in blood or other suitable specimen, plus fever, and any of the following: leukopenia, atypical lymphocytosis, thrombopenia or elevated hepatic transaminases (for non-liver recipients). b) The diagnosis of organ specific tissue invasive CMV disease was evidence of CMV in the tissue (CMV inclusion bodies or in situ detection of CMV antigen or DNA), plus signs/symptoms of organ dysfunction. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years0
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years2
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years2

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Number of Participants With Treatment Failures

Treatment failure was defined as either the development of CMV (viremia, antigenemia or test positive) requiring treatment up to day 100 post-transplant (i.e, while undergoing prophylaxis with valganciclovir up to day 100) or discontinuation of study medication due to lack of efficacy or to toxicity. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years2
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years2
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years0

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Mean Elimination Half-Life of Valganciclovir Over Time

The Elimination Half-Life Period is defined as the time measured for the plasma concentration to decrease by half to its original concentration. One participant was not analyzed for this outcome measure as the participant underwent both a kidney and liver transplant. Here n represents number of participant with specific transplant i.e., kidney, liver, and heart. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 1-3, 3-7, 7-12 hours post dose on any day between Day 7 to Day 14; Week 6, Week 10, and Week 14

,,
Interventionhours (Mean)
In kidney recipients, n=2, 12, 19In liver recipients, n=9, 6, 2In heart recipients, n=6, 2, 4
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years3.12.723.6
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years5.694.55.05
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years4.473.612.62

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Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration of Valganciclovir Over Time

Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) is defined as the maximum observed plasma concentration of Valganciclovir. Participants with kidney, liver and heart transplant were analyzed. One participant was not analyzed for this outcome measure as the participant underwent both a kidney and liver transplant. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 1-3, 3-7, 7-12 hours post dose on any day between Day (D) 7 to D 14; and at Week (W) 6, W 10, and W 14

,,
Interventionmcg/mL (Mean)
In kidney recipients, n=2, 12, 19In liver recipients, n=9, 6, 2In heart recipients, n=6, 2, 4
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years1011.78.22
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years7.855.559.5
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years8.749.3512.5

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Graft Loss

Graft loss was defined as impairment of organ function to such a degree that the participant died or underwent re-transplantation. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Acute Graft RejectionChronic Graft RejectionRecurrence of Underlying DiseaseTechnical ComplicationsPrimary Graft Non-FunctionOther
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years100000
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years000100
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years000001

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Number of Participants With 3 Grade Shift From Baseline of Adverse Events in Hematology and Serum Chemistry

The number of participants experiencing a 3 grade shift (example from Grade 0 to Grade 3) from baseline (BL) in hematology and serum chemistry laboratory parameters are reported. The data was analyzed for overall study only. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Hemoglobin low, n= 63White blood cell count low, n= 59Lymphocytes low, n= 54Neutrophils low, n= 54Potassium low, n=56Potassium high, n=57Alkaline Phosphatase high, n=40Alanine transaminase high, n=48Total Bilirubin high, n=38Sodium low, n=58Sodium high, n=57Calcium low, n=46Phosphate low, n=43Fasting Glucose low, n=39Uric Acid high, n=21
Overall Study633744111201212

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Number of Participants With 4 Grade Shift From Baseline of Adverse Events in Hematology and Serum Chemistry

The number of participants experiencing a 4 grade shift (example from Grade 0 to Grade 4) from BL in hematology and serum chemistry laboratory parameters are reported. The data was analyzed for overall study only. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Hemoglobin low, n= 63White blood cell count low, n= 59Lymphocytes low, n= 54Neutrophils low, n= 54Potassium low, n=56Potassium high, n=57Alkaline Phosphatase high, n=40Alanine transaminase high, n=48Total Bilirubin high, n=38Sodium low, n=58Sodium high, n=57Calcium low, n=46Phosphate low, n=43Fasting Glucose low, n=39Uric Acid high, n=21
Overall Study013402000013002

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Mean Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From 0 to 24 Hours of Valganciclovir

Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) is a measure of the plasma concentration of the drug over time. The AUC 0-24 hours is area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero through 24 hours after dosing. A compartmental model was used to measure the plasma concentrations of valganciclovir. One participant was not analyzed for this outcome measure as the participant underwent both a kidney and liver transplant. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 1-3, 3-7, 7-12 hours post dose on any day between Day 7 to Day 14; Week 6, Week 10, and Week 14

,,
Interventionmcg*hr/mL (Mean)
In kidney recipients, n=2, 12, 19In liver recipients, n=9, 6, 2In heart recipients, n=6, 2, 4
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years65.269.456.3
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years5035.661.2
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years5558.460

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Number of Participants With Opportunistic Infections

Opportunistic infections included oral candidiasis, candidiasis, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus antigen positive, cytomegalovirus test positive. The number of participants with opportunistic infections are reported. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Oral CandidiasisCandidiasisHerpes SimplexCytomegalovirus Antigen PositiveCytomegalovirus Test Positive
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years21011
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years00000
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years00100

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Number of Participants With Any Adverse Events and Any Serious Adverse Events

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation in participant administered a pharmaceutical product, which did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. A serious adverse event (SAE) is any experience or a significant hazard, that is fatal, life-threatening, requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing one, results in persistent or significant disability, is a congenital anomaly, is medically significant or requires intervention to prevent one or other of the outcomes listed above. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any AEAny SAE
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years1713
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years2411
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years1811

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Episodes of Rejection Over Time

Participants with biopsy proven active rejection are reported. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years5
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years2
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years2

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation of the Study Drug

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation in participant administered a pharmaceutical product, which did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. The number of participants with AEs leading to discontinuation of the study drug is reported. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years1
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years2
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years0

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Dose Interruption or Modification

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation in participant administered a pharmaceutical product, which did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. The number of participants with AEs leading to dose interruptions or modifications are reported. (NCT00090766)
Timeframe: Up to Week 26

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir Age Group <= 2 Years4
Valganciclovir Age Group >2 to < 12 Years2
Valganciclovir Age Group >= 12 Years3

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Tumor Response Rate Every 4 Weeks

(NCT00096538)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Progression of DiseaseStable Disease
Valganciclovir41

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The Difference in Linear Growth by Treatment Assignment at 1 Year Post Kidney Transplantation

Standardized Z-scores were computed following a formula using an age- and gender-specific calculation provided by the NHANES III 2000 Growth Data set. The Z-score system expresses anthropometric values of height as several standard deviations (SDs) below (e.g., a negative value) or above (a positive value) the reference mean or median value. In this study the measure was used to test whether there is a difference in the change in height between the treatment groups: Steroid-Based versus Steroid-Free (NCT00141037)
Timeframe: One year post kidney transplantation procedure

InterventionStandard Deviation Score (SDS) (Mean)
Steroid-Free Immunosuppression0.37
Steroid-Based Immunosuppression0.35

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Comparison by Treatment Assignment in the Number of Biopsy-Proven Acute Rejections Within 12 Months Post Kidney Transplantation

"Biopsy-proven acute renal (kidney) rejection [1, 2].~Diagnosis of acute rejection was made by renal biopsy using the Banff 97 criteria. The Banff 97 diagnostic category for renal allograft biopsies is an international standardized histopathological classification. Acute rejection is defined by a renal biopsy demonstrating a Banff 97 classification of Grade IA or greater, with higher scores indicating more severe rejection[2]~Ref: Racusen LC et al. The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int, 55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00141037)
Timeframe: Up to one year post kidney transplantation procedure

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Steroid-Free Immunosuppression18
Steroid-Based Immunosuppression19

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Non-CMV Infection

non cmv opportunistic infections (NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days after randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group35
Treatment Group38

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Severity of Viremia

upon diagnosis of cmv disease, the number of CMV DNA copies/mL as measured by PCR (NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days after randomization

InterventionCMV copies/mL (Median)
Placebo Group110000
Treatment Group3200

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Any CMV Infection

Inclusive of CMV syndrome, disease, or infection not meeting primary end point. (NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days post randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group42
Treatment Group7

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Biopsy Proven Acute Lung Rejection

(NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days of randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group22
Treatment Group15

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Ganciclovir Resistance

UL97 genotyping was done on all positive samples for CMV DNA at 1000 copies/mL, with resistance defined by the presence of 1 or more mutations shown by marker transfer to confer phenotypic ganciclovir resistance (NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days post randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group1
Treatment Group2

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Incidence of CMV End Organ Disease

The primary study end point was CMV end-organ disease determined by positive tissue immunostain or characteristic histopathology assessed for within 300 days post randomization. (NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days after randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group21
Treatment Group1

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Incidence of CMV Syndrome

CMV clinical syndrome, with either positive serum PCR or positive culture for CMV from bronchoalveolar lavage and at least 2 of the following: fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver function test results malaise, reduction in pulmonary function (FEV1) greater than 20percent of baseline, or radiographic infiltrate consistent with CMV (all in the absence of other causes) (NCT00227370)
Timeframe: over the course of 300 days after randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group13
Treatment Group0

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Number of Participants With Positive CMV DNA After a 4-week Washout Period

Number of Participants with positive CMV DNA at any site at week 12 (NCT00264290)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo0
Valganciclovir3

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Change in Percent of CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T Cells After a 4-week Washout Period

Change from baseline at week 12 (NCT00264290)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention%CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells (Mean)
Placebo1
Valganciclovir-4.1

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Change in CMV DNA Shedding From Baseline to Week 8.

Change in percentage of participants with detectable CMV DNA. Herpesvirus DNA levels were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (lower limit of detection, 150 copies/mL) on saliva and seminal plasma. (NCT00264290)
Timeframe: baseline and week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir-36
Placebo0

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Change in CD4 Counts After a 4-week Washout Period

Change from baseline at week 12 (NCT00264290)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventioncells/mm3 (Mean)
Placebo6
Valganciclovir-17

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Change in Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) Counts at Week 8

(NCT00264290)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 8

InterventionCD4 cells/mm3 (Mean)
Placebo-1
Valganciclovir-8

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Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 18 Post-transplant

Percentage of CMV-seronegative renal transplant recipients (R-) receiving a CMV-seropositive graft (D+) who developed CMV disease (confirmed and assumed) within 18 months post-transplant. (NCT00294515)
Timeframe: 18 months post-transplant

InterventionPercentage of patients (Mean)
Valganciclovir up to 100 Days47.9
Valganciclovir up to 200 Days34.2

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Percentage of Patients Who Developed Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease up to Month 12 Post-transplant

Percentage of CMV-seronegative renal transplant recipients (R-) receiving a CMV-seropositive graft (D+) who developed CMV disease (confirmed and assumed) within 12 months post-transplant. (NCT00294515)
Timeframe: 12 months post-transplant

InterventionPercentage of patients (Mean)
Valganciclovir up to 100 Days43.6
Valganciclovir up to 200 Days23.9

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Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 9 Post-transplant

Percentage of CMV-seronegative renal transplant recipients (R-) receiving a CMV-seropositive graft (D+) who developed CMV disease (confirmed and assumed) within 9 months post-transplant. (NCT00294515)
Timeframe: 9 months post-transplant

InterventionPercentage of patients (Mean)
Valganciclovir up to 100 Days43.6
Valganciclovir up to 200 Days22.6

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Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 6 Post-transplant

Percentage of CMV-seronegative renal transplant recipients (R-) receiving a CMV-seropositive graft (D+) who developed CMV disease (confirmed and assumed) within 6 months post-transplant. (NCT00294515)
Timeframe: 6 months post-transplant

InterventionPercentage of patients (Mean)
Valganciclovir up to 100 Days36.2
Valganciclovir up to 200 Days10.3

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Percentage of Patients Who Developed CMV Disease up to Month 24 Post-transplant

Percentage of CMV-seronegative renal transplant recipients (R-) receiving a CMV-seropositive graft (D+) who developed CMV disease (confirmed and assumed) within 24 months post-transplant. (NCT00294515)
Timeframe: 24 months post-transplant

InterventionPercentage of patients (Mean)
Valganciclovir up to 100 Days48.5
Valganciclovir up to 200 Days34.2

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Proteomics Parameter: CMV

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. The proteomics of CMV was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Visit 6 (n=113, 114)Visit 13 (n=102, 110)Visit 15 (n=106, 102)
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy-0.018-0.05-0.068
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis-0.0040.036-0.073

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Proteomics Parameter: Nephropathy

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. The proteomics of nephropathy was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Visit 6 (n=113, 114)Visit 13 (n=102, 110)Visit 15 (n=106, 102)
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy0.1220.0010.102
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis0.102-0.050.019

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Relationship Between Proteomics Pattern and Graft Survival

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. The proteomics of CKD273, CMV, and nephropathy was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CKD273:Visit 6: With Graft Loss (n=1, 4)CKD273:Visit 6: Without Graft Loss (n=112, 110)CKD273:Visit 13: With Graft Loss (n=0, 1)CKD273:Visit 13: Without Graft Loss (n=102, 109)CKD273:Visit 15: Without Graft Loss (n=104, 102)CMV:Visit 6: With Graft Loss (n=1, 4)CMV:Visit 6: Without Graft Loss (n=112, 110)CMV:Visit 13: With Graft Loss (n=0, 1)CMV:Visit 13: Without Graft Loss (n=102, 109)CMV:Visit 15: Without Graft Loss (n=104, 102)Nephropathy:Visit 6: With Graft Loss (n=1, 4)Nephropathy:Visit 6:Without Graft Loss (n=112,110)Nephropathy:Visit 13: With Graft Loss (n=0, 1)Nephropathy:Visit 13:Without Graft Loss(n=102,109)Nephropathy:Visit15: Without Graft Loss(n=104,102)
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy0.8000.3790.5000.2930.326-0.300-0.007-0.300-0.048-0.0681.1000.086-0.8000.0080.102

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Relationship Between Proteomics Pattern and Graft Survival

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. The proteomics of CKD273, CMV, and nephropathy was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CKD273:Visit 6: With Graft Loss (n=1, 4)CKD273:Visit 6: Without Graft Loss (n=112, 110)CKD273:Visit 13: Without Graft Loss (n=102, 109)CKD273:Visit 15: With Graft Loss (n=2, 0)CKD273:Visit 15: Without Graft Loss (n=104, 102)CMV:Visit 6: With Graft Loss (n=1, 4)CMV:Visit 6: Without Graft Loss (n=112, 110)CMV:Visit 13: Without Graft Loss (n=102, 109)CMV:Visit 15: With Graft Loss (n=2, 0)CMV:Visit 15: Without Graft Loss (n=104, 102)Nephropathy:Visit 6: With Graft Loss (n=1, 4)Nephropathy:Visit 6:Without Graft Loss (n=112,110)Nephropathy:Visit 13:Without Graft Loss(n=102,109)Nephropathy:Visit 15: With Graft Loss (n=2, 0)Nephropathy:Visit15: Without Graft Loss(n=104,102)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis0.4000.3710.2580.6000.270-0.5000.0000.0360.100-0.076-0.5000.107-0.0501.350-0.007

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Relationship Between Proteomics Pattern and Participant Survival

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. The proteomics of CKD273, CMV, and nephropathy was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CKD273:Visit 6: Did not Survive (n=2, 1)CKD273:Visit 6: Survived (n=111, 113)CKD273:Visit 13: Did not Survive (n=1, 1)CKD273:Visit 13: Survived (n=101, 109)CKD273:Visit 15: Survived (n=106, 102)CMV:Visit 6: Did not Survive (n=2, 1)CMV:Visit 6: Survived (n=111, 113)CMV:Visit 13: Did not Survive (n=1, 1)CMV:Visit 13: Survived (n=101, 109)CMV:Visit 15: Survived (n=106, 102)Nephropathy:Visit 6: Did not Survive (n=2, 1)Nephropathy:Visit 6: Survived (n=111, 113)Nephropathy:Visit 13: Did not Survive (n=1, 1)Nephropathy:Visit 13: Survived (n=101, 109)Nephropathy:Visit 15: Survived (n=106, 102)
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy0.5000.3930.5000.2930.326-0.900-0.010-0.300-0.048-0.068-0.1000.124-0.8000.0080.102
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis0.4000.3710.7000.2530.2761.150-0.0250.4000.033-0.0730.1500.1011.800-0.0680.019

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Number of Participants With Graft Rejections by CMV Status (Positive or Negative) of the Donor at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874324 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874424 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874324 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874436 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874336 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874436 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874336 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874448 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874348 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874448 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874348 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874460 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874360 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874460 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874360 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874472 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874372 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874472 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874372 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874484 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874384 months: CMV Positive Donor7240874484 months: CMV Negative Donor7240874384 months: CMV Negative Donor72408744
No RejectionsAt Least One Rejection
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis26
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis65
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy13
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy59
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy27
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy52
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy14
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy58
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis27
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis64
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis28
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy28
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis63
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy51
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis15
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy15
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis42
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy57

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Proteomics Parameter: CKD273

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. The proteomics of CKD273 was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Visit 6 (n=113, 114)Visit 13 (n=102, 110)Visit 15 (n=106, 102)
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy0.3940.2950.326
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis0.3720.2580.276

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Number of Participants Who Had Lost Their Transplant up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy81010121313
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis4456811

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Percentage of Participants With Any Opportunistic Infection Within 12 Months

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis31.1
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy37.7

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Percentage of Participants With CMV Disease Within 12 Months Including CMV Syndrome and Tissue Invasive Disease

CMV disease comprises the two components of CMV syndrome as well as CMV tissue invasive disease. CMV syndrome was defined as viremia according to plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and at least one of the following signs: fever of ≥38 °C; new or increased malaise (malaise defined as normal activity reduced >50%; cannot work or unable to care for self; leukopenia on 2 successive measurements separated by at least 24 hours thrombocytopenia; elevation of hepatic transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to at least 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN). CMV tissue invasive disease was defined as viremia according plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and clinical evidence of localized CMV infection (CMV inclusion cells or in situ detection of CMV antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] by immunostaining or hybridization, respectively), cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) and/or relevant symptoms or signs of organ dysfunction. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis5.6
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy16.9

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One Treated and Biopsy-Proven Acute Rejection Episode Within 12 Months

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis18.2
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy13.2

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Percentage of Participants With CMV Syndrome Within 12 Months

CMV syndrome was defined as viremia according to plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and at least one of the following signs: fever of ≥38 °C; new or increased malaise (malaise defined as normal activity reduced >50%; cannot work or unable to care for self; leukopenia on 2 successive measurements separated by at least 24 hours thrombocytopenia; elevation of hepatic transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to at least 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis5.6
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy14.6

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Percentage of Participants With CMV Tissue Invasive Disease Within 12 Months

CMV tissue invasive disease was defined as viremia: PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and clinical evidence of localized CMV infection (CMV inclusion cells or in situ detection of CMV antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] by immunostaining or hybridization, respectively), cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) and/or relevant symptoms or signs of organ dysfunction. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis3.3
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy3.6

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Percentage of Participants With Graft Loss at Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 84 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis7.43
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy8.61

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Percentage of Participants With Graft Survival at Month 12

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis98.6
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy96.0

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Percentage of Participants With Leukopenia Within 12 Months

Leukopenia: white blood cell (WBC) of < 3,500/microlitre (μL) and < 1,000/μL (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis35.1
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy26.5

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Percentage of Participants With Neutropenia Within 12 Months

Neutropenia: absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 750/μL within 12 months. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis16.9
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy12.6

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Time to Occurrence of First Viremia Within 12 Months

Viremia was defined as plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventiondays (Median)
Valganciclovir CMV ProphylaxisNA
Pre-emptive CMV TherapyNA

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Urine Proteomic Pattern at Month 12

Proteomics is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell. Urine proteomic pattern was measured on a scale between -1, indicating no graft alteration, and +1, indicating graft alteration. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis-0.1057
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy0.1452

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Viral Burden at Viremia

Time-weighted area under the curve (AUC) of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Viremia was defined as plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventioncopies/ml*days (Mean)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis5309.83
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy3765.8

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Creatinine Clearance at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

Creatinine Clearance estimated by Cockcroft-Gault formula. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
Interventionmillimiters/minute (Mean)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy62.964.562.664.964.760.8
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis63.263.963.162.263.359.5

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Number of Graft Rejections by CMV Status (Positive or Negative) of the Donor at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
Interventiongraft rejections (Number)
24 months: CMV Positive Donor24 months: CMV Negative Donor36 months: CMV Positive Donor36 months: CMV Negative Donor48 months: CMV Positive Donor48 months: CMV Negative Donor60 months: CMV Positive Donor60 months: CMV Negative Donor72 months: CMV Positive Donor72 months: CMV Negative Donor84 months: CMV Positive Donor84 months: CMV Negative Donor
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy482751285128522953295331
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis392042204521462148214821

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Number of Participants Who Died From Months 24 to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy8910121617
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis368111414

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Number of Participants Who Had Lost Their Transplant or Died up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy151819232829
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis7912162124

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Number of Participants With Active CMV Infection After Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

Active CMV infection was defined as plasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ≥ 400 copies/millilitre (ml). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy595959596060
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis161616161717

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Number of Participants With Active CMV Infection Who Had Lost Their Transplant up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy577999
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis000001

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Number of Participants With CMV Disease From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

CMV disease comprises the two components of CMV syndrome as well as CMV tissue invasive disease. CMV syndrome was defined as viremia according to plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and at least one of the following signs: fever of ≥38 °C; new or increased malaise (malaise defined as normal activity reduced >50%; cannot work or unable to care for self; leukopenia on 2 successive measurements separated by at least 24 hours thrombocytopenia; elevation of hepatic transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to at least 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN). CMV tissue invasive disease was defined as viremia according plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and clinical evidence of localized CMV infection (CMV inclusion cells or in situ detection of CMV antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] by immunostaining or hybridization, respectively), cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) and/or relevant symptoms or signs of organ dysfunction. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy232323242424
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis777777

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Creatinine Clearance at Month 12

Creatinine clearance was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionmillilitre(s)/minute (Mean)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis61.1
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy61.3

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Number of Participants With CMV Syndrome From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

CMV syndrome was defined as viremia according to plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and at least one of the following signs: fever of ≥38 °C; new or increased malaise (malaise defined as normal activity reduced >50%; cannot work or unable to care for self; leukopenia on 2 successive measurements separated by at least 24 hours thrombocytopenia; elevation of hepatic transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to at least 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy202020212121
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis777777

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Number of Participants With CMV Tissue Invasive Disease From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

CMV tissue invasive disease was defined as viremia according plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and clinical evidence of localized CMV infection (CMV inclusion cells or in situ detection of CMV antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] by immunostaining or hybridization, respectively), cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) and/or relevant symptoms or signs of organ dysfunction. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy555555
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis444444

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Number of Participants With CMV Viremia (Active CMV Infection) From Baseline to Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

Viremia (active CMV Infection) was defined as PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy595959596060
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis161616161717

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Number of Participants Without Active CMV Infection Who Had Lost Their Transplant up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy333344
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis4456810

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Percentage of Participants Surviving at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy94.7094.0493.3892.0589.4088.74
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis97.9795.9594.5992.5790.5490.54

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Percentage of Participants With Graft Survival at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy94.7093.3893.3892.0591.3991.39
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis97.3097.3096.6295.9594.5992.57

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Percentage of Participants With Graft Survival or Participant Survival at Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy90.0788.0887.4284.7781.4680.79
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis95.2793.9291.8989.1985.8183.78

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Percentage of Participants With Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Month 6Month 12
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy1.30.7
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis2.73.4

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Number of Participants With CMV Disease After Month 24 and Every 12 Months up to Month 84

CMV disease comprises the two components of CMV syndrome as well as CMV tissue invasive disease. CMV syndrome was defined as viremia according to plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and at least one of the following signs: fever of ≥38 °C; new or increased malaise (malaise defined as normal activity reduced >50%; cannot work or unable to care for self; leukopenia on 2 successive measurements separated by at least 24 hours thrombocytopenia; elevation of hepatic transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to at least 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN). CMV tissue invasive disease was defined as viremia according plasma PCR ≥ 400 copies/ml and clinical evidence of localized CMV infection (CMV inclusion cells or in situ detection of CMV antigen or deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] by immunostaining or hybridization, respectively), cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) and/or relevant symptoms or signs of organ dysfunction. (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: From Month 24 to Month 84

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 months36 months48 months60 months72 months84 months
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy232323242424
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis777777

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Days of Hospitalization

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventiondays (Median)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis26.5
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy32

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Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants (With Versus Without Active CMV Infection) on Pre-emptive CMV Therapy With First Occurrence of Graft Loss at Month 84

An analysis for the time to first occurrence of graft loss within month 84 (by means of Kaplan-Meier analysis) was done for all patients who suffered at least once from acute CMV infection (CMV viremia) during this study versus all patients who did not suffer from acute CMV infection (CMV viremia) during the study. Active CMV infection was defined as plasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ≥ 400 copies/millilitre (ml). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 84 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy, With CMV Infection at Month 8417.9
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy, No CMV Infection at Month 845.8

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Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Percentage of Participants (With Versus Without Active CMV Infection) on Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis With First Occurrence of Graft Loss at Month 84

An analysis for the time to first occurrence of graft loss within month 84 (by means of Kaplan-Meier analysis) was done for all patients who suffered at least once from acute CMV infection (CMV viremia) during this study versus all patients who did not suffer from acute CMV infection (CMV viremia) during the study. Active CMV infection was defined as plasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ≥ 400 copies/millilitre (ml). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 84 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis,With CMV Infection at Month 848.3
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis, No CMV Infection at Month 8411.5

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Percentage of Participants Surviving at Month 12

(NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis98
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy98.7

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Percentage of Participants With Active CMV Infections Not Responding to Valganciclovir or IV Ganciclovir Treatment

Active CMV infection was defined as plasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ≥ 400 copies/millilitre (ml). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis11.8
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy18.3

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Percentage of Participants With Active Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Within 12 Months

Active CMV infection was defined as plasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ≥ 400 copies/millilitre (ml). (NCT00372229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Valganciclovir CMV Prophylaxis14.1
Pre-emptive CMV Therapy42.6

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Time to Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Ganciclovir

The Tmax is defined as time to reach maximum observed Ganciclovir concentration. The pharmacokinetic parameters of Valganciclovir were measured in plasma of all participants following a single tablet dose Valganciclovir at 900 mg at start of treatment on Day 1. (NCT00377741)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12 and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionh (Median)
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)1.99
Non-Cystic Fibrosis (Non-CF)1.98

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Plasma Half-Life (T1/2) of Ganciclovir

Plasma half-life is the time measured for the plasma concentration to decrease by one half. The pharmacokinetic parameters of Valganciclovir were measured in plasma of all participants following a single tablet dose Valganciclovir at 900 mg at start of treatment on Day 1. T1/2 was not reported for those participants for whom R-squared (adjusted) was lower than 0.70. (NCT00377741)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12 and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionh (Mean)
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4.43
Non-Cystic Fibrosis (Non-CF)4.91

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Ganciclovir

The Cmax is defined as maximum observed Ganciclovir concentration. Cmax of valganciclovir were measured in plasma of all participants following a single tablet dose Valganciclovir at 900 mg at start of treatment on Day 1. (NCT00377741)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12 and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)8.46
Non-Cystic Fibrosis (Non-CF)7.54

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Area Under The Observed Plasma Concentration-Time Curve Between Dosing Intervals AUC(0-tau)

The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to end of dosing interval (AUC [0-tau]) is a measure of the plasma ganciclovir concentration from time zero to end of dosing interval. It was computed using the linear trapezoidal rule. The pharmacokinetic parameters of valganciclovir were measured in plasma of all participants following a single oral dose valganciclovir at 900 mg on Day 1. (NCT00377741)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12 and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionh*mcg/mL (Mean)
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)66.2
Non-Cystic Fibrosis (Non-CF)54.1

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Apparent Elimination Rate (Kelim) of Ganciclovir

The apparent elimination rate is equal to the magnitude of the slope from the log-linear regression of plasma concentration versus time over the interval t to 24, where t is the first time-point used for this regression. Kelim was not reported for those participants for whom R-squared (adjusted) was lower than 0.70. (NCT00377741)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12 and 24 hours post-dose

Intervention1/h (Mean)
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4.43
Non-Cystic Fibrosis (Non-CF)4.91

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Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing in Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 6 Months.(Based on 84 Ears From 43 Placebo Subjects and 82 Ears From 43 Valganciclovir Subjects)

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 6 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 6 months

,
Interventionears (Number)
Improved or protected hearingSame hearing loss or deterioration
Placebo: 6 Wks Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo4638
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir5230

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Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 24 Months.(Based on 58 Ears From 31 Placebo Subjects and 70 Ears From 37 Valganciclovir Subjects)

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 24 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 24 months

,
Interventionears (Number)
Improved or protectedSame hearing loss or worsened hearing
Placebo3721
Valganciclovir5416

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Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 6 Months.(Based on 84 Ears From 43 Placebo Subjects and 82 Ears From 43 Valganciclovir Subjects)

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 6 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 6 months

,
Interventionears (Number)
No worsening of hearingWorsening hearing
Placebo: 6 Wks of Vlaganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo759
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir7111

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Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 24 Months.(Based on 58 Ears From 31 Placebo Subjects and 70 Ears From 37 Valganciclovir Subjects)

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 24 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 24 months

,
Interventionears (Number)
No worsening of hearingWorsening hearing
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo535
Valganciclovir628

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Neurological Impairment at 24 Months, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Fine Motor Scaled Score).

Fine motor scaled score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor fine motor skills) and 19 (excellent fine motor skills), with the average fine motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo6.0
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir6.9

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Adverse Events Which Lead to Permanent Discontinuation of Valganciclovir Therapy or Lead to Irreversible Outcome of the Adverse Event.

Adverse events were assessed at each visit through month 7 of the study. No subject discontinued valganciclovir therapy due to permanent discontinuation of valganciclovir therapy or lead to irreversible outcome of any adverse event. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: baseline through 7 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Permanent discontinuation of study drugIrreversible outcome from use of study drug
Placebo: 6 Wks Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks Placebo00
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks Valganciclovir00

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Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 12 Months.

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 12 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 12 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Improved hearingNo change - normal hearingNo change - same degree of hearing lossWorsening hearing
Placebo: 6 Wks Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo223105
Valganciclovir: 24 Weeks of Valganciclovir23063

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Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 24 Months.

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 24 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 24 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Improved hearingNo change - normal hearingNo change - same degree of hearing lossWorsening hearing
Placebo: 6 Wks Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo22072
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir23023

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Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments at 6 Months.

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 6 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 6 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
WorsenedNo ChangeOne point improvement
Placebo: 6 Wks Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks Placebo3373
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir5362

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Neurological Impairment at 24 Months Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Receptive Communication Scaled Score).

Receptive Communication Scaled score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor receptive communication skills) and 19 (excellent receptive communication skills), with the average receptive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo4.9
Valganciclovir6.4

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Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Motor Composite Score).

Motor composite score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor motor skills) and 160 (excellent motor skills), with the average motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo71.8
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir80.1

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Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Gross Motor Scaled Score).

Gross motor scaled score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring is between 1 (very poor gross motor skills) and 19 (excellent gross motor skills), with the average gross motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 Months after enrollment.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo4.9
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir6.1

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Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life, Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Expressive Communication Scaled Score).

Expressive Communication Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor expressive communication skills) and 19 (excellent expressive communication skills), with the average expressive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo5.3
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks Valganciclovir6.5

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Neurological Impairment at 24 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Cognitive Composite Score).

Cognitive Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores are between 40 (very poor cognitive skills) and 160 (excellent cognitive skills), with the average cognitive skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo74.9
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir79.6

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Motor Composite Score).

Motor Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor motor skills) and 160 (excellent motor skills), with the average motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo70.0
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir76.5

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Language Composite Score).

Language Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor language skills) and 160 (excellent language skills), with the average language skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo74.8
Valganciclovir82.9

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Gross Motor Scaled Score).

Gross Motor Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor gross motor skills) and 19 (excellent gross motor skills), with the average gross motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo4.9
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir5.6

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Fine Motor Scaled Score).

Fine Motor Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor fine motor skills) and 19 (excellent fine motor skills), with the average fine motor skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo5.5
Valganciclovir6.5

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Age Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Receptive Communication Scaled Score).

Receptive Communication Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor receptive communication skills) and 19 (excellent receptive communication skills), with the average receptive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo5.8
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir6.8

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Age Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Expressive Communication Scaled Score).

Expressive Communication Scaled Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Scaled Scores, the range of scores is between 1 (very poor expressive communication skills) and 19 (excellent expressive communication skills), with the average expressive communication skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 10 with standard deviation of 3. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo6.1
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir7.3

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Neurologic Impairment at 24 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Language Composite Score).

Language Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor language skills) and 160 (excellent language skills), with the average language skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 24 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo71.2
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Vlaganciclovir79.5

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Neurological Impairment at 12 Months of Life Utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Cognitive Composite Score).

Cognitive Composite Score for infants and toddlers was measured by use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. For the Bayleys scoring of the Composite Scores, the range of scores is between 40 (very poor cognitive skills) and 160 (excellent cognitive skills), with the average cogonitive skills score for a child (age adjusted) is 100 with standard deviation of 15. (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: 12 Months after enrollment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo76.5
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir84.2

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Number of Ears With Hearing Deterioration Over Left and Right Ears at 12 Months.(Based on 77 Ears From 40 Placebo Subjects and 79 Ears From 41 Valganciclovir Subjects)

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 12 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 12 months

,
Interventionears (Number)
No worsening of hearingWorsening hearing
Placebo: 6 Wks of Valganciclovir Followed by 18 Wks of Placebo6710
Valganciclovir: 24 Wks of Valganciclovir736

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Number of Ears With Improvement or Protected Hearing in Hearing Assessments Over Left and Right Ears at 12 Months.(Based on 77 Ears From 40 Placebo Subjects and 79 Ears From 41 Valganciclovir Subjects)

"Hearing assessment was evaluated by an independent audiologist. At baseline, a brainstem evoked response (BSER) assessment and autoacoustic emissions (OAEs) hearing assessments were obtained. At 12 months, BSER and /or Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and OAEs were obtained. A single, independent study audiologist who was blinded to treatment assignment assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications were assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. Following this, the study audiologist assigned the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification was mild hearing loss." (NCT00466817)
Timeframe: Between baseline and 12 months

,
Interventionears (Number)
Improved or protected hearingSame hearing loss or worsening
Placebo4433
Valganciclovir5821

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Number of Participants With Known Ganciclovir Resistance (Mutations in Either UL54 or UL97 Genes)

All patients with measurable CMV had both UL54 and UL97 genes sequenced to assess for known CMV resistance to ganciclovir. (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
UL54UL97
Valganciclovir01

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Number of Participants With Peak Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Viral Load up to Week 52 Post-Transplant

Blood samples were sent to a central lab for the quantitative assessment of CMV viral load (amount of CMV in the blood) by an FDA-approved molecular-based assay. The number of participants in each category is reported in copies/milliliter (CP/mL). CMV DNA is detected in all categories < 150 CP/mL and above. (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
No CMV DNA Detected< 150 CP/mL150 to 1,000 CP/mL1,001 to 5,000 CP/mL> 5,000 CP/mL
Valganciclovir3016631

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Number of Participants With Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease in the First 52 Weeks Post-Transplant as Assessed by the Investigator

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay or antigenaemia assay was used for the qualitative assessment of CMV viremia by each study center as part of the clinical assessment required for diagnosis of CMV infection. CMV disease included CMV syndrome or tissue invasive CMV. CMV syndrome required fever ≥ 38 degrees Celsius, severe malaise, leukopenia on 2 separate measurements, atypical lymphocytosis ≥ 5%, thrombocytopenia, elevation of hepatic transaminases and presence of CMV in blood. Tissue Invasive CMV required evidence of localized CMV infection in a biopsy or other appropriate symptom and relevant symptoms or signs of organ dysfunction. (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
CMV SyndromeTissue Invasive CMV
Valganciclovir10

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Number of Participants With Biopsy Proven Rejection

Renal biopsies were performed as medically indicated. Biopsies were assessed histologically using the updated Banff criteria 1997. (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
≤ 2 Years>2 to <12 Years≥ 12 Years
Valganciclovir113

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AE), Serious Adverse Events (SAE) or Withdrawal Due to AEs

"An AE was any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal (investigational) product. Pre-existing conditions which worsen during a study were reported as AEs.~A SAE was any experience that: resulted in death, was life-threatening, required in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, was a congenital anomaly/birth defect or was medically significant." (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Adverse EventsSerious Adverse EventsWithdrawals due to AE
Valganciclovir56416

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Number of Participants With Graft Loss

Graft loss was defined as the institution of chronic dialysis (at least 6 consecutive weeks), transplant nephrectomy, or retransplantation. (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir0

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Number of Participants With Death

(NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir0

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Number of Participants With Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection in the First 52 Weeks Post-Transplant as Assessed by the Investigator

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay or antigenaemia assay was used for the qualitative assessment of CMV viremia (presence of CMV in the blood) by each study center as part of the clinical assessment required for diagnosis of CMV infection. (NCT01376804)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Valganciclovir3

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Percentage of Participants With

Here is the percentage of participants with NCT01441063)
Timeframe: each cycle, up to 6 years, 8 months and 24 days.

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cumulative Grade 2Grade 1
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy100100100
Tocilizumab Monotherapy10010063

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Percentage of Participants With Overall Survival 4 Months After Treatment With Tocilizumab and Tocilizumab /Zidovudine (AZT)/Valganciclovir (VGC)

Overall survival is defined as the percentage of participants alive at 4 months after the start of treatment with tocilizumab and tocilizumab /AZT/VGC. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: 4 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab Monotherapy100
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy100

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Percentage of Participants With Grade 3 or Greater Serious Adverse Events

Here is the percentage of participants with Grade 3 or greater serious adverse events assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). A serious adverse event is an adverse event or suspected adverse reaction that results in death, a life-threatening adverse drug experience, hospitalization, disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, congenital anomaly/birth defect or important medical events that jeopardize the patient or subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the previous outcomes mentioned. Grade 3 is severe or medically significant, Grade 4 is life threatening, and Grade 5 is death. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: each cycle, up to 6 years, 8 months and 24 days.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab Monotherapy25
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy67

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Percentage of Participants Progression-free Survival at 4 Months

Progression-free survival is defined as participants who progress or die by 4 months after the start of treatment with tocilizumab and tocilizumab /AZT/VGC. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: 4 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab Monotherapy25
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy33

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Number of Participants With Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events Assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0)

Here is the count of participants with serious and non-serious adverse events assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0). A non-serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence. A serious adverse event is an adverse event or suspected adverse reaction that results in death, a life-threatening adverse drug experience, hospitalization, disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, congenital anomaly/birth defect or important medical events that jeopardize the patient or subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the previous outcomes mentioned. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: Date treatment consent signed to date off study, approximately 6 years, 8 months and 24 days.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tocilizumab Monotherapy8
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy3

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Percentage of Participants With Kaposi Sarcoma Responses Per the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Response Criteria

The ACTG Criteria is defined as a Complete Response (CR), Partial Response (PR), Stable Disease (SD), Progressive Disease (PD), and Symptom Free Disease (SFD). The terms Improved (I), Stable (S), Mixed (M) Response, and Worse (W) are also used to further describe participants who have SD or PR. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 7, and at off study visit, approximately 2 weeks following last study treatment for those with KS, up to 14 weeks.

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Complete ResponsePartial ResponseProgressive Disease
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy000
Tocilizumab Monotherapy00100

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Percentage of Participants With an Overall Clinical Benefit Response

Overall clinical benefit response is defined as Complete Response (CR): Full resolution of all clinical symptoms and laboratory abnormalities (whether or not these are indicator abnormalities) probably or definitely attributable to MCD, lasting at least 3 weeks; and Partial Response (PR): At least 50% of the abnormalities probably or definitely attributed to KSHV-MCD must improve by the minimum amounts specified to attain PR. Only abnormalities present in a specific patient at baseline may count toward the achievement of a PR (e.g. if six of indicator abnormalities are present at baseline, at least three must meet the specified criteria to be considered a PR) assessed using a modified Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus-associated multicentric Castleman disease (KSHV- MCD) Clinical Benefit Response Criteria and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) KSHV-MCD criteria. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: every 2 weeks for up to 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cumulative ResponsePartial ResponseComplete Response
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy1006733
Tocilizumab Monotherapy635013

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Percentage of Participants With a Radiographic Response

A radiographic response is defined as a Complete Response (CR): Normalization of all lymph nodes to <1.5 cm in greatest transverse dimension, decrease to < 1 cm of lymph nodes 1.1-1.5 cm at baseline (or 75% decrease in the sum of products of diameters (SPD)), Spleen < 12 cm greatest dimension, no pleural effusions; Complete Response unconfirmed (CRu): Residual lymph node mass >1.5 cm or splenomegaly > 12 cm that has decrease by >75% and does not change over one year; and Partial Response (PR): For lymph nodes, >50% decrease in SPD of 6 dominant nodes, for spleen 50% decrease in longest transverse dimension assessed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus-associated multicentric Castleman Disease (KSHV-MCD) Response Criteria. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cumulative ResponseComplete ResponseComplete Response unconfirmedPartial Response
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy0000
Tocilizumab Monotherapy130013

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Percentage of Participants With a Clinical Response

Clinical response is defined as a Complete Response (CR): Full resolution of all signs and symptoms attributable to MCD, lasting 1 cycle (3-4 weeks depending on regimen; Symptom Free Disease (SFD:) Full resolution of all signs and symptoms attributable to MCD, not yet lasting 1 cycle (3-4 weeks depending on regimen); and Partial Response (PR): Improvement in at least 50% of signs and symptoms by at least 1 grade (NCI-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4), with no increased MCD related increases, lasting 1 cycle (3-4 weeks depending on regimen) assessed by the National Cancer Institute Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus-associated multicentric Castleman disease (NCI KSHV-MCD) Response Criteria. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cumulative ResponseComplete ResponseSymptom Free DiseasePartial Response
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy10033067
Tocilizumab Monotherapy7525050

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Percentage of Participants With a Biochemical Response

A biochemical response is defined as a Complete Response (CR): Normalization of abnormalities attributed to MCD in the following labs: Complete blood count (CBC), Chem 20, C-Reactive protein (CRP), lasting 1 cycle (3-4 weeks depending on regimen); Partial Response (PR): 50% improvement in all labs abnormalities attributable to MCD, lasting 1 cycle (3-4 weeks depending on regimen), and was assessed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus-associated multicentric Castleman Disease (KSHV-MCD) Response Criteria. (NCT01441063)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cumulative ResponseComplete ResponsePartial Response
Tocilizumab Combination Therapy1006733
Tocilizumab Monotherapy501338

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Renal Function

Renal function will be assessed by an estimated creatinine clearance utilizing the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation at 6, 12, and 24 months after transplant (NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 6, 12, and 24 months after transplant

,
InterventionmL/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
GFR at 180 DaysGFR at 1 yearGFR at 2 years
Valcyte575959
Valcyte Then Cytogam535455

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Number of Patients With Early CMV Infection

(NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 100 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte3
Valcyte Then Cytogam1

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Number of Patients With Cell Mediated Immunity

Positive CMV quantiferon at last follow-up (NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte8
Valcyte Then Cytogam13

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Number of Participants With Opportunistic Infections

(NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte17
Valcyte Then Cytogam19

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Number of Participants With CMV Seroconversions

(NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte13
Valcyte Then Cytogam19

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Number of Participants With Asymptomatic CMV Viremia

(NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte1
Valcyte Then Cytogam5

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Number of Participants With Acute Cellular and/or Antibody Mediated Rejection

(NCT01509404)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte2
Valcyte Then Cytogam6

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Number of Patients With Late CMV Disease

Number of any clinically significant late CMV disease, defined as CMV syndrome or tissue-invasive disease occurring after the first 200 days post transplant (NCT01509404)
Timeframe: after 200 days post-transplant until 2 years post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valcyte0
Valcyte Then Cytogam0

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Incidence of Allograft Rejection

Number of subjects with allograft rejection (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy28
Prophylaxis26

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Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Hematopoietic growth factor receipt for ANC less than 500 during valganciclovir treatment. (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 107

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy5
Prophylaxis7

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Graft Loss

Incidence of graft loss (re-transplantation) (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy2
Prophylaxis2

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All-cause Mortality

Survival probability at 1 year (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

Interventionsurvivor probabillity (Number)
Preemptive Therapy.880
Prophylaxis.933

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Neutropenia Less Than 500

ANC less than 500 while on valganciclovir (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: prior to day 107

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy12
Prophylaxis10

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Bacterial Infections

Incidence of bacterial opportunistic infections (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy22
Prophylaxis26

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Neutropenia

Incidence of neutropenia less than 1000/µL while on valganciclovir treatment (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 107

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy36
Prophylaxis35

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Major Non-CMV Viral Infections

Incidence of non-CMV viral infections (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy2
Prophylaxis0

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Major Fungal Infections

Opportunistic fungal infections (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy4
Prophylaxis9

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Late-onset CMV Disease

Incidence of late-onset CMV disease (occurring after 100 days post-randomization) as adjudicated by end point committee (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: Up to 365 days post-transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Preemptive Therapy6
Prophylaxis18

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Incidence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease.

CMV disease as verified by an independent end point committee (NCT01552369)
Timeframe: 365 days post-transplant

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Preemptive Therapy9
Prophylaxis20

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Adverse Event (AE) Resulting in Unanticipated Medically Attended Visit

Adverse event resulting in unanticipated medically attended visit. This outcome summarizes the number of adverse events (AEs) that resulted in the unanticipated medically attended visit. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 thru day 70

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NoYes
Active170
Placebo153

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Adverse Event (AE) Resulting in Unresolved Outcome

Adverse event resulting in unresolved outcome. This outcome summarizes the number of adverse events (AEs) that resulted in unresolved outcome of that AE. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 thru day 70

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NoYes
Active170
Placebo180

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Association of Change in Viral Load (Blood) With Change in Best Ear Hearing at 6 Months

Analysis of actual viral load was done using log base 10 transformation. Undetectable viral load value was replaced by a value of 10. A summary measure of the viral load over time considers all time points available by calculating the average area under the curve (AUC) (trapezoidal rule) applied to the log base 10 viral load. Average is based on the maximum period of time with viral load data for a given subject. The average or standardize AUC units is therefore the original AUC units of log 10 copies/ml*days divided by days in study which equals log 10 copies/ml. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

Interventionlog 10 copies/ml (Mean)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal + worsened
Randomized Group1.3961.359

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Association of Change in Viral Load (Blood) With Change in Total Ear Hearing at 6 Months

Analysis of actual viral load was done using log base 10 transformation. Undetectable viral load value was replaced by a value of 10. A summary measure of the viral load over time considers all time points available by calculating the average area under the curve (AUC) (trapezoidal rule) applied to the log base 10 viral load. Average is based on the maximum period of time with viral load data for a given subject. The average or standardize AUC units is therefore the original AUC units of log 10 copies/ml*days divided by days in study which equals log 10 copies/ml. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

Interventionlog 10 copies/ml (Mean)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal + worsened
Randomized Group1.3961.326

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Detection of Viruria (Urine) by PCR Six Month After Trial Entry

Each subject either has positive or negative PCR results. Virus is detected if the PCR is positive. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PositiveNegative
Active113
Placebo101

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Detection of Viremia (Blood) by PCR Six Weeks After Trial Entry

Each subject either has positive or negative PCR results. Virus is detected if the PCR is positive. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 weeks (Day 42)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PositiveNegative
Active212
Placebo411

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Detection of Viremia (Blood) by PCR Six Month After Trial Entry

Each subject either has positive or negative PCR results. Virus is detected if the PCR is positive. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PositiveNegative
Active312
Placebo411

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Detection of CMV in Saliva PCR Six Month After Trial Entry

Each subject either has positive or negative PCR results. Virus is detected if the PCR is positive. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PositiveNegative
Active79
Placebo88

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Detection of CMV in Saliva by PCR Six Weeks After Trial Entry

Each subject either has positive or negative PCR results. Virus is detected if the PCR is positive. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 weeks (Day 42)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PositiveNegative
Active313
Placebo97

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Change in Total Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse+ no Change (Abnormal to Abnormal) Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionEars (Number)
worse + no change (abnormal to abnormal)Other
Active206
Placebo199

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Change in Total Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionEars (Number)
WorsenedOther
Active620
Placebo127

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Change in Total Ear Hearing Assessments [Improved Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionEars (Number)
ImprovedOther
Active026
Placebo028

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The Quantitative Log Reduction in Viruria Detected After 6 Weeks of Therapy

The quantitative log reduction in viruria (urine) detected after 6 weeks of therapy. Quantitative viral load by PCR in log 10 units measured in urine after 6 weeks of therapy; if undetectable, viral load is assigned a value of 10 (1 in log 10 units) (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Baseline thru months 6

Interventionlog10 IU/ml (Least Squares Mean)
ActivePlacebo
Randomized Group1.21520.8390

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The Quantitative Log Reduction in CMV in Saliva Detected After 6 Weeks of Therapy

The quantitative log reduction in CMV in saliva (urine) detected after 6 weeks of therapy. Quantitative viral load by PCR in log 10 units measured in urine after 6 weeks of therapy; if undetectable, viral load is assigned a value of 10 (1 in log 10 units) (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Baseline thru months 6

Interventionlog10 IU/ml (Least Squares Mean)
ActivePlacebo
Randomized Group1.32020.0057

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The Quantitative Log Change in Viremia From Baseline to Month 6.

The quantitative change (Month 6 minus baseline) in viremia (blood) Quantitative viral load by PCR in log 10 units measured in urine after 6 weeks of therapy; if undetectable, viral load is assigned a value of 10 (1 in log 10 units). (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Baseline to month 6

Interventionlog10 IU/ml (Least Squares Mean)
ActivePlacebo
Randomized Group0.4908-0.1528

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Number of Ears That Had (1) Improved Hearing or no Change in Hearing (2) Worsened Hearing.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss. Not both ears are evaluable for all subjects. In some subjects, only one ear is evaluable." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionEars (Number)
Improve + no changeWorsened
Active206
Placebo271

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Number of Best Ear That Had (1) Improved Hearing or no Change in Hearing (2) Worsened Hearing [ex. Improved+ no Change (Normal to Normal) Versus Other].

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss. For this outcome, we combine the improved hearing and no change for the special case only of normal to normal. Other category include worsened and no change from (1) mild to mild hearing loss, (2) moderate to moderate hearing loss, or (3) severe to severe hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal or worsened
Active66
Placebo96

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Number of Adverse Events in the Active Group That Resulted in Discontinuation of Valganciclovir

AE resulting in discontinuation of valganciclovir (active group only). This outcome summarizes the number of adverse events (AEs) that resulted in the discontinuation of valganciclovir in the active group only. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 thru day 70

InterventionParticipants (Number)
NoYes
Randomized Group170

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Association of Change in Viral Load (Saliva) With Change in Total Ear Hearing at 6 Months

Analysis of actual viral load was done using log base 10 transformation. Undetectable viral load value was replaced by a value of 10. A summary measure of the viral load over time considers all time points available by calculating the average area under the curve (AUC) (trapezoidal rule) applied to the log base 10 viral load. Average is based on the maximum period of time with viral load data for a given subject. The average or standardize AUC units is therefore the original AUC units or log 10 copies/ml*days divided by days in study which equals log 10 copies/ml. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

Interventionlog 10 copies/ml (Mean)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal + worsened
Randomized Group2.4472.290

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Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
WorsenedOther
Active39
Placebo015

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Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments [Worse + no Change (Abnormal to Abnormal) Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No change abnormal to abnormal + worsenedImproved + normal to normal
Active66
Placebo69

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Change in Best Ear Hearing Assessments [Improved Versus Other] Between Baseline and Study Month 6.

"A single, independent study audiologist who is masked (blinded) to treatment assignment will assess the audiology test battery for each subject and assign the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, or severe hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). The classifications will be assigned by ear (one for the left ear and one for the right ear), giving total ear classifications. At the analyses stage, the best ear classification for the subject at that study visit will be determined; for example, if a subject had mild hearing loss in their left ear and severe hearing loss in their right ear, then the best ear classification will be mild hearing loss." (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 180

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ImprovedNo change or worsened
Active012
Placebo015

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Association of Change in Viral Load (Urine) With Change in Total Ear Hearing at 6 Months

Analysis of actual viral load was done using log base 10 transformation. Undetectable viral load value was replaced by a value of 10. A summary measure of the viral load over time considers all time points available by calculating the average area under the curve (AUC) (trapezoidal rule) applied to the log base 10 viral load. Average is based on the maximum period of time with viral load data for a given subject. The average or standardize AUC units is therefore the original AUC units of log 10 copies/ml*days divided by days in study which equals log 10 copies/ml. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

Interventionlog 10 copies/ml (Mean)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal + worsened
Randomized Group3.5623.583

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Association of Change in Viral Load (Urine) With Change in Best Ear Hearing at 6 Months

Analysis of actual viral load was done using log base 10 transformation. Undetectable viral load value was replaced by a value of 10. A summary measure of the viral load over time considers all time points available by calculating the average area under the curve (AUC) (trapezoidal rule) applied to the log base 10 viral load. Average is based on the maximum period of time with viral load data for a given subject. The average or standardize AUC units is therefore the original AUC units of log 10 copies/ml*days divided by days in study which equals log 10 copies/ml. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

Interventionlog 10 copies/ml (Mean)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal + worsened
Randomized Group3.5623.831

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Association of Change in Viral Load (Saliva) With Change in Best Ear Hearing at 6 Months

Analysis of actual viral load was done using log base 10 transformation. Undetectable viral load value was replaced by a value of 10. A summary measure of the viral load over time considers all time points available by calculating the average area under the curve (AUC) (trapezoidal rule) applied to the log base 10 viral load. Average is based on the maximum period of time with viral load data for a given subject. The average or standardize AUC units is therefore the original AUC units of log 10 copies/ml*days divided by days in study which equals log 10 copies/ml. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 months

Interventionlog 10 copies/ml (Mean)
Improved + normal to normalNo change abnormal + worsened
Randomized Group2.4472.423

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Detection of Viruria (Urine) by PCR Six Weeks After Trial Entry

Each subject either has positive or negative PCR results. Virus is detected if the PCR is positive. (NCT01649869)
Timeframe: At 6 weeks (Day 42)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PositiveNegative
Active111
Placebo111

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Change in Sperm Morphology Evaluated as Percentage of Normal Sperm Cells From EOT to End of FU

Sperm morphology was evaluated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the sperm morphology measured at FU - the sperm morphology measured at EOT for each participant. A positive change from EOT indicated an improved sperm morphology. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionpercentage of normal sperm cells (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-0.714
Cohort B: Untreated Participants2.236

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Change in Total Motility of Sperm From EOT to End of FU

Sperm motility was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Percent was determined by the calculation of motile sperm/total sperm count. Change was calculated as the sperm motility measured at FU - the sperm motility measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower sperm motility (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionpercent motility (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir8.953
Cohort B: Untreated Participants20.635

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Change in Total Testosterone Level From EOT to End of FU

Testosterone level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the testosterone level measured at FU - the testosterone level measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower testosterone level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-0.936
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-0.984

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Change in TUNEL Score From EOT to End of FU

Sperm DNA fragmentation change (chromatin damage) was evaluated based on TUNEL score. Change was calculated as the TUNEL score measured at FU minus the TUNEL score measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower TUNEL score. TUNEL score represents percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA; total score ranged from 0% to 100%, higher score represents more fragmentation. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionpercent score (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir4.447
Cohort B: Untreated Participants1.578

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Percentage of Participants With Improved Sperm Density From EOT to End of FU

Participants who had higher sperm density compared with the previous visit were considered as improved. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir78.9
Cohort B: Untreated Participants88.9

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Percentage of Participants With Improved TUNEL Score From EOT to End of FU

Sperm DNA fragmentation change (chromatin damage) was evaluated based on TUNEL score. Participants who had a lower TUNEL score compared to the previous time point were considered as improved. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir43.8
Cohort B: Untreated Participants55.6

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Change in FSH Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

FSH level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the FSH level measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the FSH level measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower FSH level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir1.521-2.905
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-1.020-1.922

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Change in Inhibin B Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Inhibin B level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the inhibin B level measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the inhibin B level measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower inhibin B level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir5.07551.416
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-3.06710.734

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Change in LH Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

LH level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the LH level measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the LH level measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower LH level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
InterventionmU/mL (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-0.281-1.857
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-0.357-0.642

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Change in Prolactin Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Prolactin level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the prolactin level measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the prolactin level measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower prolactin level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
InterventionmU/mL (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir15.5909.829
Cohort B: Untreated Participants15.693-5.443

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Change in Seminal Volume From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Seminal volume was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the seminal volume measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the seminal volume measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower seminal volume (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-0.193-0.289
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-0.347-0.161

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Change in Sperm Morphology Evaluated as Percentage of Normal Sperm Cells From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Sperm morphology was evaluated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the sperm morphology measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the sperm morphology measured at baseline for each participant. A positive change from baseline indicated an improved sperm morphology. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercentage of normal sperm cells (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir3.7205.128
Cohort B: Untreated Participants9.4616.982

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Change in Terminal Uridine Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) Score From Baseline to EOT and End of Follow-up (FU)

Sperm DNA fragmentation change (chromatin damage) was evaluated based on TUNEL score. Change was calculated as the TUNEL score measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) minus the TUNEL score measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower TUNEL score. TUNEL score represents percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA; total score ranged from 0 percent (%) to 100%, higher score represents more fragmentation. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercent score (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-3.595-4.516
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-5.354-3.465

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Change in Total Motility of Sperm From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Sperm motility was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Percent was determined by the calculation of motile sperm/total sperm count. Change was calculated as the sperm motility measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the sperm motility measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower sperm motility (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercent motility (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir3.83924.736
Cohort B: Untreated Participants25.66734.538

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Change in Total Testosterone Level From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Testosterone level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the testosterone level measured at post-baseline visit (EOT and FU) - the testosterone level measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower testosterone level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Change at EOTChange at end of FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir0.7620.395
Cohort B: Untreated Participants2.6231.509

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Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Sperm Density (<20 Mil/mL) From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Abnormal sperm density was considered as sperm density less than (<) 20 mil/mL. Change in abnormal to abnormal sperm density and normal to abnormal sperm density from baseline to EOT and end of FU was reported. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Abnormal to abnormal: EOTAbnormal to abnormal: FUNormal to abnormal: EOTNormal to abnormal: FU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir50.025.025.00.0
Cohort B: Untreated Participants35.720.07.10.0

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Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Sperm Density (<20 Mil/mL) From EOT to End of FU

Abnormal sperm density was considered as sperm density <20 mil/mL. Change in abnormal to abnormal sperm density and normal to abnormal sperm density from EOT to end of FU was reported. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Abnormal to abnormalNormal to abnormal
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir26.30.0
Cohort B: Untreated Participants22.20.0

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Percentage of Participants With Improved Sperm Density From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Participants who had higher sperm density compared with the previous visit were considered as improved. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
EOTFU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir33.390.0
Cohort B: Untreated Participants64.380.0

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Percentage of Participants With Improved TUNEL Score From Baseline to EOT and End of FU

Sperm DNA fragmentation change (chromatin damage) was evaluated based on TUNEL score. Participants who had a lower TUNEL score compared to the previous time point were considered as improved. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
EOTFU
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir72.766.7
Cohort B: Untreated Participants71.460.0

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Change in Prolactin Level From EOT to End of FU

Prolactin level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the prolactin level measured at FU - the prolactin level measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower prolactin level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

InterventionmU/mL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-7.429
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-16.169

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Change in FSH Level From EOT to End of FU

FSH level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the FSH level measured at FU - the FSH level measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower FSH level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

InterventionU/L (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-3.462
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-1.988

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Change in Inhibin B Level From EOT to End of FU

Inhibin B level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the inhibin B level measured at FU - the inhibin B level measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower inhibin B level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir40.329
Cohort B: Untreated Participants14.448

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Change in LH Level From EOT to End of FU

LH level was calculated based on the average of two samples. Change was calculated as the LH level measured at FU - the LH level measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower LH level. (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

InterventionmU/mL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-1.482
Cohort B: Untreated Participants-0.417

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Change in Seminal Volume From EOT to End FU

Seminal volume was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the seminal volume measured at FU - the seminal volume measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower seminal volume (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

InterventionmL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-0.103
Cohort B: Untreated Participants0.024

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Change in Sperm Density From Baseline to End of FU

Sperm density was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the sperm density measured at post-baseline visit (FU) - the sperm density measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower sperm density (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionmil/mL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir39.671
Cohort B: Untreated Participants49.866

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Change in Sperm Density From Baseline to the End of Treatment (EOT)

Sperm density was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the sperm density measured at post-baseline visit (EOT) minus (-) the sperm density measured at baseline for each participant. A negative change from baseline indicated a lower sperm density (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: Baseline, EOT (Week 28)

Interventionmil/mL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir-9.770
Cohort B: Untreated Participants30.396

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Change in Sperm Density From EOT to End of FU

Sperm density was calculated based on the average of two semen samples. Change was calculated as the sperm density measured at FU - the sperm density measured at EOT for each participant. A negative change from EOT indicated a lower sperm density (worsening). (NCT01663740)
Timeframe: EOT (Week 28), end of FU (Week 52)

Interventionmil/mL (Mean)
Cohort A: Partcipants Who Received Valganciclovir57.149
Cohort B: Untreated Participants5.882

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Percent of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) Attributable to the Donor Alloantigen Reactive Tregs (darTregs) Infusion

"AEs classified by the site investigator/clinician as possibly or definitely related to the study treatment, the Donor Alloantigen Reactive Tregs (darTregs) infusion. These AEs include:~infusion reaction~Grade 3 or higher cytokine release syndrome (Reference: National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.0 (4/28/2009) grading criteria~malignant cellular transformation." (NCT02188719)
Timeframe: Transplantation to 40 Weeks Post Transplantation

InterventionPercent of Participants (Number)
Cohort 20

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Percent of Participants With Grade 2 or Higher Hematologic Adverse Events (AEs) of Anemia, Neutropenia, and/or Thrombocytopenia

"The severity of adverse events (AEs) was classified into grades using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.0 (4/28/2009):~Grade 1 = mild AE~Grade 2 = moderate AE~Grade 3 = severe and undesirable AE~Grade 4 = life-threatening or disabling AE~Grade 5 = death" (NCT02188719)
Timeframe: Transplantation to 40 Weeks Post Transplantation

,
InterventionPercent of Participants (Number)
AnemiaNeutropeniaThrombocytopenia
Cohort 166.716.716.7
Cohort 222.200

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Percent of Participants With Biopsy-Proven Acute and/or Chronic Rejection

"Biopsy-proven acute rejection graded as Mild, Moderate or Severe, per 1997 Banff classification. Chronic Rejection graded using Banff 2000 classification.~References: 1.) Banff Schema for Grading Liver Allograft Rejection: An International Consensus Document developed by an international panel of experts in liver transplantation pathology, hepatology, and surgery (Hepatology 1997; 25(3): 658-663). 2.) Update of the International Banff Schema for Liver Allograft Rejection: Working Recommendations for the Histopathologic Staging and Reporting of Chronic Rejection (Hepatology 2000; 31(3): 792-799)." (NCT02188719)
Timeframe: Transplantation to 40 Weeks Post Transplantation

,
InterventionPercent of Participants (Number)
Mild Acute RejectionModerate Acute RejectionSevere Acute RejectionChronic Rejection
Cohort 10000
Cohort 211.1000

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Percent of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Infectious Adverse Event(s)

"The severity of infectious adverse events (AEs) was classified into grades as follows:~Grade 1 = asymptomatic; clinical or diagnostic observation only; intervention with oral antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral agent only; no invasive intervention required~Grade 2 = symptomatic; intervention with intravenous antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral agent; invasive intervention may be required~Grade 3 = any infection associated with hemodynamic compromise requiring pressors; any infection necessitating intensive care unit level of care; any infection necessitating operative intervention; any infection involving the central nervous system; any infection with a positive fungal blood culture; any proven or probable aspergillus infection; any tissue invasive fungal infection; any pneumocystis jiroveci infection~Grade 4 = life-threatening infection~Grade 5 = death resulting from infection" (NCT02188719)
Timeframe: Transplantation to 40 Weeks Post Transplantation

InterventionPercent of Participants (Number)
Cohort 10
Cohort 211.1

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Percent of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Wound Complication(s) Adverse Event(s)

"The severity of adverse events (AEs) was classified into grades using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.0 (4/28/2009):~Grade 3 wound complications are defined as Hernia without evidence of strangulation; fascial disruption/dehiscence; primary wound closure or revision by operative intervention indicated~Grade 4 complications are defined as Hernia with evidence of strangulation; major reconstruction flap, grafting, resection, or amputation indicated" (NCT02188719)
Timeframe: Transplantation to 40 Weeks Post Transplantation

InterventionPercent of Participants (Number)
Cohort 10
Cohort 20

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Area Under the Curve (AUC)

Valganciclovir area under the curve (AUC) calculated with the trapezoidal method using drug levels measured at 2, 5 and 10 h, and extrapolated beyond the 10 hour time point to arrive at a 24-hour curve. (NCT02503982)
Timeframe: drug levels measured at 2, 5 and 10 h following administration of the dose on day 4 creating a 24 hours curve

Interventionmcg∙h/mL (Median)
Solid Organ Transplanted Children21.0

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Adverse Events - Number

Number of subjects with each reported adverse event (NCT02871401)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
At least 1 AECoughLeukocytosisDiarrheaElevated liver enzymesPneumoniaWorsened dyspneaAcute pain of shoulderAcute respiratory failureAcute sinusitisBilateral arm swellingBilateral lower leg edemaCarbuncle on faceDepressionDyspepsiaHoarsenessHypertensionHypoxia during flightJaw painLymphopeniaNauseaNephrolithiasisPain in backParoxysmal atrial fibrillationProstate cancer recurrenceRashRespiratory tract infectionSore throatThrombocytopeniaTooth painUpper respiratory tract infectionVertigoWeaknessWeight lossWorsening anemiaWorsening hypertension
Placebo413000200000011111101010100100000010
Valganciclovir1431222011111100000010101011111111101

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Total # Adverse Events

Total number of adverse events (NCT02871401)
Timeframe: Randomization to 16 weeks

Interventionevents (Number)
Valganciclovir33
Placebo13

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Serious Adverse Events

Number of subjects with each serious adverse event (NCT02871401)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionevents (Number)
Valganciclovir2
Placebo1

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Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Change in FVC percent predicted compared to baseline (NCT02871401)
Timeframe: Baseline vs. 12 weeks, 1 year

,
Interventionpercentage predicted (Median)
Baseline to 12 weeksBaseline to 12 months
Placebo-2-5
Valganciclovir0-1

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Proportion of Subjects Who Discontinue Study Drug Due to Adverse Events

Proportion of study subjects who discontinue study drug due to adverse events (NCT02871401)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir1
Placebo0

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only

(NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Pre-morning dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-morning dose of Week 1

Interventionµg/mL (Mean)
Maribavir 400 mg BID22.0

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma CMV DNA (CMV Viremia Clearance) at Week 8 After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study Assigned Treatment

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentrations less than lower limit of quantification (LLOQ; i.e. <137 International units per milliliter [IU/mL]), when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive post baseline samples separated by at least 5 days. To be considered a responder for this secondary endpoint, the participant must have received exclusively study-assigned treatment for 8 weeks. Participants who discontinued treatment early were non-responders for this endpoint. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID137
Maribavir 400 mg BID158

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) at the End of Study Week 8

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentrations less than lower limit of quantification (LLOQ; i.e. <137 International units per milliliter [IU/mL]), when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive post baseline samples separated by at least 5 days. To be considered a responder for the primary endpoint, the participant must have received exclusively study-assigned treatment (regardless of whether study-assigned treatment was completed). (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID212
Maribavir 400 mg BID190

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at the End of Week 8, Followed by Maintenance of Treatment Effect at Week 16

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentrations less than lower limit of quantification (LLOQ; i.e. <137 International units per milliliter [IU/mL]), when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive post baseline samples separated by at least 5 days. To be considered a responder for this key secondary endpoint, the participant must have received exclusively study-assigned treatment (regardless of whether study-assigned treatment was completed). CMV Infection Symptom Control is defined as no new clinical findings of CMV tissue invasive disease. Maintenance of Treatment Effect is defined as maintaining confirmed CMV viremia clearance and CMV infection symptom control through Week 16. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Week 8 up to Week 16

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID133
Maribavir 400 mg BID144

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Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia at Any Time During the Study

Recurrence of CMV viremia is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration greater than or equal to (>=) LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after being unquantifiable (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID53
Maribavir 400 mg BID43

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Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia During First 8 Weeks of the Study

Recurrence of CMV viremia is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration greater than or equal to (>=) lower limit of quantification (LLOQ, i.e. >=137 International units per milliliter [IU/mL]) when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after being unquantifiable (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID6
Maribavir 400 mg BID16

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Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia During the Follow-up Period

Recurrence of CMV viremia is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration greater than or equal to (>=) LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after being unquantifiable (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: From Week 9 up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID47
Maribavir 400 mg BID27

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events During the On-Treatment Period

An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participants administered a pharmaceutical product and that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE that has a start date on or after the first dose of study treatment, or that has a start date before the date of first dose of study treatment but increases in severity after the first dose of study treatment, will be considered a treatment-emergent AE (TEAE). (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: From the start of the study treatment to 7 days after the last dose of study treatment (up to approximately Week 9)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID269
Maribavir 400 mg BID268

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment Through Weeks 12, 16 and 20

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentrations less than lower limit of quantification (LLOQ; i.e. <137 International units per milliliter [IU/mL]), when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive post baseline samples separated by at least 5 days. To be considered a responder for this secondary endpoint, the participant must have received exclusively study-assigned treatment for 8 weeks. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Week 8 through Weeks 12, 16 and 20

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20
Maribavir 400 mg BID15813411998
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID137988272

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Number of Participants Who Maintained Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance at Week 8 After Receiving Study-Assigned Treatment Through Study Weeks 12 and 20 Regardless of Whether Study Assigned Treatment Was Completed

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentrations less than lower limit of quantification (LLOQ; i.e. <137 International units per milliliter [IU/mL]), when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive post baseline samples separated by at least 5 days. To be considered a responder for this secondary endpoint, the participant must have received exclusively study-assigned treatment (regardless of whether the 8-week study-assigned treatment was completed or discontinued early) and had no symptoms of tissue invasive CMV disease at Week 8, Week 8 through Week 12, and Week 8 through Week 20, respectively. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Week 8 through Weeks 12 and 20

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Week 8Week 12Week 20
Maribavir 400 mg BID190162118
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID211157116

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Number of Participants With Confirmed Recurrence of Viremia While on Study Treatment and Off Treatment

Recurrence of CMV viremia is defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration greater than or equal to (>=) LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after being unquantifiable (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 20

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
On Study TreatmentOff Study Treatment
Maribavir 400 mg BID1429
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID053

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Number of Participants With Grade 3 or 4 (Shift From Baseline Grade <3) and Grade 4 Neutropenia (Shift From Baseline Grade <4) While on Study Treatment

Grade 3 and grade 4 neutropenia are defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1000 per cubic millimeter (/mm^3) and ANC <500/mm^3 respectively. Incidence of Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia represents the percentage of participants with Grade <3 (or missing) neutropenia at baseline, but Grade 3 or 4 while on study treatment. Incidence of Grade 4 neutropenia represents the number of participants with Grade <4 (or missing) neutropenia at baseline, but Grade 4 while on study treatment. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: From start of study drug to end of study drug + 1 day (up to approximately Week 8)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Grade 3 or Grade 4 NeutropeniaGrade 4 Neutropenia
Maribavir 400 mg BID449
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID13761

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Predose Concentration (Cmin) of Maribavir

The primary plasma maribavir concentration dataset (primary concentration dataset) includes all plasma maribavir concentrations. Missing PK sampling times are imputed according to the sparse sampling schedule in primary concentration dataset. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 4, and 8: pre-morning dose

Interventionmicrograms per milliliter (µg/mL) (Mean)
Week 1Week 4Week 8
Maribavir 400 mg BID9.178.717.02

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Number of Participants Developing Resistance

Resistance was defined as the presence of any CMV resistance-associated amino acid substitution that has been documented (or suspected) to be associated with reduced susceptibility to conventional anti-CMV therapies (ganciclovir/valganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir) or maribavir. Genotypic resistance analyses were restricted to sequence variants that were known or suspected to be associated with resistance to conventional anti-CMV therapies or maribavir as of January 21, 2022. A participant was categorized as having developed resistance if the central lab genotyping results indicated the presence of one or more treatment-emergent resistance mutations. (NCT02927067)
Timeframe: From start of study drug up to end of the study (up to Week 20)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir 900 mg BID8
Maribavir 400 mg BID24

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Time When Maximum Concentration is Observed (Tmax) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only

(NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Pre-morning dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-morning dose of Week 1

Interventionhours (h) (Median)
Maribavir 400 mg BID0.92

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Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only

(NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Pre-morning dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-morning dose of Week 1

Interventionliters per hour (L/h) (Mean)
Maribavir 400 mg BID2.49

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Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only

(NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Pre-morning dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-morning dose of Week 1

Interventionliters (L) (Mean)
Maribavir 400 mg BID18.3

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Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve Over the 12-Hour Dosing Interval at Steady State AUC(0-tau) of Maribavir for Adolescent Participants Only

(NCT02927067)
Timeframe: Pre-morning dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-morning dose of Week 1

Interventionhours (h)*μg/mL (Mean)
Maribavir 400 mg BID161

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Number of Participants With All-cause Mortality by the End of the Study

All-cause mortality was analyzed by the end of study regardless of the use of rescue treatment or alternative anti-CMV treatment. Number of participants who died during the entire study period were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: From enrollment up to end of study (approximately 44 months)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)13
Maribavir 400 mg27

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Percentage of Participants Receiving Maribavir Rescue Treatment Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at Week 8 With Maintenance of Effect Through Week 16

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Up to Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Maribavir Rescue Arm27.3

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma CMV DNA (CMV Viremia Clearance) at End of Week 8 After Starting Maribavir Rescue Treatment

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration NCT02931539)
Timeframe: From start of maribavir rescue treatment through 8 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Maribavir Rescue Arm50.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed Clearance of Plasma Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (CMV Viremia Clearance) at End of Week 8

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration less than (<) lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) that is, <137 International Units per milliliter (IU/mL) when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV Test in 2 consecutive postbaseline samples, separated by at least 5 days. Percentage of participants with confirmed CMV viremia clearance at end of study Week 8 regardless of whether either study-assigned treatment was discontinued before the end of the stipulated 8 weeks of therapy, and could not have received alternative anti-CMV treatment were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)23.9
Maribavir 400 mg55.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at End of Week 8, Followed by Maintenance of Treatment Effect at Week 16

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Up to Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)10.3
Maribavir 400 mg18.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Completed 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the 12 Weeks of Follow-up Period

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance. Percentage of participants who completed 8 weeks of study-assigned treatment with recurrence of CMV viremia during the 12 weeks of follow-up period were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: End of Week 8 up to Week 20 (12 weeks follow-up period)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)35.5
Maribavir 400 mg40.9

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Percentage of Participants Who Completed 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the First 8 Weeks of the Treatment

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance. Percentage of participants with recurrence of CMV viremia during the first 8 Weeks of the treatment who completed 8 weeks of study-assigned treatment were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)9.7
Maribavir 400 mg15.2

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Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia at Any Time on Study Regardless of Whether Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance, regardless of whether either study-assigned treatment was discontinued before the end of the stipulated 8 weeks of therapy. Percentage of participants with recurrence of CMV viremia during at any time on study regardless of whether study-assigned treatment was discontinued before 8 weeks of therapy were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 20

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)33.8
Maribavir 400 mg56.5

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Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the 12 Weeks Follow-up Period Regardless of Whether Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance, regardless of whether either study-assigned treatment was discontinued before the end of the stipulated 8 weeks of therapy. Percentage of participants with recurrence of CMV viremia during the 12 weeks follow-up period regardless of whether study-assigned treatment was discontinued before 8 weeks of therapy were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: End of Week 8 up to Week 20 (12 weeks follow-up period)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)21.5
Maribavir 400 mg38.6

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Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the First 8 Weeks of Study Regardless of Whether Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration greater than or equal to (>=) LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance, regardless of whether either study-assigned treatment was discontinued before the end of the stipulated 8 weeks of therapy. Percentage of participants with recurrence of CMV viremia during the first 8 weeks of study regardless of whether study-assigned treatment was discontinued before 8 weeks of therapy were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: At Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)12.3
Maribavir 400 mg17.9

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Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia While Off Study-assigned Treatment During Follow-up Period

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance. Percentage of participants with recurrence of CMV viremia while off study-assigned treatment during follow-up period were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Termination of study treatment (Week 8) up to the End of the Study (Week 20)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)29.2
Maribavir 400 mg40.8

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Percentage of Participants With Recurrence of CMV Viremia While on Study-assigned Treatment

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance. Percentage of participants with recurrence of CMV viremia while on study-assigned treatment period were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Baseline up to termination of study treatment (up to Week 8)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)4.6
Maribavir 400 mg15.8

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Time to All Cause Mortality

The time to all-cause mortality by the end of the study participation in days was calculated. Participants who were alive at the last study follow-up (regardless of use of rescue or alternative anti-CMV treatment), withdrew from study or were lost to follow-up were censored at the date of last contact. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: From enrollment to last serious adverse event (SAE) follow-up (approximately Week 28)

Interventiondays (Median)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)73.0
Maribavir 400 mg55.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Maintained CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control at the End of Study Week 8 Through Weeks 12 and 20 Regardless of Whether Either Study-assigned Treatment Was Discontinued Before 8 Weeks of Therapy

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration NCT02931539)
Timeframe: At Week 8 through Weeks 12 and 20

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
At Week 8At Week 12At Week 20
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)23.910.39.4
Maribavir 400 mg55.722.618.3

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Percentage of Participants Who Completed 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment With Recurrence of CMV Viremia During the 20 Weeks of Study

Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance. Percentage of participants with Recurrence of CMV viremia was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration >=LLOQ when assessed by COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® CMV test in 2 consecutive plasma samples at least 5 days apart, after achieving confirmed viremia clearance. Percentage of participants who completed 8 weeks of study-assigned treatment with recurrence of CMV viremia during the 20 weeks of study were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 20

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)45.2
Maribavir 400 mg56.1

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance and CMV Infection Symptom Control After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment Through Weeks 12, 16 and 20

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration NCT02931539)
Timeframe: At Week 8 through Weeks 12, 16 and 20

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
At Week 8At Week 12At Week 16At Week 20
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)18.85.15.14.3
Maribavir 400 mg54.922.618.718.3

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Confirmed CMV Viremia Clearance After Receiving 8 Weeks of Study-assigned Treatment

Confirmed CMV viremia clearance was defined as plasma CMV DNA concentration NCT02931539)
Timeframe: At Week 8 through Weeks 12, 16 and 20

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
At Week 8At Week 12At Week 16At Week 20
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)18.85.15.14.3
Maribavir 400 mg54.922.618.718.3

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious TEAEs During the On-treatment Observation Period

An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. Serious AE was any untoward medical occurrence (whether considered to be related to study-assigned treatment or not) that at any dose resulted in death, was life-threatening, required inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, resulted in a congenital abnormality/birth defect, or was an important medical event. TEAEs was defined as any adverse events (classified by preferred term) that had a start date on or after the first dose of study treatment or that had a start date before the date of first dose of study treatment, but increased in severity after the first dose of study treatment. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 7 days or 21 days (if cidofovir used) after the last dose of study treatment (up to Week 8)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TEAEsSerious TEAEs
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)10643
Maribavir 400 mg22890
Maribavir Rescue Arm2211

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Number of Participants Who Had Post-baseline Resistance to Maribavir

Resistance-associated amino acid substitutions (RASs) to maribavir are known to generally map to the pUL97 and pUL27 genes. Genotyping was performed to identify RASs mapping to the pUL97 and pUL27 genes. Number of participants who had post-baseline resistance to maribavir were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: After first dose of study drug up to Week 20

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
RASs associated with pUL97 onlyRASs associated with pUL27 onlyRASs associated with pUL97 and pUL27
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)000
Maribavir 400 mg4500
Maribavir Rescue Arm400

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Number of Participants Who Had Maribavir CMV Resistance at Baseline

Resistance-associated amino acid substitutions (RASs) to maribavir are known to generally map to the pUL97 and pUL27 genes. Genotyping was performed to identify RASs mapping to the pUL97 and pUL27 genes. Number of participants who had maribavir CMV resistance at baseline were reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: At Baseline

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
RASs associated with pUL97 onlyRASs associated with pUL27 onlyRASs associated with pUL97 and pUL27
Investigator-assigned Anti-CMV Treatment (IAT)300
Maribavir 400 mg010
Maribavir Rescue Arm100

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Predose Concentration (Cmin) of Maribavir

Cmin of maribavir was reported. (NCT02931539)
Timeframe: Predose at Week 1, 4 and 8

,
Interventionmicrograms per milliliter (mcg/mL) (Mean)
Cmin at Week 1Cmin at Week 4Cmin at Week 8
Maribavir 400 mg8.777.597.19
Maribavir Rescue Arm8.575.755.65

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Number of Participants Who Died of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Associated to Kaposi Sarcoma (IRIS-KS)

We measured the number of patients who died of IRIS-KS following the definition of IRIS-KS that is specified in the protocol. (NCT03296553)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Valganciclovir0
Antiretroviral Combinations3

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Number of Participants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in at Least One Ear Through Study Month 12

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 12 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 12 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Between screening and study month 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0

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Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Unsolicited Adverse Events Assessed by Adapted From DAIDS Toxicity Tables

At each study visit from the receipt of first dose of study drug and continuing through four weeks following the final dose of study drug, the participants were assessed for any adverse events. Lab parameters included ALT, creatinine, direct bilirubin, white blood cell count with differential, hemoglobin, platelets count. Abnormal laboratory values were reported as an AE if they worsened in severity from baseline, per the grading definitions provided in the DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: From day 1 through study month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL4

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Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Safety Laboratory Adverse Events

At each study visit from the receipt of first dose of study drug and continuing through four weeks following the final dose of study drug, the participants were assessed for any adverse events. Lab parameters included ALT, creatinine, direct bilirubin, white blood cell count with differential, hemoglobin, platelets count. Abnormal laboratory values were reported as an AE if they worsened in severity from baseline, per the grading definitions provided in the DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: From day 1 through study month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL4

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Number of Ears of Mild Worsened Hearing

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Screening and Study Months 4, 6, 12, and 18

InterventionEars (Number)
Month 4Month 6Month 12Month 18
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0000

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Number of Ears of Profound Worsened Hearing

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Screening and Study Months 4, 6, 12, and 18

InterventionEars (Number)
Month 4Month 6Month 12Month 18
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0000

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Number of Participants With Moderate Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 18 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 18 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Screening and Study Months 4, 6, 8 and 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ScreeningMonth 4Month 6Month 8Month 12
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL00000

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Number of Participants With Profound Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 18 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 18 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Study Months 4, 6, 8 and 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ScreeningMonth 4Month 6Month 8Month 12
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL00000

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Number of Participants With Severe Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 18 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 18 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Study Months 4, 6, 8 and 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ScreeningMonth 4Month 6Month 8Month 12
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL00000

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Number of Ears of Severe Worsened Hearing

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Screening and Study Months 4, 6, 12, and 18

InterventionEars (Number)
Month 4Month 6Month 12Month 18
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0000

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Permanent Discontinuation of Valganciclovir Therapy, or Any Adverse Event That is Not Recovered / Not Resolved

A count of participants discontinued from valganciclovir therapy due to adverse events were reported during the therapy period, and the count of participants with adverse events not recovered/not resolved were reported throughout the adverse event period. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Study month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AEs leading to discontinuationAEs not recovered/resolved
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL14

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Number of Participants With Mild Worsened Hearing, Represented by the Ear That Has the Larger Degree of Worsening

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 18 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 18 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Screening and Study Months 4, 6, 8 and 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ScreeningMonth 4Month 6Month 8Month 12
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL00000

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Number of Participants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in at Least One Ear Through Study Month 18

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 18 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 18 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Between screening and study month 18

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0

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Number of Ears of Moderate Worsened Hearing

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Screening and Study Months 4, 6, 12, and 18

InterventionEars (Number)
Month 4Month 6Month 12Month 18
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0000

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Number of Participants With Absolute Neutrophil Counts Below 500/mm^3

Blood was collected for assessments of hematology and absolute neutrophil count was assessed at each study visit through Month 5 (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Study month 5

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL1

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The Number of Participants Developing Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) in at Least One Ear Between Baseline and Study Month 6

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each subject and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 6 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 6 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Between baseline and study month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0

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Number of Participants With Transaminase Elevation During Treatment > / = 2 Times the Baseline Value

Blood was collected for assessments of clinical chemistry and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was assessed at screening, week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Month 4, Month 5, and Month 6 (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Baseline, weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, months 4, 5 and 6.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0

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Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events

Serious adverse events were those defined as: death, a life-threatening adverse event, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or were important medical events that may not result in death, be life-threatening, or require hospitalizations may be considered serious when, based upon appropriate medical judgment they may jeopardize the participant and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed in this definition. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: From day 1 through study month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0

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Number of Participants With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in at Least One Ear Through Study Month 4

Audiologic assessments were made during the Screening Period and Study Months 4 (end of treatment), 6, 12, and 18. A single, independent study audiologist assessed the audiology test battery for each participant and assigned each ear the classifications of normal hearing, mild hearing loss, moderate hearing loss, severe hearing loss, or profound hearing loss based upon their hearing thresholds (in decibels). SNHL between baseline and Study Month 4 is defined as both ears with normal hearing at baseline, then at least one ear with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the 4 month follow-up. (NCT03301415)
Timeframe: Between screening and study month 4

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Confirmed Congenital CMV Without Baseline SNHL0

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Percentage of Participants With Adjudicated Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease Through 52 Weeks Post-transplant

"CMV disease was defined as the presence of either CMV end-organ disease or CMV syndrome and was confirmed by an independent, blinded Clinical Adjudication Committee (CAC). Only CAC-confirmed (adjudicated) cases were included in percentage of participants who met the endpoint. Investigator-assessed cases which were not confirmed by the CAC were not included." (NCT03443869)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Letermovir10.4
Valganciclovir11.8

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Percentage of Participants With Adjudicated CMV Disease Through 28 Weeks Post-transplant

"CMV disease was defined as the presence of either CMV end-organ disease or CMV syndrome and was confirmed by an independent, blinded CAC. Only CAC-confirmed (adjudicated) cases were included in percentage of participants who met the endpoint. Investigator-assessed cases which were not confirmed by the CAC were not included." (NCT03443869)
Timeframe: Up to 28 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Letermovir0.0
Valganciclovir1.7

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Time to Onset of Adjudicated CMV Disease Through 52 Weeks Post-transplant

The time to onset of adjudicated CMV disease was calculated in days, from the day of randomization to the day of onset of CMV disease as determined by the CAC. (NCT03443869)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

InterventionDays (Median)
LetermovirNA
ValganciclovirNA

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Percentage of Participants With Any AE

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE could therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure. Any worsening of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, was also an AE. (NCT03443869)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Letermovir92.8
Valganciclovir92.9

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
adenine
[no description available]		4.32306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.0810glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		6.85120aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0710alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.2310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pleconaril
WIN 63843: structure given in first source		3.2510
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2310aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.2310acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.430aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.2310phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.120adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.2310acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.2310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.2310carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.2310dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.2310nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		210aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.2310benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.2310ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.3150aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2310propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.2310diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.1510bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.2310secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.2310azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.2310methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		3.2310purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.2310aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.5920organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.2310ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.2310aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.2310benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.2310isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.2310aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.5920aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.23102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		3.2310dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.2310clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.5620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyclopentolate
Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.		2.1710carboxylic ester;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
muscarinic antagonist;
mydriatic agent;
parasympatholytic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		3.5620substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.2310primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.2310piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.2310organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		3.2310branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.6220aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.2310dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.6220dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.71302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.2310aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.7430conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		8.8664aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.2310benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.2310nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.2310fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		15.77331carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.2310chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.2310sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.2310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.2310acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		4.9921aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.2310one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.2310hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.2310primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.2310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.2310ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.2310dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.2310indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.2310carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.2310carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.3920secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.2310catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.2310benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		3.2310piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.2310cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.2310benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.2310benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.2310nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.2310N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.2310biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.2310anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.2310ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.2310piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.2310organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.6220amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		3.2310guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.2310benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.2310beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.2310benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.2310aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.5920C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.2310aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.2310imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.2310amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.2310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.2310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		3.2310benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.2310dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.2310heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		3.2310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.2310benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.2310aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.23102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.2310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.2310isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		3.2310organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.23103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		3.5920aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.2310carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.23101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2310phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.2310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.23101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.5620aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.2310oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.2310piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.2310N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.2310indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.1220isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.2310aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.2310pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.2310benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.2310benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.2310pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.2310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.2310phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.2310naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.2310benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.2310benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.2310tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.2310pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.2310pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.2310ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.2310
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.2310sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.2310imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.2310furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.2310phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.2310aziridines
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.2310imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		3.2310benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.2310aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.2310amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.2310pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.2310triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.2310oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.2310chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.2310carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.2310nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.2310imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.8910011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.2310alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		3.1610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.2310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		9.547011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		6.2221
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.2310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.2310carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.2310aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.2310kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		3.8730pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.1510organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.2310alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.061011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.2310mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.0920beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		10.93245L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.2310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.0710fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.64206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.2310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		4.9180azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.25101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0510diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.2310N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.2310benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		4.06202-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.23101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
methadyl acetate
Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.		210diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.2310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		8.620acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.110
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.2310cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		3.1310docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.1710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.2310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.2310glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.2310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		430dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.2310organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		3.3820beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.1310copper group element atom;
elemental gold
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.2310selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.0920aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.2310indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.0390benzenes;
phenyl acetates
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.2310timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.2310catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		12.9351azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.2310taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.850beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.2310catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.1201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.2310alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.23105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.2310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.2310anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		3.2310alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.2310diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.2310diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.2310
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.2310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.2310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.23103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.2310N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.23103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		3.1310imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.1206-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zileuton
[no description available]		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		7.42160phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.2310pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.2310aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.2310benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.2310aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.2310biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.23101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		3.1610guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.2310oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.51206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.2310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.2310adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.2310
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		4.120acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.46201,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.15102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.2310razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		9.1140conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		2.3110indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.2310hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
bendamustine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.6420
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.2310indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
methylenecyclopropane
methylenecyclopropane: structure in first source		3.1610
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.2310macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.2310primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.5420
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.2310adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.2310benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.0920dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.23105-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.2310biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.23101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.1110
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.1610amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.23109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.2310azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.2310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
telbivudine
[no description available]		4.120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.2310
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		7.1140divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.2310benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2310benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6620aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		3.2110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.0140
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5820amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.2310coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.2310cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.6220alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.23101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		3.2310L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.68202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		3.6220acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.2310retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		14.06163macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.1110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		7.221612-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.2310
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		3.1310
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2310epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.2310macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
decitabine
[no description available]		8.68202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.2310actinomycinmutagen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.5520nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
l 743,872
[no description available]		3.1810
gw 257406x
maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus		7.5542
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
cmx 001
[no description available]		2.1510
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		2.3110
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.2310vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fludarabine
[no description available]		3.3820purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.2310pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		3.2310aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.2310zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.2310diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.23101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.09202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.2310cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.2310stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.2310
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.2310tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir
[no description available]		3.1610cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.2310beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.2310beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		3.2310cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		4.4111long-chain fatty acid
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		3.23102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.2110biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.0610prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.2310D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.7430antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.2310
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.2310aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.23102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.2310retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
codeine
[no description available]		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		8.6520acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.2310pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		5.8360antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.2310cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310phenylalanine derivative
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
podocarpusflavone a
podocarpusflavone A: isolated from Podocarpus imbricatus		2.3110flavonoid oligomer
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		3.2310morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.2310dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
famotidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
22,23-dihydroavermectin b(1)a
22,23-dihydroavermectin B(1)a: C48H74O14; major component of IVERMECTIN; MW 875.093; structure given in first source. 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a : A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.		2.3110macrocyclic lactone;
spiroketal
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
everolimus
[no description available]		4.6240cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.2310
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.2310macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.2310
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		3.2510
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.8730nystatins
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0510
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		3.5920
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.2310
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.5520
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.2310organosulfonic acid
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
raltegravir potassium
Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.		3.4611
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		3.2110
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.2510
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.1310nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
entrectinib
entrectinib: inhibits TRK, ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases; structure in first source. entrectinib : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by [4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzoyl]amino and 3,5-difluorobenzyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, ROS1, and ALK (IC50 values of 0.1 to 1.7 nM), and used for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.		2.3110benzamides;
difluorobenzene;
indazoles;
N-methylpiperazine;
oxanes;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.1110
letermovir
letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		7.31140
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.1110
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.2310ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.2310
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.2310
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.6220
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.2310benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.6220
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
s 8932
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		6.2552
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		4.42302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		13.035162-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.13105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		5.5602-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.2310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.2310cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		3.2310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.2310dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		8.5720purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		23.677521202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		12.05326L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.2310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		4.06202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.2310nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.2310formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
cyclopropavir
cyclopropavir: cyclopropavir is the (Z)-isomer; has antiviral activity; structure in first source		3.5620
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
lobucavir
lobucavir: inhibits the replication of HIV virus in T cells, monocytes & macrophages in vitro by inhibiting DNA polymerase and viral DNA synthesis		3.110
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.2310
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
eye
[no description available]		3.7320
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0610
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		3.1610
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		023.43694125
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.2860
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		125.43694125
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		021.0638279
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.4120
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.9240
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.4120
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.9240
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		014.66725
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		012.77396
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		08.1191
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		08.1191
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		05.8642
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		17.8642
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		014.44341
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.0430
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		03.4220
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		08.4220
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		012.06474
Dyskeratosis Congenita, X-Linked
[description not available]		02.610
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		114.06474
Dyskeratosis Congenita
A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.		02.610
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.5120
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		07.5120
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		011.62441
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		113.62441
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		010.663
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		05.8981
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		05.663
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.4110
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		07.48310
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		04.5280
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		05.0721
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		012.71349
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		05.0721
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		04.7211
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		012.71349
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		06.6262
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		0340
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		010.4751
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		0340
Embryopathies
[description not available]		05.9970
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		07.29190
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		012.16384
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		08.68102
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.610
Apraxia
[description not available]		02.610
Apraxias
A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)		02.610
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7220
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.5720
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		02.5520
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		07.5720
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		04.1250
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.3960
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		04.1250
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		05.86110
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		05.86110
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.610
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.610
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.7620
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.7620
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		06.472
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		06.472
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.9183
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.5720
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.5720
EBV Infections
[description not available]		07.92204
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.9911
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.2231
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		06.5592
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.9911
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.9911
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		15.9911
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		04.2231
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		06.5592
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		03.9911
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		012.92204
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.610
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.610
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.610
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		05.24101
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.5220
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.5220
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		05.24101
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		04.7961
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		112166
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		04.470
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		04.470
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.8530
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia
[description not available]		08.45121
Castleman Disease
Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.		110.45121
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.87142
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		07.87142
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		02.2110
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		03.5911
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		06.4182
Recrudescence
[description not available]		08.09282
Ovoid Neutrophil Nuclei, Developmental Delay, Epilepsy and Skeletal Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.2110
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.4770
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		02.5220
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		02.5220
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.2510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		014.938228
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.2510
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		014.938228
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		07.22112
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.2510
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		02.2510
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		06.95142
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.		02.2510
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		02.2510
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		05.8481
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.6120
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		02.2510
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		05.8481
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.6120
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.5120
Latent Infection
Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.		02.2510
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		02.3110
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		02.3110
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		08.27101
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		06.2111
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		08.65151
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		08.59141
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		08.65151
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		08.59141
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.2510
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.2510
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		07.4892
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.2510
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.2510
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		05.4951
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		02.2510
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.2510
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.2510
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		04.4880
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		04.4880
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.2510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.6961
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		03.7130
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.8330
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.5120
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		011.59316
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.7771
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.6961
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		03.7130
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.8330
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.5120
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		07.8630
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		08.9640
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		010.72110
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.3110
Pseudophakia
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.		02.3110
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		04.2460
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.5451
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.3110
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		03.7730
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.3110
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.830
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.830
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.3110
Alagille Syndrome 1
[description not available]		02.3110
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.3110
Alagille Syndrome
A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).		02.3110
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.3110
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.7730
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.5220
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.5220
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.1710
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.1710
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.1710
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		03.0610
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion
A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.		02.5220
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		04.3841
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.5320
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		04.3841
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		02.5320
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.5420
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		02.5120
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.		02.1710
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.1510
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.1510
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		03.0440
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		05.7521
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.8721
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.4511
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		04.4511
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.8721
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.4511
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		05.7521
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		03.8821
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		03.8821
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		02.4920
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.1710
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.1710
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.9221
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.1710
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.9221
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.1710
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.1710
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.1710
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.2110
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.7361
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.7361
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.1710
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.1710
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.		02.1710
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		03.4770
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.4770
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.1710
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.1710
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.3460
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		15.3460
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.4920
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.4920
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.4622
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		09.4622
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		04.4322
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		04.4322
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		02.1710
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.2110
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.2110
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.2110
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		08.7130
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		03.7130
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.2110
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.2110
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.5920
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		02.5920
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.7873
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.7873
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.2110
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.2110
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.2110
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.2110
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.2110
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.2110
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		07.5220
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2110
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.2110
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		03.4320
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		07.830
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Hepatitis E
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.		02.0810
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.9940
Vasculitis, Retinal
[description not available]		02.830
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.0810
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.9940
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4520
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.0810
Uveitis, Posterior
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.		02.0810
Retinal Vasculitis
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.		02.830
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		02.0810
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		03.9440
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		03.9440
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.4820
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		02.0810
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		02.0810
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		0310
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.5220
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.7730
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.7530
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		02.7730
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.7530
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		04.3641
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		09.3641
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		05.5380
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		17.5380
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.110
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.0110
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		03.0110
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.5120
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		03.0110
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)		03.0110
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.110
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.110
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.110
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.110
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.110
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.110
Pouch Ileitis
[description not available]		02.4820
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.7730
Pouchitis
Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).		02.4820
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.9240
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.9240
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.1110
Shingles
[description not available]		02.7330
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7330
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.1110
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.110
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		04.0750
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		04.0750
Carditis
[description not available]		03.3820
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		08.3820
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.1110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.1110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.5450
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.5450
Leanness
[description not available]		02.1110
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		04.3740
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		04.3740
Candidiasis, Invasive
An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.		03.0310
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.1110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.1110
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		03.4220
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		03.4220
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.511
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.511
Cyclitis, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1110
Uveitis, Intermediate
Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.		02.1110
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease
A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).		02.7730
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.1110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.1110
Cyclitis, Heterochromic
[description not available]		02.7430
Iridocyclitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.		02.7430
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.3720
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.3720
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		04.3441
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.1310
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		04.3441
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.1310
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		02.1110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.7421
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.7421
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		03.0310
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.1110
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.1110
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.1110
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.5220
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4820
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.5220
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.4820
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.0410
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		03.0410
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		03.0410
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		03.0410
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.1310
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		07.1310
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
[description not available]		02.1310
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.1310
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.1310
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.		02.1310
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1310
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.1310
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.1510
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.7530
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.1510
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.4920
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		14.1310
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.1310
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Retinal Necrosis
[description not available]		09.3470
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		02.7630
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.1310
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.1310
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.1310
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.1310
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.5220
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.5220
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.0610
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		03.0610
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.0610
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		03.0610
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.0610
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		03.0610
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.1710
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1710
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.1710
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.0610
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.0610
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0410
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.0410
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		05.2641
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		17.2641
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.0510
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		02.0510
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.0510
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		02.0510
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		03.8421
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		03.8421
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.0410
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.4420
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.4420
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.0410
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.4420
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.4420
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0510
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		02.0510
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.0510
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.7530
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0510
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.0510
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0510
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		02.0510
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.9610
Central Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.9610
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		07.7430
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.0510
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.9710
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.5963
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.0510
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.4420
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.4420
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.8521
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.8521
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.0510
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.0610
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.0610
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.0510
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.4411
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.0610
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		07.8455
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		07.8455
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		03.4511
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.4511
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.4511
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		03.4511
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		02.0610
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.0610
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		02.0610
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.0610
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.0610
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.0710
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.0710
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.7330
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.7330
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		07.0610
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.4511
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.4511
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		02.0710
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.0710
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0610
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0610
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.9810
Grippe
[description not available]		02.9810
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.9810
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.9810
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0610
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		02.0610
Birdshot Chorioretinitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0710
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.0710
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.4820
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0710
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0710
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.0710
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		07.0710
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.0710
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0710
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.0710
Choked Disk
[description not available]		02.0710
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		02.0710
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		04.7621
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		03.910
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		02.0810
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		02.0810
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0110
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		07.0110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.0110
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.		02.0110
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		03.3911
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3911
Herpes Zoster, Ocular
[description not available]		02.0110
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.		02.0110
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0110
Infarct of the Spleen
[description not available]		02.0110
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.		02.9310
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.0210
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0210
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.4220
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.0210
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.0210
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.0210
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0310
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.0210
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.0310
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.0310
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.0310
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.0310
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.0310
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.0310
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.0310
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.0310
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.0310
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.0410
Cecitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Enterocolitis, Neutropenic
A syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the ASCENDING COLON. It is observed in cancer patients with CHEMOTHERAPY-induced NEUTROPENIA or in other immunocompromised individuals (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST).		02.0410
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.0410
Arthritis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.9610
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.0410
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.0410
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.0410
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0410
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.3811
Breathlessness
[description not available]		03.3811
Exanthem
[description not available]		03.3811
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.7921
Ache
[description not available]		03.3811
Drop Attack
[description not available]		03.3811
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.3811
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		03.3811
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		03.3811
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.7921
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.3811
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		03.3811
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		0210
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		0210
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		0210
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		0210
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		0210
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		0210
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		0210
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		0210