Compounds > ferlixit
Page last updated: 2024-12-09

ferlixit

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID656646
CHEBI ID34762
MeSH IDM0127237

Synonyms (19)

Synonym
ferrulecit
ferric gluconate
ferlixit
38658-53-6
ferric gluconate anhydrous
tris(d-gluconato-o1,o2)iron
einecs 254-064-1
bioferrico
unii-c613tm6i6v
gluferricon
c613tm6i6v ,
iron, tris(d-gluconato-o1,o2)-
d-gluconic acid, iron(3+) salt
iron(iii) gluconate
d-gluconic acid iron(3+) salt
iron, tris(d-gluconato-.kappa.o1,.kappa.o2)-
CHEBI:34762
iron(3+);(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Q27275230

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" From 1976 to 1996, there were 74 allergic adverse events reported for sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose to the World Health Organization (WHO), German Health Bureau, and the manufacturer (all combined)."( Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose: safer intravenous iron therapy than iron dextrans.
Faich, G; Strobos, J, 1999)		0.3
" In comparison with 25 matched control patients, adverse events could not be linked to drug therapy, nor was there a dose effect."( Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose is safe and effective in hemodialysis patients: North American Clinical Trial.
Lindsay, RM; Nissenson, AR; Seligman, P; Strobos, J; Swan, S, 1999)		0.3
" This drug has been associated with occasional serious adverse reactions, including full-blown anaphylaxis."( The comparative safety of intravenous iron dextran, iron saccharate, and sodium ferric gluconate.
Fishbane, S; Kowalski, EA, )		0.13
" No adverse reactions or transferrin oversaturation with high-dose sodium ferric gluconate were observed."( Weekly administration of high-dose sodium ferric gluconate is safe and effective in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Javier, AM, 2002)		0.31
" Ferric gluconate has a low side effect profile, however the recommended dose of 62."( Safety profile of a high dose ferric gluconate in patients with severe chronic renal insufficiency.
Bastani, B; Jain, AK, )		0.13
" The duration of infusion did not influence the side effect profile."( Safety profile of a high dose ferric gluconate in patients with severe chronic renal insufficiency.
Bastani, B; Jain, AK, )		0.13
"Our preliminary results suggest that 250 mg of ferric gluconate infused over 14 hrs may be safe with infrequent side effects (5%)."( Safety profile of a high dose ferric gluconate in patients with severe chronic renal insufficiency.
Bastani, B; Jain, AK, )		0.13
"Administration of 250 mg SFGC over 1 hour is safe and well tolerated."( Chronic use of sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: safety of higher-dose (> or =250 mg) administration.
Agarwal, R; Coyne, DW; Dahl, N; Folkert, VW; Michael, B; Myirski, P; Warnock, DG, 2003)		0.32
"Chronic haemodialysis patients completing the single-dose trial of SFGC were eligible to participate in this prospective, multicentre, open-label, long-term evaluation of SFGC, designed to record adverse events occurring up to 72 h post-dose."( Sodium ferric gluconate complex in haemodialysis patients: a prospective evaluation of long-term safety.
Coyne, DW; Dahl, NV; Folkert, VW; Michael, B; Warnock, DG, 2004)		0.32
"9%) experienced an adverse event, possibly related to SFGC."( Sodium ferric gluconate complex in haemodialysis patients: a prospective evaluation of long-term safety.
Coyne, DW; Dahl, NV; Folkert, VW; Michael, B; Warnock, DG, 2004)		0.32
" Administration of SFGC to patients using ACEI is safe and does not increase the incidence or severity of adverse events to SFGC."( Sodium ferric gluconate complex in haemodialysis patients: a prospective evaluation of long-term safety.
Coyne, DW; Dahl, NV; Folkert, VW; Michael, B; Warnock, DG, 2004)		0.32
"We obtained data from the US Food and Drug Administration on reported adverse drug events (ADEs) related to the provision of three formulations of intravenous iron during 1998-2000."( On the relative safety of parenteral iron formulations.
Ahlmén, J; Chertow, GM; Mason, PD; Vaage-Nilsen, O, 2004)		0.32
" SFGC is efficacious and, at recommended doses, is associated with a low incidence of adverse events."( Drug insight: Safety of intravenous iron supplementation with sodium ferric gluconate complex.
Agarwal, R; Coyne, DW; Fishbane, S; Michael, B; Warnock, DG, 2006)		0.33
"45% per patient) and a total of 56 adverse events (1."( The comparative safety of various intravenous iron preparations in chronic kidney disease patients.
Anirban, G; Gupta, KL; Jha, V; Kohli, HS; Sakhuja, V, 2008)		0.35
"Spontaneously-reported rates of adverse events (AEs) of intravenous (i."( Differences in spontaneously reported hypersensitivity and serious adverse events for intravenous iron preparations: comparison of Europe and North America.
Bailie, GR; Hörl, WH; Verhoef, JJ, 2011)		0.37
" Among 619 unique patients who received IV iron over a 2-year period, we found 32 adverse events (AEs), ranging from urticaria to chest pain."( Comparative rates of adverse events with different formulations of intravenous iron.
Abel, GA; Hevelone, N; Mandell, E; Okam, MM; Ross, A; Wentz, R, 2012)		0.38
" However, parenteral iron supplementation is usually safe and without major side effects."( [Safety aspects of parenteral iron supplementation therapies in patients with chronic kidney disease].
Münch, HG; Potthoff, SA, 2013)		0.39
" Number and severity of adverse events did not differ between FG and FCM, no severe adverse events occurred."( TIDILAP: Treatment of iron deficiency in lipoprotein apheresis patients --A prospective observational multi-center cohort study comparing efficacy, safety and tolerability of ferric gluconate with ferric carboxymaltose.
Arneth, B; Bornstein, SR; Heigl, F; Hettich, R; Illigens, BM; Julius, U; Prophet, H; Ramlow, W; Schatz, U; Siegels, D; Siegert, G; Siepmann, T, 2015)		0.42
"All currently available intravenous iron preparations appear to be safe and effective, but ferric carboxymaltose seems to provide a better and quicker correction of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in iron-deficient patients."( Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Carboxymaltose and Other Formulations in Iron-Deficient Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
Marmifero, M; Meregaglia, M; Rognoni, C; Tarricone, R; Venturini, S, 2016)		0.43
" The primary outcome was the frequency of adverse reactions."( Safety and Effectiveness of an Accelerated Intravenous Iron Administration Protocol in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure.
Eche, IJ; Eche, IM; Owen, KL; Patel, P; Sabe, M, 2021)		0.62
"Sodium ferric gluconate complex given at an accelerated dosing schedule appears to provide a more efficient means to prescribe IV iron in the inpatient setting and is safe with a low frequency of hypotension, fevers, and myalgias."( Safety and Effectiveness of an Accelerated Intravenous Iron Administration Protocol in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure.
Eche, IJ; Eche, IM; Owen, KL; Patel, P; Sabe, M, 2021)		0.62

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were unaffected by dose or infusion rate."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of sodium ferric gluconate complex in iron-deficient subjects.
Dahl, NV; Ducharme, MP; Jones, M; Kimko, HC; Schleicher, RB; Seligman, PA; Strobos, J, 2004)		0.32
" This study was designed to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters of the medication."( Single-dosage pharmacokinetics of sodium ferric gluconate complex in iron-deficient pediatric hemodialysis patients.
Dahl, NV; Seligman, PA; Warady, BA, 2007)		0.34
" Differences noted between the pediatric and adult pharmacokinetic data may result from the unique aspects of the study populations and the respective study designs."( Single-dosage pharmacokinetics of sodium ferric gluconate complex in iron-deficient pediatric hemodialysis patients.
Dahl, NV; Seligman, PA; Warady, BA, 2007)		0.34
"Iron-containing products are atypical in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties because iron is only removed by plasma sampling and is non-linear."( Novel population pharmacokinetic method compared to the standard noncompartmental approach to assess bioequivalence of iron gluconate formulations.
Ducharme, MP; Gallicano, K; Labbé, L; Seng Yue, C, 2013)		0.39
"For Study 1, ratios and 90% CIs for TI baseline-corrected Cmax and AUC0-36 were 100."( Novel population pharmacokinetic method compared to the standard noncompartmental approach to assess bioequivalence of iron gluconate formulations.
Ducharme, MP; Gallicano, K; Labbé, L; Seng Yue, C, 2013)		0.39

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" iron, both combined with rHuEPO, for the treatment of anemia in a population of 148 advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy."( Efficacy and safety of oral lactoferrin supplementation in combination with rHuEPO-beta for the treatment of anemia in advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: open-label, randomized controlled study.
Gramignano, G; Macciò, A; Madeddu, C; Mantovani, G; Mulas, C; Sanna, E, 2010)		0.36

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The bioavailability of iron from a new commercial source containing ferric gluconate stabilized with glycine sold under the trade name Bioferrico was studied in this work by means of the prophylactic-preventive test in rats."( Bioavailability studies of a new iron source by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats.
Boccio, J; Caro, R; Ettlin, E; Lysionek, A; Salgueiro, J; Zubillaga, M, 2001)		0.31
" The most prominent effects were observed after co-incubation with Ferrlecit, probably caused by an increased bioavailability of the iron gluconate complex."( Influence of Fe(II) and Fe(III) on the expression of genes related to cholesterol- and fatty acid metabolism in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
Drynda, A; Hoehn, R; Peuster, M, 2010)		0.36
" This study aims to present a novel way of assessing the relative bioavailability of two sodium ferric gluconate complex (SFGC) formulations and compare this approach to a standard previously published noncompartmental approach."( Novel population pharmacokinetic method compared to the standard noncompartmental approach to assess bioequivalence of iron gluconate formulations.
Ducharme, MP; Gallicano, K; Labbé, L; Seng Yue, C, 2013)		0.39
" Sucrosomial® iron, a new generation oral iron with high absorption and bioavailability and a low incidence of side effects, has shown to be not inferior to intravenous (IV) iron in the replacement of iron deficiency anemia in patients with ND-CKD."( Oral Sucrosomial® iron versus intravenous iron for recovering iron deficiency anaemia in ND-CKD patients: a cost- minimization analysis.
Capuano, I; Pellegrino, AM; Petruzzelli, LA; Pisani, A; Riccio, E; Sabbatini, M, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" labeling for sodium ferric gluconate, with a focus on dosing and administration."( Iron management: innovative solutions to persistent challenges--focus on Ferrlecit.
Schweitzer, S; Seiler, S; Vogel, S, 1999)		0.3
" Two dosing strategies were employed: (1) high dose, where single dose sodium ferric gluconate (mg) approximately calculated iron deficit, and (2) sodium ferric gluconate, 62."( Sodium ferric gluconate therapy in renal transplant and renal failure patients.
Alexander, SR; Belson, A; Sarwal, M; Yorgin, PD, 2000)		0.31
" iron preparations with respect to haemoglobin levels, iron status and recombinant human erythropoetin (rHuEpo) dosage requirements in stable, rHuEpo-treated haemodialysis patients (maintenance phase of iron treatment) over 6 months."( A randomized, controlled parallel-group trial on efficacy and safety of iron sucrose (Venofer) vs iron gluconate (Ferrlecit) in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEpo.
Bahner, U; Bettger, H; Kosch, M; Matzkies, F; Schaefer, RM; Teschner, M, 2001)		0.31
"5 ng/ml with iron gluconate), while rHuEpo dosage did not change significantly throughout the study."( A randomized, controlled parallel-group trial on efficacy and safety of iron sucrose (Venofer) vs iron gluconate (Ferrlecit) in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEpo.
Bahner, U; Bettger, H; Kosch, M; Matzkies, F; Schaefer, RM; Teschner, M, 2001)		0.31
" Three patients had nonserious events that did not preclude further dosing of SFGC."( Chronic use of sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: safety of higher-dose (> or =250 mg) administration.
Agarwal, R; Coyne, DW; Dahl, N; Folkert, VW; Michael, B; Myirski, P; Warnock, DG, 2003)		0.32
" We summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each product, including risk of anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity, dosage regimens, and costs."( Parenteral iron therapy options.
Rodgers, GM; Silverstein, SB, 2004)		0.32
" Urine was collected over 24 hours before dosing and for 24 hours after the start of infusion to determine the renal elimination of iron."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of sodium ferric gluconate complex in iron-deficient subjects.
Dahl, NV; Ducharme, MP; Jones, M; Kimko, HC; Schleicher, RB; Seligman, PA; Strobos, J, 2004)		0.32
"Isolated mouse proximal tubule segments (PTS) or cultured proximal tubular [human kidney (HK-2)] cells were exposed to four representative iron preparations [iron sucrose (FeS), iron dextran (FeD), iron gluconate (FeG), or iron oligosaccharide (FeOS)] over a broad dosage range (0, 30 to 1000 microg iron/mL)."( Parenteral iron nephrotoxicity: potential mechanisms and consequences.
Hanson, SY; Johnson, AC; Zager, RA, 2004)		0.32
" Data on pediatric dosing of SFG are limited to rare small series containing few or no renal transplant recipients."( Sodium ferric gluconate for post-transplant anemia in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients.
Gillespie, RS; Symons, JM, 2005)		0.33
"Iron supplementation in chronic hemodialyzed patients is not yet completely defined concerning the dosing regimen."( Comparison of two iron gluconate treatment modalities in chronic hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized trial.
Arrigo, G; Colasanti, G; Giordano, A; Lavarda, F; Petrini, C, )		0.13
" This international, multicenter study investigated the safety and efficacy of two dosing regimens (1."( Sodium ferric gluconate complex therapy in anemic children on hemodialysis.
Finan, E; Warady, BA; Wu, J; Zobrist, RH, 2005)		0.33
" iron usage continues to increase slowly, monthly usage statistics compiled by the US Renal Data System suggest that clinicians are not implementing continued dosing regimens following repletion of iron stores."( Resolving the paradigm crisis in intravenous iron and erythropoietin management.
Besarab, A, 2006)		0.33
" Furthermore, the use of oral iron formulations in patients with cancer and anemia is limited by poor absorption in the duodenum, arduous dosing requirements (three times a day), and a high likelihood of gastrointestinal side effects."( The role of intravenous iron in cancer-related anemia.
Henry, DH, 2006)		0.33
" Inclusion criteria were hemoglobin or=225 IU/kg per wk or >or=22,500 IU/wk."( Ferric gluconate is highly efficacious in anemic hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation: results of the Dialysis Patients' Response to IV Iron with Elevated Ferritin (DRIVE) Study.
Coyne, DW; Dahl, NV; Kapoian, T; Moran, JE; Rizkala, AR; Singh, AK; Suki, W, 2007)		0.34
" The DRIVE-II study reported here was a 6-wk observational extension designed to investigate how ferric gluconate impacted epoetin dosage after DRIVE."( Ferric gluconate reduces epoetin requirements in hemodialysis patients with elevated ferritin.
Coyne, DW; Dahl, NV; Geronemus, R; Kapoian, T; Kopelman, RC; Moran, J; O'Mara, NB; Rizkala, AR; Singh, AK, 2008)		0.35
" Bolus dosing was associated with an increase in infection-related events among both ferric gluconate and iron sucrose users."( Comparative Short-term Safety of Sodium Ferric Gluconate Versus Iron Sucrose in Hemodialysis Patients.
Brookhart, MA; Ellis, AR; Freburger, JK; Kshirsagar, AV; Wang, L; Winkelmayer, WC, 2016)		0.43
" Studies were heterogeneous in the number of patients randomised, iron deficiency-related conditions addressed, trial inclusion criteria, time horizon, treatment dosage and outcomes assessed."( Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Carboxymaltose and Other Formulations in Iron-Deficient Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
Marmifero, M; Meregaglia, M; Rognoni, C; Tarricone, R; Venturini, S, 2016)		0.43
" IV iron can be given as large intermittent doses (loading therapy) or in smaller doses at frequent intervals (maintenance dosing regimen)."( Iron Treatment Strategies in Dialysis-Dependent CKD.
Coyne, DW; Daloul, R; Pandey, R, 2016)		0.43
"Sodium ferric gluconate complex given at an accelerated dosing schedule appears to provide a more efficient means to prescribe IV iron in the inpatient setting and is safe with a low frequency of hypotension, fevers, and myalgias."( Safety and Effectiveness of an Accelerated Intravenous Iron Administration Protocol in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure.
Eche, IJ; Eche, IM; Owen, KL; Patel, P; Sabe, M, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
polymerA polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (188)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199014 (7.45)18.7374
1990's20 (10.64)18.2507
2000's97 (51.60)29.6817
2010's44 (23.40)24.3611
2020's13 (6.91)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 52.77

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index52.77 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.53 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.94 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index83.75 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (52.77)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials43 (20.67%)5.53%
Reviews31 (14.90%)6.00%
Case Studies17 (8.17%)4.05%
Observational3 (1.44%)0.25%
Other114 (54.81%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carnitine
[no description available]		4.4111amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4220alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.0510alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.0210inositol phosphate
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		1.9610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0210acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.2510monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.3720acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.4320ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		9.78174glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.6730ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.0210alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		1.9810steroid ester
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		1.981017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		2.311017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.4320gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		6.75102organic molecular entity
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.2841dialdehydebiomarker
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.4111acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.0210alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.0110iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		4.9342iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.0210metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		11.98278
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		13.28536glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.3720chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.4110cephalosporinfungal metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0110iditolfungal metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9310cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		2.05103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		3.1810
nadp
[no description available]		1.9710
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		4.721
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		1.9810dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9610monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		9.17121alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		13.4419
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9710organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0210
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0410ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.3720
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		13.34566
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		6.8982
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.0210
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.4411
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		3.320
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.02105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.0210folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		9.17121
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		07.48112
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		0642
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		0642
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.865513
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.5520
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.2110
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.2110
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		013.865513
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.5520
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.5220
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.2510
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		02.2510
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.2510
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.2510
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		07.23122
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		07.23122
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.2510
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		014.296713
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		08.1772
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		014.296713
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		08.1772
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.2510
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.2510
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.2510
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.2510
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.2510
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.3110
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.3110
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		012.4337
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.3110
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.3110
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.3110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.4371
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.4371
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.1710
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.1710
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.2110
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		06.571
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		06.571
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		02.1110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.4820
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.1110
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.1110
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.1110
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.1110
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		03.0310
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.1110
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.1110
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.1110
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.1110
Infection
[description not available]		02.4820
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.4720
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.4820
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.0373
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		08.0373
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.6262
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.3711
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.6262
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.0732
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.0710
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		02.0710
Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		02.0710
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.0710
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0710
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.4711
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.4711
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.821
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.821
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		01.9310
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.9310
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.9310
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.9310
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.9310
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.6930
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.7241
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.7241
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.7821
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.7821
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.0210
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0210
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.3920
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		05.8991
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.0210
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.0210
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.0210
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.0210
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.0210
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0210
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.0210
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.0210
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.0210
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.0210
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0210
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.0210
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		02.0210
Iron Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.4120
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.0210
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		02.0210
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.0210
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		02.0210
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.0310
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.0310
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.0310
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.0310
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.9410
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.9410
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9610
Itching
[description not available]		0210
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		0210
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		0210
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		01.9810
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		01.9710
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		01.9710
Aprosodia
[description not available]		01.9610
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.4111
Siderosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.		01.9610