ascorbic-acid and Thiamine-Deficiency

Sepsis is defined as the dysregulated host response to an infection resulting in life-threatening organ dysfunction. The metabolic demand from inefficiencies in anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction, increased cellular turnover, and free-radical damage result in the increased focus of micronutrients in sepsis as they play a pivotal role in these processes. In the present review, we will evaluate the potential role of micronutrients in sepsis, specifically, thiamine, l-carnitine, vitamin C, Se and vitamin D. Each micronutrient will be reviewed in a similar fashion, discussing its major role in normal physiology, suspected role in sepsis, use as a biomarker, discussion of the major basic science and human studies, and conclusion statement. Based on the current available data, we conclude that thiamine may be considered in all septic patients at risk for thiamine deficiency and l-carnitine and vitamin C to those in septic shock. Clinical trials are currently underway which may provide greater insight into the role of micronutrients in sepsis and validate standard utilisation.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carnitine; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Micronutrients; Nutritional Status; Selenium; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin D

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Renal Dialysis; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

The various roles of the water-soluble vitamins (including choline and vitamin C) in diseases of swine are outlined. The most important role is in the prevention of deficiency disease; another important role is in relation to the immune response. Deficiency signs relating to each vitamin are described and the metabolism of each vitamin is outlined. Recent estimates of requirements are set out, together with suggestions on supplementation of practical diets for swine.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Biotin; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Niacin; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Solubility; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamins; Water

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Areca; Ascorbic Acid; Beriberi; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Diet; Female; Fermentation; Fishes; Flavonoids; Food; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Male; Phenols; Plants, Medicinal; Polymers; Polyphenols; Rats; Tea; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Thiamine Pyrophosphate; Transketolase

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Biological Transport, Active; Caffeic Acids; Caffeine; Coffee; Erythrocytes; Flavonoids; Humans; Phenols; Plants, Edible; Polymers; Polyphenols; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tannins; Tea; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Transketolase

Topics: Anemia; Animal Feed; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Caniformia; Deficiency Diseases; Dolphins; Fishes, Poisonous; Histamine; Hyponatremia; Lactose Intolerance; Seals, Earless; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency

Forty boys and girls between 11 and 14.5 years with evidence of subclinical vitamin deficiencies were allocated to two groups to receive, twice weekly, either a placebo or a multivitamin and iron supplement. Prior to supplementation and on two subsequent occasions about 5 weeks apart, the children performed an exercise regimen on a treadmill during which expired air was collected and heart rate monitored. The supplement resulted in marked improvements in riboflavin and vitamin C status and checked the decline in iron stores seen in the unsupplemented children. During the study the running performance of unsupplemented children deteriorated, and markedly so in a subgroup with initially poor nutrient status. The vitamin and iron supplement prevented this deterioration so as to produce a significant reduction in the energy cost of treadmill running in the more malnourished subgroup, relative to the changes seen in children receiving no supplement.

Topics: Adolescent; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ferritins; Gambia; Heart Rate; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Radioimmunoassay; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Rural Population; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Humans; Syndrome; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamins

Concentrations of the vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, folic acid, A, E and beta-carotene were determined in blood and 24-h dialysate in 44 CAPD patients. Twenty-five of these patients were studied during chronic treatment (mean 313 days, range 60-1034 days). Nineteen patients were studied during training. In a longitudinal study, 11 patients were analysed again after 77-507 (mean 238) days. In both patient groups a considerable portion of patients (11%-64%) had blood concentrations indicative of a deficiency of the vitamins B1, B6, C and folic acid. The average concentrations of these vitamins were normal in both groups. The only abnormal finding was the mean EGOT activity being deficient in patients on chronic treatment. Mean concentrations of vitamin A were above normal in both groups. In the longitudinal study a significant increase of vitamin B2 and a decrease of vitamin B6 in blood was found. When compared to 24-h excretion in normal urine, loss with 24-h dialysate was low for vitamin B1, normal to relatively high for vitamin B2 and B6, but extremely high for vitamin C and folic acid. The vitamins B12, A, E and carotenoids were hardly detectable in the dialysate. In ten other patients the effect of daily supplementation with 2 mg vitamin B6, 100 mg vitamin C and 400 micrograms folic acid was analysed during a 16-week period. In all patients a significant increase in blood concentrations was obtained. It is concluded that these dosages were sufficient to maintain a normal status of these vitamins in CAPD patients.

Topics: Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

The status of vitamin B1, B2, B6 and C was investigated in 656 hospital inpatients by means of a dietary interview, biochemical studies, and clinical investigation. The daily intake was lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin B1 in 57%, B2 in 47%, B6 in 53%, and C in 9% of the patients; it was less than half the Recommended Dietary Allowance in 19, 12, 15, and 3%, respectively. A biochemical deficiency was observed in 25% of the patients for vitamin B1, in 11% for B2, in 25% for B6, and in 14% for C. On the basis of the parameters selected for this study, the biochemical vitamin status, the dietary vitamin intake, and the clinical symptoms correlated significantly with each other except in the case of vitamin B6.

Topics: Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Female; France; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Requirements; Pregnancy; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Amino Acids; Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Diet; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Seizures; Syndrome; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins

Present evidence suggests that a high fat intake may be one of the factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer may show an increased requirement for thiamin particularly when treated with 5-fluorouracil, and a number of metabolic disturbances in which ascorbic acid may play a central role.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Calcium; Dietary Fats; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fluorouracil; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Lipase; Lipids; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Neoplasm Metastasis; Rats; Thiamine Deficiency; Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Blood levels of thiamine and ascorbic acid in chronic open-angle glaucoma are determined in this study. Dietary vitamin intake was compared with thiamine and ascorbic acid blood levels in a sample of 38 patients with glaucoma and 12 controls. These patients had a statistically significant lower thiamine blood level than controls (P less than 0.001), but no significant difference was found for ascorbic acid blood levels. Poor absorption of thiamine occurred in the glaucomatous patients in this study.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Black People; Diet; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Glaucoma; Guyana; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency

Biochemical evidence of thiamine deficiency was found in 58% of patients with chronic liver disease, the incidence being higher in alcoholic than in non-alcoholic patients. Daily supplementation with high doses of thiamine hydrochloride (200 mg/day) for one week restored levels of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the active co-enzyme form of thiamine, to normal in all cases. Such supplementation also stimulated synthesis of the TPP dependent enzyme transketolase. Because of the essential role of TPP as a co-factor in intermediary metabolism, it is concluded that high doses of thiamine should be included in the routine nutritional management of patients with severe chronic liver disease.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Chronic Disease; Erythrocytes; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic; Liver Diseases; Pyridoxine; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Transketolase

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotinic Acids; Nutritional Requirements; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamins

Biochemical deficiency of thiamine, vitamin B6, ascorbic acid or nicotinic acid occurred in 71% and 88% of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD) respectively. Transient high plasma vitamin B6 concentrations in FHF were followed by low levels later in the illness. Although patients with DCLD of alcoholic aetiology tended to have lower circulating levels of vitamins than those with non-alcoholic DCLD, the prevalence of abnormally low concentrations did not differ. Decreased dietary nutrient intake and alcohol appeared to be less important determinants of biochemical vitamin deficiency than the presence of liver disease per se. Finally, urinary excretion of these vitamins or their major metabolites in patients with severe liver disease correlated poorly with circulating levels of vitamins.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Liver Diseases; Nicotinic Acids; Pyridoxine; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Lipid Metabolism; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

In 92 patients with various chronic affections of the gastro-intestinal tract vitamins C and B1 content in the blood and urine was measured. As controls 17 healthy persons were examined. Patients with gastro-intestinal affections were found to show a statistically significant fall of the vitamins C and B1 level in the blood and urine at all seasons of the year (winter, spring, summer and fall). But their decline is most intensive with exacerbation of the ailment and then the presence of the pain syndrome is attended by a steeper drop in the level of these vitamins. A course-wise parenteral administration of the vitamins C and B1 results in their statistically significant rise in the blood and urine, their level, however, remaining below that in healthy persons.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Chronic Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Requirements; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Alcoholism; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

A dietary survey using the five day record method was carried out on 35 elderly men living alone in the Christchurch area. The mean calculated intake of vitamin C for these men was 31 mg/day. These dietary intakes of vitamin C were significantly correlated with both plasma vitamin C levels and with leucocyte vitamin C levels. Twelve men (34 percent) with lowered dietary intakes of vitamin C were in the range for asymptomatic scurvy. The mean calculated intake of thiamine was 1.05 mg/day. The mean TPP effect was 12.9 percent (n = 27). Dietary intakes of thiamine showed a significant inverse relationship with TPP effect. Eight subjects (23 percent) who too, less than the Australian dietary allowance had an elevated TPP effect. By both dietary and biochemical methods there was evidence of subclinical vitamin C and thiamine deficiencies in more than a quarter of these men.

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Diet; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; New Zealand; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dietary Proteins; Meat; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Requirements; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Riboflavin Deficiency; Rickets; Thiamine Deficiency; Urinary Calculi; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Feces; Growth; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Rats; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Cognition Disorders; Female; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Pellagra; Pyruvates; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Deficiency Diseases; Food Additives; Pantothenic Acid; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Beriberi; Birds; Cholinesterases; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Azerbaijan; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Occupational Diseases; Petroleum; Thiamine Deficiency; Toxicology; Vitamins

Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Aminohydrolases; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Biotin; Guinea Pigs; Kidney; Metabolism; Rats; Research; Spleen; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Adaptation, Ocular; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Dark Adaptation; Humans; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cholesterol; Lipid Metabolism; Rats; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Endocrine Glands; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Rats; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Diet; Genitalia; Genitalia, Male; Male; Rats; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Rats; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Exercise; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency; Vitamins