Page last updated: 2024-11-05

cyanuric acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Cyanuric acid, also known as 2,4,6-trioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, is a white, crystalline organic compound with the formula (CNOH)3. It is a trimer of cyanic acid and is used in a variety of applications including the production of chlorine-based sanitizers for swimming pools and spas. Cyanuric acid is also used in the production of melamine resins and as a flame retardant. Cyanuric acid can be synthesized through the trimerization of cyanic acid. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and can be used as a pesticide. Cyanuric acid is studied to understand its effects on human health and the environment. It is also studied for its potential applications in other industries, such as agriculture and pharmaceuticals.'

cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID7956
CHEMBL ID243087
CHEBI ID17696
CHEBI ID38028
SCHEMBL ID20706
SCHEMBL ID12145619
MeSH IDM0045757

Synonyms (111)

Synonym
EN300-24846
s-2,6-triazinetriol
s-triazinetriol
pseudocyanuric acid
2,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine
trihydroxycyanidine
tricyanic acid
nsc-6284
kyselina kyanurova
sym-triazinetriol
s-triazine-2,6-triol
nsc6284
isocyanuric acid
1,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
s-triazine-2,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
isocyanurate acid
wln: t6n cn enj bq dq fq
s-triazine-2,4,6-trione
CHEBI:17696 ,
isocyanursaeure
isozyanursaeure
s-triazine-2,4,6-triol
triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
normal cyanuric acid
triazinetrione
tricarbimide
trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine
s-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-triol
2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine
cyanursaeure
triazine-2,4,6-triol
s-2,4,6-triazinetriol
zyanursaeure
sym-triazine-2,4,6-triol
504-19-8
cyanurate
CHEBI:38028
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol
1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
inchi=1/c3h3n3o3/c7-1-4-2(8)6-3(9)5-1/h(h3,4,5,6,7,8,9
kyselina kyanurova [czech]
nsc 6284
ccris 5895
ai3-26483
hsdb 2818
cyanuric acid (van)
trihydroxytriazine
cp 4789
epa pesticide chemical code 081402
einecs 203-618-0
s-cyanuric acid
caswell no. 862
C06554
108-80-5
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid, 98%
STK386958
2,4,6-trihydroxy-s-triazine
AC-11368
AKOS000297068
CHEMBL243087
BMSE000135
s-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione (8ci)
FT-0665325
A801927
NCGC00249215-01
BBL002489
h497r4qktz ,
unii-h497r4qktz
ec 203-618-0
NCGC00257109-01
dtxsid7024873 ,
dtxcid304873
tox21_303192
cas-108-80-5
NCGC00259911-01
tox21_202362
wdl ,
s-triazinetrione
FT-0624143
cyanuric acid [mi]
cyanuric acid [hsdb]
AKOS023552913
SCHEMBL20706
iso cyanuric acid
SCHEMBL12145619
2,4,6-trioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine
2,4,6-trihydroxytriazine
5-azabarbituric acid
2,4,6-triazinetrione
W-108712
isocyanurate
F0001-0180
mfcd00082990
cyanuric acid, purum, anhydrous, >=98.0% (t)
cyanuric acid, analytical standard
cyanursaure
kyselina kyanurova(czech)
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol (acd/name 4.0)
1,3,5-triazine-2,4, 6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
zyanursaure
Q411314
AS-14694
CS-W011123
SB73670
(c o)3 (n h)3
E82993
HY-W010407
Z203045102

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cyanuric acid is a triazine derivative that has been identified from reactions performed under prebiotic conditions. It is a common environmental contaminant and a metabolic intermediate in the catabolism of s-triazine compounds.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cyanuric acid is a triazine derivative that has been identified from reactions performed under prebiotic conditions and has been proposed as a prospective precursor of ancestral RNA. "( On the Photostability of Cyanuric Acid and Its Candidature as a Prebiotic Nucleobase.
Crespo-Hernández, CE; Hoehn, SJ; Ortiz-Rodríguez, LA, 2022
)
2.47
"Cyanuric acid is an industrial chemical produced during the biodegradation of "( Cyanuric Acid Biodegradation via Biuret: Physiology, Taxonomy, and Geospatial Distribution.
Aukema, KG; Bygd, MD; Konopatski, JF; Robinson, SL; Tassoulas, LJ; Wackett, LP, 2020
)
3.44
"Cyanuric acid is a metabolic intermediate of "( An unexpected vestigial protein complex reveals the evolutionary origins of an
Easton, CJ; Esquirol, L; French, NG; Hartley, CJ; Liu, JW; Nebl, T; Newman, J; Onagi, H; Peat, TS; Scott, C; Wilding, M, 2018
)
1.92
"Cyanuric acid is a common environmental contaminant and a metabolic intermediate in the catabolism of s-triazine compounds, including atrazine and other herbicides. "( A novel decarboxylating amidohydrolase involved in avoiding metabolic dead ends during cyanuric acid catabolism in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP.
Esquirol, L; Hartley, CJ; Newman, J; Peat, TS; Scott, C; Wilding, M, 2018
)
2.15
"Cyanuric acid (CYA) is a chlorine stabilizer used in swimming pools to limit UV degradation of chlorine, thus reducing chlorine use and cost. "( Effect of cyanuric acid on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under hyperchlorination conditions.
Arrowood, MJ; Beach, MJ; Hill, VR; Hlavsa, MC; Lu, X; Murphy, JL, 2015
)
2.26

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cyanuric acid has a highly stabilized ring system such that bacteria require a unique enzyme with a novel fold and subtle active site construction to open the ring."( Crystal structures of Moorella thermoacetica cyanuric acid hydrolase reveal conformational flexibility and asymmetry important for catalysis.
Aihara, H; Aukema, KG; Bera, AK; Cho, S; Lee, T; Seffernick, JL; Shi, K; Wackett, LP, 2019
)
1.49
"Cyanuric acid has a highly stabilized ring system such that bacteria require a unique enzyme with a novel fold and subtle active site construction to open the ring."( Crystal structures of Moorella thermoacetica cyanuric acid hydrolase reveal conformational flexibility and asymmetry important for catalysis.
Aihara, H; Aukema, KG; Bera, AK; Cho, S; Lee, T; Seffernick, JL; Shi, K; Wackett, LP, 2019
)
1.49

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"One cyanuric acid-treated rat displayed effects similar to melamine, including increased urinary biomarker levels."( Use of urinary renal biomarkers to evaluate the nephrotoxic effects of melamine or cyanuric acid in non-pregnant and pregnant rats.
Bandele, OJ; Black, T; Crosby, TC; Evans, ER; Ferguson, M; Keltner, Z; Olejnik, N; Reimschuessel, R; Sprando, RL; Stine, CB, 2014
)
1.11

Toxicity

Melamine and cyanuric acid complex has been suggested to cause the toxic effects observed in melamine-contaminated food or milk.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Whereas atrazine and cyanuric acid showed no significant toxic effect on the cells, phenol reduces growth and activates or induces typical membrane-adaptive responses known for the genus Pseudomonas."( Simultaneous degradation of atrazine and phenol by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP: effects of toxicity and adaptation.
Heipieper, HJ; Kivisaar, M; Monson, L; Neumann, G; Schauer, F; Teras, R, 2004
)
0.64
" These results establish the causal link between the contaminated gluten and the adverse effects and provide a mechanistic explanation for how two apparently innocuous compounds could have adverse effects in combination, that is, by forming an insoluble precipitate in renal tubules leading to progressive tubular blockage and degeneration."( Identification and characterization of toxicity of contaminants in pet food leading to an outbreak of renal toxicity in cats and dogs.
Baker, TR; Bigalow-Kern, AS; Cambron, RT; Daston, GP; Dobson, RL; Fix, A; Motlagh, S; Overmann, G; Pullen, AM; Quijano, M; Regg, BT; Reimschuessel, R; Shan, Y; Vennard, T, 2008
)
0.35
"This article discusses the 2007 recall of canned pet food because of concerns about adverse effects on kidney function of cats and dogs."( Melamine and cyanuric acid-induced crystalluria, uroliths, and nephrotoxicity in dogs and cats.
Albasan, H; Koehler, LA; Lulich, JP; Osborne, CA; Sauer, L; Schubert, G; Ulrich, LK, 2009
)
0.72
" A variety of toxic effects from melamine, including nephrolithiasis, chronic kidney inflammation, and bladder carcinoma, all have been studied in animals."( Melamine toxicity and the kidney.
Hau, AK; Kwan, TH; Li, PK, 2009
)
0.35
" Limited toxicological data indicate that MEL+CYA toxicity occurs at levels lower than the toxic doses of the single compounds."( Using urinary solubility data to estimate the level of safety concern of low levels of melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) present simultaneously in infant formulas.
Constable, A; Dominguez-Estevez, M; Mazzatorta, P; Renwick, AG; Schilter, B,
)
0.34
" The observed adverse effect level (8."( Dose-response assessment of nephrotoxicity from a 7-day combined exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid in F344 rats.
Beland, FA; Gamboa da Costa, G; Hattan, DG; Jacob, CC; Olson, GR; Reimschuessel, R; Von Tungeln, LS; Warbritton, AR, 2011
)
0.59
" CYA alone and the combination of MEL and CYA had adverse effects on the performance, but MEL alone had no effects on the performance."( Toxicity of melamine and cyanuric acid in broilers and residues in tissues.
Bai, SP; Ding, XM; Wang, L; Zhang, KY, 2012
)
0.68
" Our results illustrate the ability of both methods to detect and differentiate the severity of adverse effects in the staggered and consecutive gavage groups at much lower doses than previously observed in animals co-exposed to the compounds in feed."( Performance of urinary and gene expression biomarkers in detecting the nephrotoxic effects of melamine and cyanuric acid following diverse scenarios of co-exposure.
Bandele, O; Black, T; Camacho, L; Ferguson, M; Gamboa da Costa, G; Keltner, Z; Olejnik, N; Reimschuessel, R; Scott, M; Sprando, R; Stine, C, 2013
)
0.6
" The combined exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid was revealed to have certain toxic effects on testis of male mice at a relative low dose (each at 1 mg/kg/day)."( The reproductive toxicity of melamine in the absence and presence of cyanuric acid in male mice.
Bai, WL; He, JB; Li, C; Liu, BS; Liu, J; Wang, XZ; Wu, CD; Yin, RH; Yin, RL, 2013
)
0.89
"This study examined the adverse effects of feed-delivered melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in red tilapia."( Pathophysiological changes associated with dietary melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in red tilapia.
Boonyaratpalin, M; Choochuay, P; Kiron, V; Nuntapong, N; Phromkunthong, W, 2015
)
0.88
"Melamine in combination with cyanuric acid has been considered to be more toxic than either melamine or cyanuric acid alone."( An evaluation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of melamine in combination with cyanuric acid at three mass ratios.
Gong, ZY; Huang, da W; Jia, XW; Liu, X; Wu, KJ; Wu, YN, 2014
)
0.92
" All melamine-treated animals experienced adverse effects; however, pregnant rats were most sensitive as indicated by increased SCr, BUN, and kidney weights, decreased body weight, and presence of renal crystals."( Use of urinary renal biomarkers to evaluate the nephrotoxic effects of melamine or cyanuric acid in non-pregnant and pregnant rats.
Bandele, OJ; Black, T; Crosby, TC; Evans, ER; Ferguson, M; Keltner, Z; Olejnik, N; Reimschuessel, R; Sprando, RL; Stine, CB, 2014
)
0.63
" These results provided useful information for assessing the toxicity of melamine on immune system of mammals, and contributed to the existing toxic profile of melamine."( The toxic effects of melamine on spleen lymphocytes with or without cyanuric acid in mice.
Bai, WL; Han, J; Han, XH; Han, XR; He, JB; Li, HS; Liu, BS; Liu, J; Wang, WC; Wang, X; Yin, RH; Yin, RL, 2014
)
0.64
"The melamine and cyanuric acid (CA) complex has been suggested to cause the toxic effects observed in melamine-contaminated food or milk."( Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects by melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure in human embryonic kidney 293 cells.
Gan, T; Lu, J; Sheng, H; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Yang, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhu, X, 2020
)
1.13

Pharmacokinetics

The objective of the study was to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters for melamine and blend of melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in rainbow trout.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The objective of the study was to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters for melamine and blend of melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)."( Plasma pharmacokinetics of melamine and a blend of melamine and cyanuric acid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Qin, Y; Qiu, J; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Wu, X; Xue, M; Zheng, Y, 2011
)
0.82
" Given this mode of action, a good understanding of the pharmacokinetic profiles of melamine and cyanuric acid and their combinations is essential to define properly the risk associated with different exposure scenarios."( Pharmacokinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid and their combinations in F344 rats.
Beland, FA; Gamboa da Costa, G; Jacob, CC; Vanlandingham, M; Von Tungeln, LS, 2012
)
0.88

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Therefore, feed contaminated with both MEL and CYA could be problematic for fish, as MEL administered to trout, individually or in combination with CYA, may facilitate the onset of oxidative damage in trout."( Antioxidant responses and renal crystal formation in rainbow trout treated with melamine administered individually or in combination with cyanuric acid.
Abete, MC; Andersen, W; Brizio, P; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Pacini, N; Prearo, M; Reimschuessel, R; Righetti, M, 2013
)
0.59
"Melamine in combination with cyanuric acid has been considered to be more toxic than either melamine or cyanuric acid alone."( An evaluation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of melamine in combination with cyanuric acid at three mass ratios.
Gong, ZY; Huang, da W; Jia, XW; Liu, X; Wu, KJ; Wu, YN, 2014
)
0.92
" The experimental groups of MEL100 and CA100 were orally administered with MEL and CA at 100 mg/kg/d for 7 d, respectively."( Nephrotoxic potential and toxicokinetics of melamine combined with cyanuric acid in rats.
Jeong, HG; Jeong, TC; Kang, MJ; Kang, W; Kim, GH; Kim, H; Kim, HS; Lee, KY; Noh, K; Oh, DG, 2014
)
0.64
" The purpose of this study was to characterize the pathological lesions of the liver caused by melamine alone or in combination with CA."( The pathologic lesions of liver caused by melamine alone or in combination with cyanuric acid in mice.
Chang, L; She, R; Tong, D; Wu, Q, 2021
)
0.85

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Although the oral coadministration of 1 mg/kg body weight of melamine and cyanuric acid did not alter significantly the pharmacokinetic profiles in relation to those determined upon individual oral administration of each compound, the administration of equal amounts of each triazine as the preformed melamine cyanurate complex significantly altered the pharmacokinetics, with reduced bioavailability of both compounds, lower observed maximum serum concentrations, delayed peak concentrations, and prolonged elimination half lives."( Pharmacokinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid and their combinations in F344 rats.
Beland, FA; Gamboa da Costa, G; Jacob, CC; Vanlandingham, M; Von Tungeln, LS, 2012
)
0.89

Dosage Studied

Fish and pigs were fed a target dosage of melamine (400 mg/kg), cyanuric acid (400mg/kg) daily for 3 days and were euthanatized 1, 3, 6, 10, or 14 days after administration ceased. Effects of the dosing matrix and timing on the onset of renal crystal formation were evaluated in male and non-pregnant female rats (Fisher 344) exposed to both melamine and cyanurics for 28 days.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" aeruginosa was the pool pumps, and was eradicated by regularly shock dosing them with 6-8 ppm of free chlorine."( Two sources of contamination of a hydrotherapy pool by environmental organisms.
Aspinall, ST; Graham, R, 1989
)
0.28
" Cats dosed with a combination were euthanized at 48 hours after dosing because of acute renal failure."( Assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in cats.
Filigenzi, MS; Lowenstine, LJ; Pesavento, PA; Poppenga, RH; Puschner, B, 2007
)
0.64
"Fish and pigs were fed a target dosage of melamine (400 mg/kg), cyanuric acid (400 mg/kg), or melamine and cyanuric acid (400 mg of each compound/kg) daily for 3 days and were euthanatized 1, 3, 6, 10, or 14 days after administration ceased."( Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs.
Andersen, WC; Bataller, N; Boehmer, J; Crowe, JB; de Alwis, GK; Gieseker, CM; Heller, DN; Karbiwnyk, CM; Miller, RA; Nochetto, C; Reimschuessel, R; Reinhard, MK; Roberts, JF; Rummel, N; Satzger, RD; Turnipseed, SB; Ward, J; Wilber, NR; Witkowski, MR, 2008
)
0.82
" To determine the dose-response for nephrotoxicity upon coadministration of melamine and cyanuric acid, groups of male and female F344 rats (six animals per sex per group) were fed 0 (control), 7, 23, 69, 229, or 694 ppm of both melamine and cyanuric acid; 1388 ppm melamine; or 1388 ppm cyanuric acid in the diet for 7 days."( Dose-response assessment of nephrotoxicity from a 7-day combined exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid in F344 rats.
Beland, FA; Gamboa da Costa, G; Hattan, DG; Jacob, CC; Olson, GR; Reimschuessel, R; Von Tungeln, LS; Warbritton, AR, 2011
)
0.81
"91) with melamine dosing levels."( Residues of melamine and cyanuric acid in milk and tissues of dairy cows fed different doses of melamine.
Shen, JS; Sun, P; Wang, JQ; Wei, HY, 2011
)
0.67
" Four late-lactation dairy cows (body weight=524±17 kg, days in milk=265±14 d) fitted with ruminal cannulas were dosed with melamine (purity ≥99."( Pathway for the elimination of melamine in lactating dairy cows.
Shen, JS; Sun, P; Wang, JQ; Wei, HY, 2012
)
0.38
" Clinical chemistry and histopathology indicated male rats were slightly more affected than female rats following dosing with the 120 and 180 ppm formulations; hydroxyproline excretion also supports this finding."( Metabolomics evaluation of hydroxyproline as a potential marker of melamine and cyanuric acid nephrotoxicity in male and female Fischer F344 rats.
Beger, RD; Bhattacharyya, S; Gamboa da Costa, G; Pence, LM; Schnackenberg, LK; Sun, J, 2012
)
0.61
"Effects of the dosing matrix and timing on the onset of renal crystal formation were evaluated in male and non-pregnant female rats (Fisher 344) exposed to both melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) for 28 days."( Timing and route of exposure affects crystal formation in melamine and cyanuric exposed male and female rats: gavage vs. feeding.
Bandele, O; Black, T; Crosby, T; Evans, E; Ferguson, M; Gamboa da Costa, G; Keltner, Z; Loukotková, L; Nemser, SM; Olejnik, N; Reimschuessel, R; Scott, M; Sprando, RL; Stine, CB; Tkachenko, A; Woodling, K, 2012
)
0.57
" The biomarkers were also evaluated for the ability to differentiate the effects of the compounds when co-administered using diverse dosing schedules (i."( Performance of urinary and gene expression biomarkers in detecting the nephrotoxic effects of melamine and cyanuric acid following diverse scenarios of co-exposure.
Bandele, O; Black, T; Camacho, L; Ferguson, M; Gamboa da Costa, G; Keltner, Z; Olejnik, N; Reimschuessel, R; Scott, M; Sprando, R; Stine, C, 2013
)
0.6
" When dosed individually, melamine and cyanuric acid kidney residues depleted much faster than those in fish given both compounds together."( Depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in kidney of catfish Ictalurus punctatus and trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Evans, ER; Gieseker, CM; Girard, L; Hasbrouck, NR; Mayer, TD; Nochetto, C; Reimschuessel, R; Stine, CB, 2013
)
0.96
" Fish muscle residues of MEL exhibited a dose-response relationship."( Antioxidant responses and renal crystal formation in rainbow trout treated with melamine administered individually or in combination with cyanuric acid.
Abete, MC; Andersen, W; Brizio, P; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Pacini, N; Prearo, M; Reimschuessel, R; Righetti, M, 2013
)
0.59
" In groups dosed with MEL-CA mixtures, melamine and cyanuric acid (1:1) were simultaneously administered at 4, 20, or 100 mg/kg/d for 7 d (i."( Nephrotoxic potential and toxicokinetics of melamine combined with cyanuric acid in rats.
Jeong, HG; Jeong, TC; Kang, MJ; Kang, W; Kim, GH; Kim, H; Kim, HS; Lee, KY; Noh, K; Oh, DG, 2014
)
0.89
" Pigs dosed with 33 mg/kg bw/day of MEL + CYA for 7 days contained residues above the level of concern only in kidney."( Investigation of melamine and cyanuric acid deposition in pig tissues using LC-MS/MS methods.
Bomba, M; Clark, J; Guag, J; Knutson, N; Nemser, SM; Reimschuessel, R; Rhodes, B; Tkachenko, A; Wallace, B; Yacopucci, M, 2015
)
0.71
" Histopathological changes were significant in females dosed with ≥240 ppm MEL&CYA and in males dosed with ≥180 ppm MEL&CYA; however, the nephrotoxicity biomarkers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were increased only by ≥240 ppm MEL&CYA."( Effects of a 28-day dietary co-exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid on the levels of serum microRNAs in male and female Fisher 344 rats.
Camacho, L; Chang, CW; Gamboa da Costa, G; Porter-Gill, P; Silva, CS; Williams, D, 2016
)
0.68
" However, CCAs upon dosed into water can release not only free chlorine (FC), a strong disinfectant, but also cyanurate (CYA), a persistent compound potentially harmful to human and environment."( Green detection of trace cyanuric acid and free chlorine together via ion chromatography.
Chen, B; Wei, Y; Yang, B; Yang, Y, 2022
)
1.02
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
1,3,5-triazinanes
1,3,5-triazinesAny compound with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton, in which nitrogen atoms replace carbon at positions 1, 3 and 5 of the core benzene ring structure.
heteroaryl hydroxy compoundAny organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (6)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
atrazine degradation I (aerobic)413
melamine degradation29
N-cyclopropylmelamine degradation08
cyanurate degradation49
uracil degradation II (oxidative)112
superpathway of atrazine degradation718

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.24190.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency50.94160.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159555
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency54.42730.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.17270.375827.485161.6524AID743220
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.85720.000229.305416,493.5996AID743069; AID743075; AID743077
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency41.09570.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085; AID743122
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (5)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID290681Inhibition of oxygen evolution rate in spinach chloroplasts2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 17, Issue:12
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazines.
AID290679Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 17, Issue:12
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazines.
AID290680Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv relative to control2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 17, Issue:12
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazines.
AID290650Photocytotoxicity against human HL60 cells irradiated with 2.5 J cm^-2 UVA dose after 72 hrs by MTT assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 17, Issue:12
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazines.
AID290649Photocytotoxicity against human HL60 cells irradiated with 1.25 J cm^-2 UVA dose after 72 hrs by MTT assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 17, Issue:12
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazines.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (331)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199015 (4.53)18.7374
1990's8 (2.42)18.2507
2000's86 (25.98)29.6817
2010's195 (58.91)24.3611
2020's27 (8.16)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 53.37

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index53.37 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.84 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.54 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index166.63 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.86 (0.95)

This Compound (53.37)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials4 (1.18%)5.53%
Reviews7 (2.06%)6.00%
Case Studies3 (0.88%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other326 (95.88%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]