Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Astigmatism

Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Astigmatism

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Although astigmatism is prevalent during early infancy, the influence of astigmatism on early refractive development is unclear."( Hung, LF; Kee, CS; Qiao-Grider, Y; Roorda, A; Smith, EL, 2004)
"Astigmatism is the most common ametropia found in humans and is often associated with large spherical ametropias."( Hung, LF; Kee, CS; Qiao-Grider, Y; Ramamirtham, R; Smith, EL, 2005)
"Irregular astigmatisms are frequently encountered in these patients and is commonly associated with high degrees of hyperopia or myopia."( Abukhudair, A; Alhindi, N; Alsubhi, AH; Alsulami, A; Morfeq, H; Seraj, H, 2023)

Context

ExcerptReference
"Astigmatism has been suggested to be an important factor in the production and/or progression of myopia."( Chen, MS; Ho, TC; Hou, PK; Lin, LL; Shih, YF; Wang, PC, 1994)

Actions

ExcerptReference
"Mean astigmatism in affected eyes was 1."( Herlihy, EP; Kelly, JP; Perkins, JA; Sidbury, R; Weiss, AH, 2016)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"The average amount of pretreatment astigmatism was 2."( Blei, F; Ceisler, E; Furlan, L; Kodsi, SR; Schwartz, SR; Steele, M, 2007)
"Eighteen eyes were treated for regular astigmatism and 26 eyes were treated for irregular astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty."( Alessio, G; La Tegola, MG; Sborgia, C, 2007)

Research

Studies (486)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-1990116 (23.87)23.3326
1990's55 (11.32)12.5806
2000's121 (24.90)18.1394
2010's144 (29.63)28.8240
2020's50 (10.29)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
gamma-aminobutyric acid0medium11
glycerol0low10
hydrogen carbonate0low10
pyridoxine0low10
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate0low10
acetaminophen0medium33
ciprofloxacin0low20
cyclopentolate0medium121
cyproheptadine0low10
diclofenac0medium31
erythrosine0low60
fluorouracil0low30
flurbiprofen0medium11
gabapentin0medium11
halothane0low10
ibuprofen0medium11
indomethacin0medium11
2-propanol0medium826
ketoconazole0low10
ketorolac0medium21
ofloxacin0low40
propranolol0low30
gatifloxacin0medium21
thiotepa0low10
tolmetin0medium11
tropicamide0medium61
mitomycin0medium359
prednisolone0medium113
prednisolone acetate0medium52
prednisone0low20
fluprednisolone0low10
pilocarpine0low40
biguanides0low10
chloramphenicol0low10
phenylephrine0low40
methylene blue0low10
methionine0low10
mannitol0low10
valine0low10
ethylene oxide0low10
perflutren0low10
triamcinolone acetonide0low20
methylmethacrylate0medium63
fluocortolone0low20
benactyzine0low10
methysergide0low10
betamethasone0low40
fluorometholone0low50
homocystine0low20
chenodeoxycholic acid0low10
echothiophate iodide0low10
gentian violet0low20
hydroxyethyl methacrylate0medium21
vancomycin0low10
fluorescein0low60
vantocil0low10
enbucrilate0medium11
molybdenum0medium11
neon0low10
titanium0medium33
argon0low10
cadmium0low10
helium0low10
holmium0low20
yttrium0low20
chromates0low10
fluorine0low10
triamcinolone0low40
cefazolin0low10
tobramycin0low30
vecuronium bromide0low10
propiconazole0low120
fomesafen0low50
itraconazole0low10
bromfenac0low10
propamidine isethionate0low10
triazoles0low10
nipradilol0medium11
ketorolac tromethamine0medium21
nicotine0low10
nsc-1727550low10
cobalt0medium11
yttrium radioisotopes0low10
vitamin b 60low10
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein0low10
diprofos0low10
tamsulosin0low10
nepafenac0medium11
moxifloxacin0medium11
atropine0medium144
cortisone0low10
glycogen0low10
elastin0low10
difluprednate0low10
riboflavin0medium322
phenylthiourea0low10
cystine0low10
alpha-chymotrypsin0low10
amphotericin b0medium11
isotretinoin0low10
codeine0medium11
phenylephrine hydrochloride0low20
oxycodone0medium11
clobetasol0low10
silicon0low20
strontium radioisotopes0low20
tetrodotoxin0low10
cholestanol0low10
chlorhexidine0low10
scopolamine hydrobromide0low10
cellulose0medium21
thimerosal0low10
methylcellulose0low20
ascorbic acid0medium33
transforming growth factor beta0low10
saxitoxin0low10
balafilcon a0low10
cyclosporine0medium21
thromboplastin0low10
chondroitin sulfates0low10
exudates0low30
acyclovir0low40
valacyclovir0low10
eye0medium1211

Protein Targets (920)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain B, pheromone binding protein0011
Chain A, pheromone binding protein0011
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A5005
Chain A, RNA-directed RNA polymerase NS50101
acid sphingomyelinase2002
thioredoxin reductase210021
USP1 protein, partial100010
TDP1 protein330033
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA130013
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 15005
flap endonuclease 1100010
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK14004
snurportin-15005
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 17007
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 13003
DNA polymerase eta isoform 13003
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)100010
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor6006
plasminogen precursor6006
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor6006
geminin210021
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 19009
fibroblast growth factor 22 isoform 1 precursor0001
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 130101
Beta-lactamase0202
Transthyretin0024
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0527
Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte0112
Cyclin-A20101
Cannabinoid receptor 10011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 20112
Choline O-acetyltransferase0101
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 120101
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G5005
Fatty acid-binding protein 50011
Fatty acid-binding protein 50011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 110101
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 140202
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit170017
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma320032
GLI family zinc finger 3310031
AR protein460046
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1220022
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1330033
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha250025
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha450045
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta170017
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a210021
activating transcription factor 6160016
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)160016
Histone H2A.x120012
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a130013
heat shock protein beta-1150015
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1330033
lamin isoform A-delta10210021
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit210021
Glutamate receptor 2210021
ATAD5 protein, partial9009
GLS protein100010
Microtubule-associated protein tau100011
Smad38008
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor110011
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3230023
progesterone receptor220022
EWS/FLI fusion protein170017
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha340034
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma210021
aryl hydrocarbon receptor220022
chromobox protein homolog 1180018
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2240024
peripheral myelin protein 22120012
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 19009
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi95115
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3021021
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4021022
Solute carrier family 22 member 60405
Carbonic anhydrase 120101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90103
Bile salt export pump0606
Bile salt export pump032032
Cytochrome P450 2B10102
Cytochrome P450 1A10001
Carbonic anhydrase 10303
Carbonic anhydrase 20303
Myoglobin0101
Cytochrome P450 1A10012
Cytochrome P450 1A20405
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 109010
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Cytochrome P450 3A4013014
Cytochrome P450 2D60606
Cytochrome P450 2C9 011012
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-195115
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta95115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-295216
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-595115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-395115
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0304
Carbonic anhydrase 40202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10808
Carbonic anhydrase 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-195115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-295115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-495115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-395115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-695115
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 209111
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma9009
Cytochrome P450 2J20707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-195216
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-395115
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-295216
Carbonic anhydrase 90202
GABA theta subunit95115
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1019019
Carbonic anhydrase 150202
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon95115
Carbonic anhydrase 140101
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0101
toxin B0001
Chain E, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0101
Chain A, HADH2 protein140014
Chain B, HADH2 protein140014
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q17007
Chain A, Ferritin light chain9009
Thymidine kinase 0101
phosphopantetheinyl transferase100010
arylsulfatase A110011
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2280028
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1120012
hemoglobin subunit beta3003
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor2002
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a4004
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0609
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0101
Thymidine kinase, cytosolic0001
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 20001
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 172002
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0011
Solute carrier family 22 member 60506
Thymidine kinase 0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80305
Thymidine kinase0101
Chain A, Cruzipain100010
interleukin 87007
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]350035
farnesoid X nuclear receptor220022
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor200020
tumor necrosis factor3003
Cytochrome P450 2C190404
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2014016
Aurora kinase B0101
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20101
Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated0101
acetylcholinesterase120012
thioredoxin glutathione reductase7007
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4210021
IDH1110011
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2130013
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I3003
lethal factor (plasmid)7007
Polyphenol oxidase 20303
Pancreatic alpha-amylase0202
Albumin0203
Urease0101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10001
Tyrosinase0303
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor011315
Spike glycoprotein140014
Hyaluronate lyase0101
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN20001
Egl nine homolog 10001
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN30001
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor0001
Solute carrier family 23 member 10101
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase9009
pregnane X nuclear receptor250025
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator0101
DNA polymerase beta2002
short transient receptor potential channel 6 isoform 10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40808
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2013319
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4010113
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M108112
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M307111
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M408112
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M507111
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5010113
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M208214
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1012419
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10012
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3010214
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor08211
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0819
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40202
Histamine H2 receptor8009
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70202
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH 0001
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0112
cytochrome P450 2D6170017
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d6006
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10404
pregnane X receptor9009
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2100010
galanin receptor type 30101
Glucocorticoid receptor014221
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1014014
Glycine receptor subunit beta014014
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2014014
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3014014
ORF730011
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor100010
Cellular tumor antigen p53300030
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase6006
Luciferase170017
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA12002
Solute carrier family 15 member 10304
Solute carrier family 22 member 110101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
SMAD family member 2140014
SMAD family member 3140014
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease6006
caspase-36006
Caspase-73003
caspase-33003
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor012417
Vitamin D3 receptor0112
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor07412
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0112
Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter0101
TAR DNA-binding protein 43130013
Bile acid receptor0011
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 10011
Bile acid receptor0011
G140014
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a140014
streptokinase A precursor0033
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase0001
Interferon beta200020
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 140014
30S ribosomal protein S60101
30S ribosomal protein S70101
50S ribosomal protein L150101
50S ribosomal protein L100101
50S ribosomal protein L110101
50S ribosomal protein L7/L120101
50S ribosomal protein L190101
50S ribosomal protein L10101
50S ribosomal protein L200101
50S ribosomal protein L270101
50S ribosomal protein L280101
50S ribosomal protein L290101
50S ribosomal protein L310101
50S ribosomal protein L31 type B0101
50S ribosomal protein L320101
50S ribosomal protein L330101
50S ribosomal protein L340101
50S ribosomal protein L350101
50S ribosomal protein L360101
30S ribosomal protein S100101
30S ribosomal protein S110101
30S ribosomal protein S120101
30S ribosomal protein S130101
30S ribosomal protein S160101
30S ribosomal protein S180101
30S ribosomal protein S190101
30S ribosomal protein S200101
30S ribosomal protein S20101
30S ribosomal protein S30101
30S ribosomal protein S40101
30S ribosomal protein S50101
30S ribosomal protein S80101
30S ribosomal protein S90101
50S ribosomal protein L130101
50S ribosomal protein L140101
50S ribosomal protein L160101
50S ribosomal protein L230101
30S ribosomal protein S150101
50S ribosomal protein L170101
50S ribosomal protein L210101
50S ribosomal protein L300101
50S ribosomal protein L60101
30S ribosomal protein S140101
30S ribosomal protein S170101
30S ribosomal protein S10101
50S ribosomal protein L180101
50S ribosomal protein L20101
50S ribosomal protein L30101
50S ribosomal protein L240101
50S ribosomal protein L40101
50S ribosomal protein L220101
50S ribosomal protein L50101
30S ribosomal protein S210101
50S ribosomal protein L250101
50S ribosomal protein L36 20101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1140014
Methionine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial0011
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial140014
Chain A, BCL-2-RELATED PROTEIN A10011
PAX80001
glp-1 receptor, partial9009
15-lipoxygenase, partial4004
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)110011
PINK11001
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)160016
67.9K protein9009
glucocerebrosidase4004
Parkin4004
heat shock protein 900011
calcineurin A1, putative0011
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 13003
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform 20101
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a5005
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor3003
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor4004
perilipin-50101
perilipin-10101
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 35005
huntingtin isoform 28008
mitogen-activated protein kinase 15005
ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N0101
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 14004
protein AF-9 isoform a0002
melanocortin receptor 40101
CAAX prenyl protease0002
bcl-2-related protein A10101
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 18008
1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 isoform a0101
glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha0001
hexokinase HKDC10101
DNA repair protein RAD52 homolog isoform a0002
bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 10011
Synaptojanin-20101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20202
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B5005
Synaptojanin-10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 30101
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0204
Integrin beta-34004
72 kDa type IV collagenase0101
Integrin alpha-IIb4004
Matrix metalloproteinase-90101
Trypanothione reductase0101
Alpha-synuclein3003
Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase0101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20202
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 42002
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10505
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 59009
Ataxin-2120012
Spermine oxidase0101
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE130013
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 17007
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
DNA gyrase subunit A0101
DNA gyrase subunit B0204
DNA gyrase subunit A0408
DNA gyrase subunit B0408
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A0101
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B0103
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A0305
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha0106
DNA gyrase subunit A0204
Multidrug resistance protein MdtK0011
DNA gyrase subunit B0305
DNA gyrase subunit A0406
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]0001
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A0101
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B0101
Integrase 0101
Cytochrome P450 2D10101
Cytochrome P450 2D260101
Cytochrome P450 2D30101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70105
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Kappa-type opioid receptor0112
Mu-type opioid receptor0639
Delta-type opioid receptor0527
Kappa-type opioid receptor0527
Mu-type opioid receptor0112
Cytochrome P450 2D40101
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X20011
endonuclease IV5005
dopamine D1 receptor3003
regulator of G-protein signaling 4100010
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 15005
survival motor neuron protein isoform d7007
M-phase phosphoprotein 82002
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M13003
Sex hormone-binding globulin0011
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10011
Fumarate hydratase6006
PPM1D protein4004
polyprotein6006
D(1A) dopamine receptor6006
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor1001
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 14004
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 19009
chaperonin GroEL1001
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0101
Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form0101
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0202
D(2) dopamine receptor0819
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0303
D0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0618
Endothelin receptor type B0101
D(1A) dopamine receptor0718
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40102
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0415
Endothelin receptor type B0101
Histamine H2 receptor0606
D(1B) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0819
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0606
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0101
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0505
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70314
Histamine H1 receptor0213
D(3) dopamine receptor0707
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30004
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0819
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60617
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 0202
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD70202
Transporter0315
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B100101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0405
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10022
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 20202
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0505
Albumin07613
Interleukin-80303
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10303
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20303
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30303
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0405
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0303
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20505
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20405
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0506
Carbonic anhydrase 40101
P2Y purinoceptor 120202
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A70101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A100101
Chain A, Beta-lactamase5005
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A4004
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE8008
Genome polyprotein 0112
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog2002
hypothetical protein, conserved4004
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B4004
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor5005
eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a1001
relaxin receptor 1 isoform 11001
Flavin reductase (NADPH)0011
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase7007
large T antigen0202
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein2002
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-42328
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-22328
Androgen receptor0505
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Chain A, Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Skn7p0001
Thrombopoietin1001
nonstructural protein 13003
Vpr3003
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 14004
Solute carrier family 22 member 80001
Epidermal growth factor receptor0404
Amyloid-beta precursor protein1203
Thymidylate synthase0101
Aromatase0303
HSP40, subfamily A [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7]0001
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 35005
Acid-sensing ion channel 30202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C40202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C30404
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 0202
Acid-sensing ion channel 10202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C10202
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-30011
Hsf1 protein0011
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor3003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Histone deacetylase 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-10022
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-20011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50112
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20112
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10011
Histone deacetylase 40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
Histone deacetylase 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60112
Sterol O-acyltransferase 10011
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0011
Histone deacetylase 70101
Histone deacetylase 20101
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Histone deacetylase 80101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40011
Platelet glycoprotein VI0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10011
Histone deacetylase 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10011
Histone deacetylase 90101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Histone deacetylase 50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
beta-amyloid peptide, A beta {N-terminal} [human, cerebrospinal fluid, conditioned medium of mixed-brain cell cultures, Peptide Partial, 33 aa]1001
alpha synuclein, partial1001
luciferase2002
polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX122002
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0101
60 kDa chaperonin0202
Adenosine receptor A30516
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0303
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0819
Substance-K receptor0404
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 11001
Adenosine receptor A2a0314
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 21001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 31001
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor09110
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0303
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 11102
Inositol monophosphatase 14004
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 41001
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0404
Leukotriene B4 receptor 11001
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0303
60 kDa chaperonin 0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 51001
10 kDa chaperonin 0303
Leukotriene B4 receptor 21001
Chain B, EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E0011
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0303
Carbonic anhydrase0101
NFKB1 protein, partial3003
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0304
Albumin0011
Cholinesterase0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0305
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10202
Adenosine receptor A10202
Caspase-10203
Adenosine receptor A2a0202
Substance-P receptor0202
Caspase-30202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Caspase-40202
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0101
Caspase-50202
Caspase-90202
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 90101
Chain A, membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-20101
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)2002
ras-related protein Rab-9A3003
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase0101
Prostaglandin E synthase0101
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 0202
Phospholipase A2, major isoenzyme0202
Procathepsin L0101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10505
Androgen receptor0213
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0202
Thromboxane-A synthase 0202
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 10101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10101
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype0101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype0101
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 0101
Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 20101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype0101
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma0011
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 30101
Prostaglandin D2 receptor 0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A30101
Lactoylglutathione lyase0202
Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype0101
Rho-associated protein kinase 20101
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 90101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30202
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma0101
Prostaglandin D2 receptor 20112
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10202
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor4004
Ornithine decarboxylase0001
Retinoic acid receptor alpha0101
Retinoic acid receptor gamma0101
Retinoic acid receptor beta0101
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 20011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10101
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta0101
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma0101
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 10101
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 10011
Olfactory receptor 51E20101
GALC protein3003
Cytochrome P450 1440011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Estrogen receptor beta0101
25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial0101
25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial0202
Cytochrome P450 26A10101
Camphor 5-monooxygenase0001
Chymotrypsinogen A0101
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase0202
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10202
Epoxide hydrolase 10001
Cytochrome P450 2C11 0101
Steroid 21-hydroxylase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C80202
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase 0101
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial 0101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10202
Cytochrome P450 2A20101
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial 0101
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial0101
Translocator protein0202
Cytochrome P450 7A1 0101
Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial0101
Estrogen receptor0101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10202
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor0112
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor0101
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic0101
Cytochrome P450 4F20101
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial0202
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial0101
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0202
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0213
Cytochrome P450 7A10101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase 0202
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
Cell division control protein 42 homolog0101
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 10101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 10101
Chain A, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase0011
Chain A, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase0011
Chain A, Aminopeptidase0101
Chain A, Methionine aminopeptidase0101
S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase0101
Adenylate cyclase type 50001
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-10001
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-20001
Fatty acid synthase0101
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10202
Chain E, Fibrin beta chain0101
T cell receptor, partial1001
luteinizing hormone receptor1001
integrase, partial0101
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p750101
Caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase0002
TSHR protein1001
Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 10101
isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, partial1001
serine-protein kinase ATM isoform a1001
neutrophil cytosol factor 10101
caspase-9 isoform alpha precursor0101
pyruvate kinase PKM isoform a1001
caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein0101
replicative DNA helicase0001
recombinase A0011
POsterior Segregation0011
Glutathione reductase0101
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain1001
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0102
Microtubule-associated protein tau0112
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0101
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0516
Cruzipain0101
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic0102
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 0102
Zinc finger protein mex-50011
phosphoglycerate kinase1001
DNA polymerase III, partial1001
alpha-galactosidase1001
hexokinase-4 isoform 11001
glucokinase regulatory protein1001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0202
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 10101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 10101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta0213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30225
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma0213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta0213
Cytochrome P450 2A60325
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-20225
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-30225
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40225
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-50225
Cytochrome P450 2A50101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-like 20202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-50011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30213
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70224
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-60225
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-90225
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70202
Acetylcholine-binding protein0112
Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon0011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-30112
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70225
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta0213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-20101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-60112
Cytochrome P450 2A130224
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-50202
Liver carboxylesterase B-10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-30202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30202
Soluble acetylcholine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-100225
Solute carrier family 22 member 20101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-60202
Integrin beta0011
Glycoprotein IIb0011
STE240001
Trypsin0001
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor 0011
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0224
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0224
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0224
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 10001
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0315
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0213
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0325
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0224
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0224
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0001
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor04510
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0348
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0001
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0001
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Chain A, PROTEIN (CATECHOL OXIDASE)0101
Tyrosinase0101
Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase0101
Taste receptor type 2 member 380012
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor DM10101
luciferase0001
Estrogen receptor0202
Progesterone receptor0203
Glucocorticoid receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0011
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0213
Glutamine synthetase0011
Histamine H1 receptor0011
Nociceptin receptor0011
Estrogen receptor beta0202
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20002
heat shock protein 90, putative0002
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 0113
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0203
Endothelin-1 receptor0112
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0213
Neuromedin-K receptor0011
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor0112
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0112
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
Vasopressin V1a receptor0112
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0113
Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 10022
Pyridoxal kinase0001
Chain A, 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine Synthase0011
Chain B, 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine Synthase0011
Chain A, Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein1001
Chain H, Immunoglobulin Igg1 Heavy chain0011
Chain L, Immunoglobulin Igg1 Lambda Light Chain0011
Chain A, DODECIN0011
Chain A, DODECIN0011
Chain C, DODECIN0011
Chain E, DODECIN0011
NPYLR7B0011
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor1001
Riboflavin-binding protein0112
Caspase-71001
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0112
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 10101
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0101
Nrf21001
toll-like receptor 90101
caspase recruitment domain family, member 150101
neurotensin receptor type 10011
receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 isoform 10101
Beta lactamase (plasmid)0101
Cytochrome P450 2B60101
Protein Rev 0011
procathepsin L isoform 1 preproprotein0101
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
Solute carrier family 15 member 20101
Valacyclovir hydrolase0001
Chain A, Arginase 10101
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptidase0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]