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Biochemical pathways: part I
Proteins (0)
Compounds (381)
| Compound | Description |
|---|---|
| chenodeoxycholic acid | A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. |
| phosphorylcholine | Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction. |
| propionic acid | |
| pyruvic acid | An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed) |
| gluconic acid | zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted |
| l-lactic acid | |
| inositol 1-phosphate | |
| succinic acid | A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) |
| sulfuric acid | |
| taurine | A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. |
| urea | A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid | The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
| carglumic acid | carglumic acid could be helpful in lowering plasma ammonia levels over 400 micromol/L more rapidly |
| Glutathione | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. |
| dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. |
| dexpanthenol | The alcohol of pantothenic acid |
| xylose | |
| levoleucovorin | A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN. |
| guanosine monophosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. |
| aminolevulinic acid | A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS. |
| Cytidine Diphosphate Choline | Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides. |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. |
| adenine | A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. |
| allantoin | A urea hydantoin that is found in URINE and PLANTS and is used in dermatological preparations. |
| cholic acid | A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. |
| cortisone | A naturally occurring glucocorticoid that has been used in replacement therapy for ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive; it is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726) |
| betaine hydrochloride | |
| choline | A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. |
| citric acid, anhydrous | |
| glutamic acid | A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| glucaric acid | A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. |
| alpha-glycerophosphoric acid | |
| glucosamine | |
| Norepinephrine | Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the ADRENAL MEDULLA and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in the brain that arises from the LOCUS CERULEUS. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. |
| 5-hydroxytryptophan | The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant. |
| galactose | An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. |
| ergosterol | A steroid occurring in FUNGI. Irradiation with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS results in formation of ERGOCALCIFEROL (vitamin D2). |
| fumaric acid | see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters |
| calcitriol | The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. |
| vitamin d 2 | |
| cholecalciferol | Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24. |
| ascorbic acid | A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. |
| Hydrocortisone | The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. |
| estriol | A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol. |
| Estradiol | The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. |
| sorbitol | A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. |
| Epinephrine | The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS. |
| thyroxine | The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. |
| creatine | An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine. |
| cysteine | A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE. |
| estrone | An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women. |
| dehydroepiandrosterone | A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion. |
| triiodothyronine | A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. |
| aspartic acid | One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. |
| glutamine | A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. |
| lysine | An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. |
| sucrose | A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. |
| Progesterone | The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS. |
| Cholesterol | The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. |
| Testosterone | A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL. |
| uridine | A ribonucleoside in which RIBOSE is linked to URACIL. |
| uridine monophosphate | 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. |
| uridine diphosphate | A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. |
| levodopa | The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. |
| tyrosine | A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. |
| adenosine monophosphate | Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. |
| adenosine | A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. |
| uridine triphosphate | Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
| methionine | A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions. |
| phenylalanine | An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. |
| desoxycorticosterone | A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE |
| ornithine | An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. |
| asparagine | A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) |
| valine | A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. |
| threonine | An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. |
| tryptophan | An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. |
| arginine | An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. |
| squalene | A natural 30-carbon triterpene. |
| glucose, (beta-d)-isomer | |
| glutathione disulfide | A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. |
| pantothenic acid | A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE. |
| taurocholic acid | The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic. |
| cystine | A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. |
| Dopamine | One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action. |
| beta-glucono-1,5-lactone | structure |
| phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate | The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. |
| glycine | A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| glycerol | A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetening agent. |
| glycolic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| histamine | An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. |
| inositol | An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. |
| pregnenolone | A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS. |
| phosphocreatine | An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996) |
| deoxyguanosine | A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. |
| 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd. |
| deoxyguanosine triphosphate | |
| dihydrofolate | RN given refers to (L)-isomer |
| guanosine diphosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
| guanosine diphosphate glucose | acts as a source of glucose for cellulose synthesis in some plants; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer |
| guanosine triphosphate | Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
| guanine | |
| guanosine | A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed) |
| inosinic acid | |
| isoascorbic acid | food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure |
| amylopectin | A highly branched glucan in starch. |
| 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd. |
| hypoxanthine | A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. |
| inosine | A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
| 5-methyltetrahydrofolate | |
| glucuronolactone | RN given refers to (D)-isomer |
| adenylosuccinate | |
| vanilmandelic acid | A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE. |
| beta-ureidoisobutyrate | |
| phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide | |
| glycineamide ribonucleotide | structure |
| Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides. |
| 5,6-dihydrothymine, (S)-isomer | |
| phosphoenolpyruvate | A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways. |
| phosphorylethanolamine | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| picolinic acid | iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206 |
| porphobilinogen | |
| fructose-1,6-diphosphate | RN refers to (D)-isomer |
| phosphohydroxypyruvic acid | |
| 3-hydroxy delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid | RN given refers to 3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid |
| quinolinic acid | A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. |
| cellobiose | A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. |
| sarcosine | An amino acid intermediate in the metabolism of choline. |
| acebutolol | A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. |
| spermidine | A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. |
| spermine | A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. |
| n-carbamoyl-beta-alanine | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| succinic semialdehyde | structure |
| 18-hydroxycorticosterone | 11 beta,18,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. |
| thymine | One of four constituent bases of DNA. |
| tryptamine | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone | |
| uracil | One of four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid RNA. |
| uric acid | An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN. |
| uroporphyrinogen iii | |
| 4-aminobutyraldehyde | |
| 3-hydroxykynurenine, (L)-isomer | |
| delta(1)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid | proposed intermediate in pathway of lysine metabolism |
| isopentenyl pyrophosphate | substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells |
| protoporphyrinogen | |
| erythrose 4-phosphate | RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer |
| cdp ethanolamine | |
| 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one | structure |
| galactose-1-phosphate | |
| gamma-glutamylcysteine | |
| 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid | hypocalcemic action; structure |
| 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| homoserine | |
| imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid | structure |
| deoxycytidine | A nucleoside component of DNA composed of CYTOSINE and DEOXYRIBOSE. |
| 2'-deoxyadenosine | was (MH) DEOXYADENOSINE (68-89) |
| deoxycytidine monophosphate | Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions. |
| deoxyuridine triphosphate | |
| proline | A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. |
| adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate | |
| 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate | RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd |
| saccharopine | lysine precursor in the aminoadipic acid-lysine pathway in yeast; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search LYSINE/analogs & derivatives (75-85); RN given refers to (L)-isomer |
| allysine | structure |
| kynurenine | A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. |
| isovaleryl-coenzyme a | |
| Argininosuccinic Acid | This amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase. |
| uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. |
| acetaldehyde | A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. |
| uridine diphosphate galactose | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose. |
| hydroxyindoleacetic acid | |
| fixb protein, e coli | maybe involved in a redox process involved in nitrogen fixation; part of the fixABC region; amino acid sequence given in first source |
| 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate | RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd |
| phosphoglycocyamine | |
| glutamic acid gamma-semialdehyde | straight-chain form of delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation |
| cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetrol | precursor of cholic acid biosyn in man; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer |
| allantoic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| aminoacetone | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| anthranilic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565 |
| beta-alanine | An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported. |
| cortol | RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta,20S)-isomer |
| 21-hydroxypregnenolone | RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; |
| betaine aldehyde | |
| 19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione | |
| carbamyl phosphate | The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING). |
| hydroxylysine | A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens. |
| isobutyryl-coenzyme a | |
| dihydroxycoprostane | intermediate in bile acid synthesis in the liver; enhance rate of prophyrin synthesis in cultured liver cells by induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-isomer; structure |
| glutaryl-coenzyme a | |
| coproporphyrinogen iii | |
| tele-methylhistamine | histamine methyltransferase antagonist |
| kynurenic acid | A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool. |
| glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis. |
| acetylglucosamine | The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. |
| xylulose-5-phosphate, (d)-isomer | |
| glycerate 1,3-biphosphate | |
| glyceric acid | found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation |
| mannose-6-phosphate | RN given refers to (D)-isomer |
| glucosamine 6-phosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| pipecolic acid | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| formiminoglutamic acid | Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy. |
| 2-phosphoglycerate, (R)-isomer | |
| N-acetylmannosamine | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| dopaquinone | proposed metabolite in pathway from tyrosine to dopachrome; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source |
| gulonolactone, (L)-isomer | |
| 5-diphosphomevalonic acid | RN given refers to ion(1-) |
| 7-dehydrocholesterol | RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure; main provitamin in skin that is converted by sunlight to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) |
| 6-phosphonoglucono-delta-lactone | |
| desmosterol | An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. |
| monoiodotyrosine | A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine. |
| ketodihydrosphingosine | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| Hydroxyproline | A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. |
| 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate | unstable intermediate in threonine dehydrogenase-initiated pathway for threonine utilization; structure given in first source |
| 3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid | structure |
| androstane-3,17-dione, (5beta)-isomer | |
| delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate | (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure |
| n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate | found in proteinase I from Dictyostelium discoideum |
| pantothenylcysteine 4'-phosphate | |
| 2-hydroxyestrone | catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 2-methoxyestrone | |
| cortodoxone | 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities. |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine | Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins. |
| farnesyl pyrophosphate | a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| geranyl pyrophosphate | RN given refers to (E)-isomer |
| alpha-ketoisovalerate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| protoporphyrin ix | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685 |
| alpha-ketoglutaric acid | |
| Serotonin | A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. |
| sphingosine | An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
| fumarylacetoacetate | metabolite of tyrosine; RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source |
| psychosine | An intermediate in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides. It is formed by reaction of sphingosine with UDP-galactose and then itself reacts with fatty acid-Coenzyme A to form the cerebroside. |
| 2,3-oxidosqualene | an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer |
| 3-aminoisobutyric acid, (R)-isomer | |
| crotonyl-coenzyme a | |
| xanthurenic acid | |
| thymidine | A nucleoside in which THYMINE is linked to DEOXYRIBOSE. |
| alpha-ketobutyric acid | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. |
| androsterone | A metabolite of TESTOSTERONE or ANDROSTENEDIONE with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. The 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone. |
| etiocholanolone | The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE. |
| alanine | A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| serine | A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. |
| Glucose-6-Phosphate | An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed) |
| cytosine | A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. |
| 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| leucine | An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. |
| cytidine monophosphate | Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. |
| cytidine diphosphate | Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate. |
| cytidine | A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. |
| cytidine triphosphate | Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
| 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone | A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. |
| histidine | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE. |
| isoleucine | An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. |
| Melanins | Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration. |
| malonyl coenzyme a | A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. |
| tiglyl-coenzyme a | |
| 5,6-dihydroorotate | |
| dihydrouracil | |
| xanthosine | |
| tetrahydrocorticosterone | RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer |
| 5-dihydrocortisone | RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 9/85 |
| lathosterol | RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer |
| dihydroxyacetone phosphate | An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. |
| dimethylglycine | metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd |
| hydracrylic acid | |
| xylitol | A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener. |
| fructose-6-phosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation |
| 2-keto-4-methylvalerate | |
| ethanolamine | A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. |
| alpha-ketoadipic acid | |
| 3-phosphoglycerate | |
| uroporphyrin iii | |
| uroporphyrin i | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| xanthosine 5'-triphosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| urocanic acid | 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid. |
| glutaric acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| glyceraldehyde | An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS. |
| glyoxylic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| glycocyamine | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| homogentisic acid | Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring. |
| hydantoin-5-propionic acid | metabolite of histidine |
| hydroxymethylbilane | tetrapyrrole intermediate in pigment biosynthesis by Euglena gracilis; universal intermediate in biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III; structure given in first source |
| indole-3-acetaldehyde | |
| indoleacetic acid | RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841 |
| indol-3-yl pyruvic acid | |
| glucose-1,6-bisphosphate | |
| 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid | An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen. |
| malonic acid | |
| malonic semialdehyde | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source |
| pyruvaldehyde | An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals. |
| N'-formylkynurenine | a photochemical breakdown product of tryptophan in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation |
| succinyl-coenzyme a | |
| diiodotyrosine | A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). |
| acryloyl-coenzyme a | used by Clostridium propionicum in the conversion of lactate to propionate |
| glutaconyl-coenzyme A | |
| acetoacetic acid | |
| orotic acid | An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE. |
| oxaloacetic acid | A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE. |
| thymidine monophosphate | 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety. |
| 3-mercaptopyruvic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| poly-o-acetylserine | |
| glycocholic acid | The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. |
| 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone | RN refers to (3beta,16alpha)-isomer |
| phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate | 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms. |
| adenosine phosphosulfate | 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS. |
| putrescine | A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. |
| fructose 2,6-diphosphate | phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P |
| cholest-5-en-3 beta,7 alpha-diol | substrate for hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; RN given refers to (3beta,7alpha)-isomer |
| hypotaurine | intermediate in production of taurine in the liver; structure |
| 4'-phosphopantetheine | |
| xanthine | A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
| glycerophosphoethanolamine | |
| 2'-deoxycytidine diphosphate | |
| gulonic acid | RN given refers to (D)-isomer |
| cysteine sulfinic acid | metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids |
| methionine sulfoxide | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| cortolone | RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,20S)-isomer |
| orotidylic acid | structure |
| saicar | adenosylsuccinase catalyzes its conversion to AICAR |
| aminoimidazole ribotide | |
| thymidine 5'-diphosphate | see also record for thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, RN 2863-04-9 |
| 5 beta-dihydrocortisol | |
| carboxyaminoimidazole ribotide | reacts with alanosine to form antimetabolite; substrate for EC 4.1.1.21; structure in second source |
| methacrylyl-coenzyme A | |
| 5-formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide | purine precursor |
| (22r)-22-hydroxycholesterol | |
| gamma-glutamyl phosphate | |
| 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate | RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; structure in first source |
| N-acetyl-S-(3-oxo-3-carboxy-n-propyl)cysteine | structure in first source |
| Pregnanediol | An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine. |
| Glycerol | A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetening agent. |
| malic acid | |
| androstane-3,17-dione, (5alpha)-isomer | |
| lanosterol | A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS. |
| cysteic acid | Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather. |
| phosphopantothenic acid | RN given refers to (R)-isomer |
| s-adenosylhomocysteine | 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions. |
| ribulose 5-phosphate | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| mevalonic acid | A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions. |
| Emetine | The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS. |
| alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| d-2-hydroxyglutarate | |
| phosphomevalonate | |
| 3-aminoisobutyric acid, (S)-isomer | |
| 16alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione | |
| dehydroascorbic acid | The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion. |
| N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate | |
| dihydrotestosterone glucuronide | RN given refers to (5alpha,17beta)-isomer |
| dephosphocoenzyme a | |
| acetyl coenzyme a | Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. |
| heme | The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. |
| corticosterone | An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437) |
| androstenedione | A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL. |
| d-lactic acid | |
| aconitic acid | A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH. |
| palmitoyl coenzyme a | A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. |
| thymidine 5'-triphosphate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 2'-deoxyuridylic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| deoxyuridine triphosphate | |
| 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate | RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd |
| aica ribonucleotide | purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity |
| glucose-1-phosphate | RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer |
| plasmenylserine | RN given refers to (L)-isomer |
| hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde | |
| uridine diphosphate glucose | A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids. |
| coenzyme a | |
| 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone | A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS. |
| mephentermine | A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA. |
| 6-phosphogluconic acid | |
| homocysteine | A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE. |
| zymosterol | a 4,14-desmethyl intermediate between LANOSTEROL and CHOLESTEROL |
| propionyl-coenzyme a | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| n-epsilon-acetyllysine | |
| ureidosuccinic acid, (L)-isomer | |
| hydroxypyruvic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| oxalic acid | A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. |
| citrulline | |
| 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| phenylpyruvic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 10-formyltetrahydrofolate | |
| 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate |