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plutonium

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Description

Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID23940
CHEBI ID33388
MeSH IDM0017052

Synonyms (25)

Synonym
PU ,
7440-07-5
plutonio
plutonium atom
CHEBI:33388
94pu
plutonium
einecs 231-117-7
hsdb 6465
C19159
plutonium, ion(pu6 )
plutonium, ion(pu3 )
D011005000
plutonium, radioactive
plutonium, ion(pu5 )
53023gn24m ,
unii-53023gn24m
plutonium, ion(4+)
plutonium [iarc]
plutonium [mi]
DTXSID4064682
4pu ,
plutonium ion
pu c2
Q1102

Research Excerpts

Overview

Plutonium is an artificial element that exhibits both chemical and radiological toxicities. Plutonium is considered to be a carcinogen because it emits alpha particles that may result in the irradiation of stem cell population. NSA values for grain and prepared leafy vegetables are lower than those for the fission products.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Plutonium is an artificial element that exhibits both chemical and radiological toxicities."( Polyethyleneimine methylphosphonate: towards the design of a new class of macromolecular actinide chelating agents in the case of human exposition.
Creff, G; Den Auwer, C; Di Giorgio, C; Hennig, C; Lahrouch, F; Rossberg, A; Sofronov, O, 2017)		1.18
"Plutonium is a radiologically significant alpha-particle emitter. "( Construction, Validation and Sensitivity Analyses of a Job Exposure Matrix for Early Plutonium Workers at the Sellafield Nuclear Site, United Kingdom.
Agius, R; de Vocht, F; Liu, H; MacGregor, D; O'Hagan, J; Peace, M; Riddell, A; Wakeford, R; Wilson, C, 2019)		2.18
"Plutonium is a toxic synthetic element with no natural biological function, but it is strongly retained by humans when ingested. "( An iron-dependent and transferrin-mediated cellular uptake pathway for plutonium.
Aryal, B; Gorman-Lewis, D; Jensen, MP; Lai, B; Paunesku, T; Rickert, PG; Seifert, S; Soderholm, L; Vogt, S; Woloschak, GE, 2011)		2.05
"Plutonium-239 is known to be a long-lived densely-ionizing source of alpha-radiation with high linear energy delivery; therefore, it has a stronger effect on cell hereditary structures than gamma-rays."( [Multiaberrant cell formation caused by exposure to internal densely-ionizing irradiation].
Nazarenko, LP; Nazarenko, SA; Popova, NA, 2004)		1.04
"Plutonium is an exception in that NSA values for grain and prepared leafy vegetables are lower than those for the fission products by factors of between 5 and 10 depending upon the source of the contaminant."( Parameters for modelling the interception and retention of deposits from atmosphere by grain and leafy vegetables.
Linsley, GS; Simmonds, JR, 1982)		0.99
"Plutonium is considered to be a carcinogen because it emits alpha particles that may result in the irradiation of stem cell population. "( Plutonium-catalyzed oxidative DNA damage in the absence of significant alpha-particle decay.
Claycamp, HG; Luo, D, 1994)		3.17

Effects

Plutonium-nitrate has a moderately rapid translocation rate from the lung to blood stream. Plutonium-238 (238Pu) has a half-life of about 87.7 y and a higher specific activity than 239Pu.

Plutonium has no known biological function in plants yet may feasibly enter plants through the uptake pathway used by Fe (an essential nutrient) Plutonium has potential applications in energy production in well-controlled nuclear reactors. Plutonium-nitrate has a moderately rapid translocation rate from the lung to blood stream.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Plutonium-nitrate has a moderately rapid translocation rate from the lung to blood stream. "( Carcinogenic and inflammatory effects of plutonium-nitrate retention in an exposed nuclear worker and beagle dogs.
Brooks, AL; Lovaglio, J; McComish, SL; Morgan, WF; Nielsen, CE; Patton, KM; Robinson, RJ; Tolmachev, SY; Wang, X, 2014)		2.11
"Plutonium-238 (238Pu) has a half-life of about 87.7 y and thus a higher specific activity than 239Pu. "( 238Pu: a review of the biokinetics, dosimetry, and implications for human exposures.
Khokhryakov, VF; Miller, SC; Sokolova, AB; Suslova, KG, 2012)		1.82
"Plutonium has no known biological function in plants yet may feasibly enter plants through the uptake pathway used by Fe (an essential nutrient), as these two elements have similar chemical properties."( The Influence of Iron and Ligand Type on Plutonium Uptake in Two Strains of Hydroponically Grown Corn ( Zea Mays ).
Donaher, SE; Martinez, NE; Phillips, SH; Powell, BA; Tharayil, N, 2023)		1.9
"Plutonium has potential applications in energy production in well-controlled nuclear reactors. "( Prediction of Binding Stability of Pu(IV) and PuO
Bae, S; Jeong, HJ; Jeong, K; Woo, SM, 2020)		2
"Plutonium-nitrate has a moderately rapid translocation rate from the lung to blood stream. "( Carcinogenic and inflammatory effects of plutonium-nitrate retention in an exposed nuclear worker and beagle dogs.
Brooks, AL; Lovaglio, J; McComish, SL; Morgan, WF; Nielsen, CE; Patton, KM; Robinson, RJ; Tolmachev, SY; Wang, X, 2014)		2.11
"Plutonium-238 (238Pu) has a half-life of about 87.7 y and thus a higher specific activity than 239Pu. "( 238Pu: a review of the biokinetics, dosimetry, and implications for human exposures.
Khokhryakov, VF; Miller, SC; Sokolova, AB; Suslova, KG, 2012)		1.82
"Plutonium has been released to the environment during the operation of five reactors, two radiochemical processing facilities, and other supporting facilities."( Plutonium in the Savannah River Site environment.
Carlton, WH; Evans, AG; Murphy, CE, 1996)		2.46
"Plutonium has been produced in greater quantity than other transuranic elements, however, environmental assessments are complicated by the complex environmental behaviour."( The impact of Pu speciation on distribution coefficients in Mayak soil.
Oughton, D; Salbu, B; Skipperud, L, 2000)		1.03

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Plutonium plays an important role within nuclear waste materials because of its long half-life and high radiotoxicity. "( Geochemical Interactions of Plutonium with Opalinus Clay Studied by Spatially Resolved Synchrotron Radiation Techniques.
Amayri, S; Drebert, J; Grolimund, D; Kaplan, U; Reich, T; Rossberg, A, 2017)		2.19

Treatment

Plutonium-treated mice were compared with 70 controls of the same origin and sex. 241Am produced from 241Pu by beta disintegration, which emits gamma rays of 60 keV with the emission rate of 0.36.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Plutonium-treated mice were compared with 70 controls of the same origin and sex (random-bred ICR-SPF female mice)."( Myeloid leukemia 239Pu-treated mice.
Bubeníková, D; Kotasková, Z; Svoboda, V, 1981)		0.98
"The plutonium (Pu) treated in the nuclear fuel cycle is usually accompanied by 241Am produced from 241Pu by beta disintegration, which emits gamma rays of 60 keV with the emission rate of 0.36, being more penetrating than the L X rays from Pu. "( 241Am as a metabolic tracer for inhaled plutonium nitrate in external chest counting.
Enomoto, H; Ishigure, N; Nakano, T, 2001)		1.14

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Effective low toxicity tetradentate 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO) and hexadentate TREN-(Me-3,2-HOPO) and highly effective but moderately toxic 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) (LD50 approximately 300 micromol kg(-1) in mouse) are recommended for further investigation."( Multidentate hydroxypyridinonate ligands for Pu(IV) chelation in vivo: comparative efficacy and toxicity in mouse of ligands containing 1,2-HOPO or Me-3,2-HOPO.
Durbin, PW; Kullgren, B; Raymond, KN; Xu, J, 2000)		0.31
" On the basis of all these observations, it can be concluded that the toxic effect of radionuclides was more significant than that of heavy metals."( Toxicity to Tradescantia of technogenic radionuclides and their mixture with heavy metals.
Butkus, D; Kiponas, D; Luksiene, B; Marciulioniene, D; Montvydiene, D, 2004)		0.32
" This study also shows that Pu is less toxic than U and that actinides are less toxic than other types of metals, which suggests that actinide toxicity will not impede bioremediation using naturally occurring bacteria."( Actinide and metal toxicity to prospective bioremediation bacteria.
Boukhalfa, H; Forsythe, JH; Hersman, LE; Lack, JG; Neu, MP; Ruggiero, CE, 2005)		0.33
", dioxin-like toxic equivalents [TEQ], non-dioxin-like PCBs, total PCBs) in fish in several species, tissues, and locations in the Columbia River near the Hanford Site."( Ecotoxicity and risk to human fish consumers of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish near the Hanford Site (USA).
Delistraty, D, 2013)		0.39
" Although the dataset is not large enough to reach statistically significant conclusions, it was observed that adverse events associated with treatment appear to be more frequent and more severe than previously reported."( Side Effects and Complications Associated with Treating Plutonium Intakes: A Retrospective Review of the Medical Records of LANL Employees Treated for Plutonium Intakes, with Supplementary Interviews.
Bertelli, L; Dumit, S; Glover, L; Klumpp, J; Poudel, D; Smith, L; Waters, T, 2022)		0.97

Pharmacokinetics

The plutonium decorporation enhancement by DTPA liposomal formulations was well described by logistic models. The best correlation was observed with the area under the DTPA concentration curve of each formulation.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The 238Pu was apparently cleared with a biological half-life of approximately 800 days, predominantly by systemic or lymphatic uptake, with at least part of the translocated material being subsequently deposited in bone."( Differential clearance of plutonium and americium oxides from the human lung.
Eakins, JD; Newton, D; Taylor, BT, 1983)		0.57
" Both liposomal composition and size reduction had a significant impact on pharmacokinetic parameters, inducing a marked increased in exposure of the body to DTPA and its delayed excretion."( Pharmacokinetics of DTPA entrapped in conventional and long-circulating liposomes of different size for plutonium decorporation.
Benech, H; Cholet, S; Deverre, JR; Fattal, E; Herbet, A; Phan, G, 2005)		0.54
"The plutonium decorporation enhancement by DTPA liposomal formulations was well described by logistic models and the best correlation was observed with the area under the DTPA concentration curve of each formulation."( Predicting plutonium decorporation efficacy after intravenous administration of DTPA formulations: Study of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in rats.
Bénech, H; Deverre, JR; Fattal, E; Le Gall, B; Phan, G, 2006)		1.28
"Both liposomal formulations of chelating agents and pharmacokinetic approaches to plutonium decorporation should be helpful in optimising treatment protocols."( Predicting plutonium decorporation efficacy after intravenous administration of DTPA formulations: Study of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in rats.
Bénech, H; Deverre, JR; Fattal, E; Le Gall, B; Phan, G, 2006)		0.95
" The identified VD is necessary to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."( Identification of Volume of Distribution for 239Pu in Rats.
Brey, RR; Cook, MC, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The experiments on Wistar rats were undertaken to analyze metabolism of 253Pu in combination with tributylphosphate and organic solvents of trichlorobenzene and H-paraffin entering the organism through stab-wounds."( [Distribution of plutonium-239 in the bodies of rats after its administration together with tributyl phosphate combined with organic solvents].
Khalturin, GV; Kuz'menko, OV, 1989)		0.62
"In order to obtain the precise Pu isotope composition of Irish Sea water reference material issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA-381), we analyzed the activities of (239)Pu, (240)Pu and the atom ratio of (240)Pu/(239)Pu by a highly sensitive isotope dilution SF-ICP-MS method combined with two-stage chromatographic separation and purification."( Precise determination of Pu isotopes in a seawater reference material using ID-SF-ICP-MS combined with two-stage anion-exchange chromatography.
Yamada, M; Zheng, J, 2007)		0.34
"This paper reports an analytical method for the determination of plutonium isotopes ((238)Pu, (239)Pu, (240)Pu, (241)Pu) in environmental samples using anion exchange chromatography in combination with extraction chromatography for chemical separation of Pu."( Determination of plutonium isotopes (238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu) in environmental samples using radiochemical separation combined with radiometric and mass spectrometric measurements.
Hou, X; Pan, S; Qiao, J; Roos, P; Xu, Y, 2014)		0.98

Bioavailability

Zinc-65 and technetium-95m were well-absorbed by both age groups. chromium-51, cadmium-109, tin-113, promethium-147, and plutonium-238 were not. Isotopic evidence indicates the local biota are accumulating remobilised plutonium.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Zinc-65 and technetium-95m were well-absorbed by both age groups; chromium-51, cadmium-109, tin-113, promethium-147, and plutonium-238 were not."( Gastrointestinal absorption of metals (51Cr, 65Zn, 95mTc, 109Cd, 113Sn, 147Pm, and 238Pu) by rats and swine.
Goebel, JC; Miller, BM; Sullivan, MF, 1984)		0.48
" The investigation of low specific-activity environmental or industrial materials, and the very low bioavailability of elements such as the actinides, means that very low levels of activity have to be measured."( Measurements of the gastrointestinal absorption and tissue distribution of plutonium, americium and polonium in experimental animals.
Bonas, HE; Haines, JW; Harrison, JD; Naylor, GP; Whysall, K, 1993)		0.52
"The bioavailability of (137)Cs and (239+240)Pu in soil, dust and aerosols has been determined by applying a fractional extraction procedure."( Bioavailability of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in aerosols and deposited dusts: a comparative study by fractional extraction.
Gerstmann, UC; Rosner, G; Schramel, P, 2004)		0.32
" The most important ones were related to the bioavailability and mobility of radionuclides in the environment, for example soil-to-plant transfer factors, the bioaccumulation factors for marine biota and the gut uptake fraction for terrestrial mammals."( Study of the uncertainty in estimation of the exposure of non-human biota to ionising radiation.
Agüero, A; Avila, R; Beresford, NA; Broed, R; Brown, J; Iospje, M; Robles, B; Suañez, A, 2004)		0.32
"The bioavailability and mobility of Pu species can be profoundly affected by siderophores and other oxygen-rich organic ligands."( Complexation of Pu(IV) with the natural siderophore desferrioxamine B and the redox properties of Pu(IV)(siderophore) complexes.
Boukhalfa, H; Neu, MP; Reilly, SD, 2007)		0.34
" If in particulate form, a multi-component exponential equation leads to an overestimation of the absorption rate to blood because of significant lymph node drainage."( Prediction of monitoring data for 239Pu accidentally injected via wound site based on the proposed NCRP wound model.
Ishigure, N, 2007)		0.34
" In order to study the behaviour of radionuclides in the human organism (metabolism, retention, excretion), knowledge of radionuclide speciation is indispensable: speciation governs the transfer, bioavailability and toxicity of elements and is also of considerable interest for decorporation."( Current and future radionuclide speciation studies in biological media.
Ansoborlo, E; Bion, L; Cote, G; Doizi, D; Lourenco, V; Madic, C; Moulin, C; Moulin, V; Van der Lee, J, 2007)		0.34
" The inhaled Pu material was highly insoluble, with an estimated long-term absorption rate from the lungs of 2 x 10(-5) d(-1)."( USTUR whole body case 0262: 33-y follow-up of PuO2 in a skin wound and associated axillary node.
Dagle, GE; Glover, SE; James, AC; Lynch, TP; Sasser, LB; Stuit, DB; Wood, TG, 2007)		0.34
" In addition, after confirming that most of the contamination is present in particulate form, some bioavailability laboratory-based experiments, based on the use of single extractants, were performed as an essential step in order to study the behaviour of the Pu contamination in the soils from the affected areas."( Levels, distribution and bioavailability of transuranic elements released in the Palomares accident (Spain).
García León, M; García-Tenorio, R; Jiménez-Ramos, MC; Vioque, I, 2008)		0.35
" The bioavailability of PACAs can be improved by the addition of differing lengths of alkyl side chains that alter amphipathic properties."( Pharmacological properties of orally available, amphipathic polyaminocarboxylic acid chelators for actinide decorporation.
Bowman, BM; Miller, SC; Wang, X, 2010)		0.36
" Evaluating the exposure risk of contamination to an ecosystem requires methodologies that can assess the bioavailability of contaminants."( Plants as bio-monitors for Cs-137, Pu-238, Pu-239,240 and K-40 at the Savannah River Site.
Caldwell, EF; Coughlin, DP; Duff, MC; Ferguson, CE, 2011)		0.37
" Bioavailability of radionuclides was investigated by sequential extraction."( Fractionation of (137)Cs and Pu in natural peatland.
Bartusková, M; Henych, O; Hölgye, Z; Ježková, T; Mihalík, J, 2014)		0.4
" Assessing the bioavailability of radionuclides predicts the toxic effects to aquatic biota."( A DGT technique for plutonium bioavailability measurements.
Bochud, F; Cusnir, R; Froidevaux, P; Steinmann, P, 2014)		0.73
" Although this can explain the different velocity of (90)Sr and (137)Cs, bioavailability could not explain by itself the similar velocities of (239+240)Pu and (90)Sr."( Migration of (137)Cs, (90)Sr, and (239+240)Pu in Mediterranean forests: influence of bioavailability and association with organic acids in soil.
Baeza, A; Corbacho, JA; Guillén, J; Muñoz-Muñoz, JG, 2015)		0.42
" The diffusive gradients in thin films technique is introduced here for in-situ measurements of Pu bioavailability and speciation."( Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films.
Bochud, F; Christl, M; Cusnir, R; Froidevaux, P; Steinmann, P, 2015)		0.66
" Assessing the bioavailability of plutonium (Pu) helps to predict its toxic effects on aquatic biota."( Probing the Kinetic Parameters of Plutonium-Naturally Occurring Organic Matter Interactions in Freshwaters Using the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique.
Bailat, C; Bochud, F; Christl, M; Cusnir, R; Froidevaux, P; Haldimann, M; Jaccard, M; Steinmann, P, 2016)		0.99
" A simple test has been designed to predict the bioavailability of different actinide forms likely to be found after dissemination of radioactive elements by dispersal devices or nuclear reactor incidents."( Forecasting the In Vivo Behavior of Radiocontaminants of Unknown Physicochemical Properties Using a Simple In Vitro Test.
Angulo, JF; Coudert, S; Griffiths, NM; Laroche, P; Moureau, A; Van der Meeren, A, 2016)		0.43
" We developed an in vitro acellular assay to predict in vivo bioavailability of actinides and improve medical handling of the victims."( A quick and simple in vitro assay to predict bioavailability of actinides following accidental exposure.
Angulo, JF; Bohand, S; Griffiths, NM; Van der Meeren, A, 2019)		0.51
" Furthermore, the short bioavailability of diethylenetetraminepentaacetate results in its rapid elimination."( Chelating Polymers for Targeted Decontamination of Actinides: Application of PEI-MP to Hydroxyapatite-Th(IV).
Carle, GF; Den Auwer, C; Di Giorgio, C; Fèvre, J; Jeanson, A; Leveille, E; Pierrefite-Carle, V; Santucci-Darmanin, S, 2022)		0.72
" Isotopic evidence indicates the local biota are accumulating remobilised plutonium and demonstrates the DGT technique as a valid bioavailability proxy, which more accurately reflects the elemental fractionation of the actinides in the biota than traditional bulk water sampling."( Bioavailable actinide fluxes to the Irish Sea from Sellafield-labelled sediments.
Bochud, F; Chaplin, JD; Christl, M; Cundy, AB; Froidevaux, P; Reading, DG; Warwick, PE, 2022)		0.95

Dosage Studied

No overall dose-response relationships were found for plutonium or external radiation exposures. The indirect measurements of maternal blood flow to the placenta indicate that placental blood flow is greatly diminished in dams dosed with plutonium.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Points of the underlying dose-response curve of a lethal response or group of lethal responses induced by varying doses of a toxicant in a homogeneous population can be estimated from knowledge of the time of occurrence for all responses if the response(s) of interest is (are) statistically independent from the other competing responses (risks)."( Dose-response curves and competing risks.
Groer, PG, 1978)		0.26
"Experiments have been carried out on Chlorella, beans, wheat and developing loach eggs to study the dose-response relationship (dose-function of dose rate) with 90Sr, 90Y and 147Pm as the sources of beta-radiation."( [Genetic effects of induced in populations by the radioactive nuclear fission products of 235U. II. Prognostication of the genetic effectiveness of irradiation at low dose rates].
Abramov, VI; Pechkurenkov, VL; Shevchenko, VA; Suvorova, LI; Zuev, ND, 1978)		0.26
"We have examined the hot particle problem in terms of the number of irradiated cells and the doses to which they are subjected, assuming both linear and nonlinear dose-response functions typical of those reported in the radiobiological literature."( Quantitative assessment of carcinogenic risks associated with 'hot particles'.
Clarke, RH; Mayneord, WV, 1976)		0.26
"By the Pathway-analysis the correlation coefficients between the plutonium isotopic contamination of soil and the human radiation dosage were defined."( [ Approaches to the radiation hygienic assessment of "soil components" of plutonium].
Ivanova, NP; Shvydko, NS, )		0.6
" Finally, similarities in the dose-response relationships for the induction of nuclear aberrations by alpha emitters and in the induction of lung tumors by the same materials are noted."( Effects of inhaled alpha-emitting actinides on mouse alveolar macrophages.
Morgan, A; Talbot, RJ, 1992)		0.28
" At a dosage of 30 mumol kg-1, 3,4,3-LIHOPO was less effective owing to the higher retention of Pu in the liver."( The efficacies of 3,4,3-LIHOPO and DTPA for enhancing the excretion of plutonium and americium from the rat: comparison with other siderophore analogues.
Bailly, T; Burgada, R; Ellender, M; Gray, SA; Hodgson, A; Leroux, YG; Moody, JC; Pearce, M; Stradling, GN; Wilson, I, 1992)		0.52
" Although the incidence of bone neoplasia was high among the dogs in these studies, the risk of liver tumors, especially in the Am-treated animals, exceeded that of the skeleton in some of the lower dosage levels where the survival times were long."( Plutonium- or americium-induced liver tumors and lesions in beagles.
Angus, W; Hahn, FF; Lloyd, RD; Mays, CW; Miller, SC; Shabestari, L; Taylor, GN, 1991)		1.72
" Based on prior studies, the lack of a dose-response indicator from internal plutonium was not unexpected because of the small sample and the low frequency of aberrations induced at the lower plutonium burdens."( Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberration frequencies in plutonium workers.
Bistline, RW; Bloom, AD; Brandom, WF; McGavran, L, 1990)		0.74
" Data from short-term studies of mechanisms and dosimetry and from one dosage level (41 kBq 226Ra/kg or 11 kBq 239Pu/kg body mass) of each of the toxicity experiments were compared."( The influence of age at time of exposure to 226Ra or 239Pu on distribution, retention, postinjection survival, and tumor induction in beagle dogs.
Bruenger, FW; Lloyd, RD; Miller, SC, 1991)		0.28
"The technique of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was used to examine the dose-response relationship for the production of interphase (G0) chromosome fragments in noncycling normal human fibroblasts following exposure to 238Pu alpha particles, with special emphasis on the low-dose region."( The dose-dependent fragmentation of chromatin in human fibroblasts by 3.5-MeV alpha particles from 238Pu: experimental and theoretical considerations pertaining to single-track effects.
Cornforth, MN; Goodwin, EH, 1991)		0.28
" Each of the studies is summarized by the estimated dose-response slope and its estimated standard error."( A Bayesian methodology for scaling radiation studies from animals to man.
DuMouchel, W; Groër, PG, 1989)		0.28
" The second step is evaluation of the independent dose-response relationships observed in animals and prediction of human risk distributions by normalizing time units with respect to species natural life span."( Scaling of fatal cancer risks from laboratory animals to man.
Raabe, OG, 1989)		0.28
" Pneumonitis was not a feature and with the dosage of radiation employed endothelium escaped structural damage."( Population and ultrastructural changes in murine alveolar cells following 239PuO2 inhalation.
Heppleston, AG; Young, AE, 1985)		0.27
" The sequence of events is important in determining the shape of the dose-response curve."( Lung tumor response to inhaled Pu and its implications for radiation protection.
Mahaffey, JA; McDonald, KE; Sanders, CL, 1988)		0.27
" With early treatment and at the dosage used clinically for the decorporation of actinides with DTPA (30 mumol/kg body weight) LICAM(C) was superior to DFOA but when compared with DTPA, the effect of LICAM(C) on 238Pu was greater only in bone; as little as 1 mumol LICAM(C)/kg was as effective as 30 mumol DTPA/kg."( Chelation therapy of incorporated plutonium-238 and americium-241: comparison of LICAM(C), DTPA and DFOA in rats, hamsters and mice.
Volf, V, 1986)		0.55
"Quantitative estimation of doses of carcinogens delivered to physiologic targets facilities specification of organ-specific dose-response functions."( Metabolic modeling of organ-specific doses to carcinogens as illustrated with alpha-radiation emitting radionuclides.
Checkoway, H; Crawford-Brown, D, 1987)		0.27
" The bone sarcoma incidences in the mice given chelation treatments generally fell below the dose-response curve for the mice not given DTPA, indicating that the cancer risk was reduced more than that corresponding to the decreased skeletal dose."( Reducing the cancer risk of 239Pu by chelation therapy.
Jones, CW; Lloyd, RD; Mays, CW; Packer, SM; Taylor, GN, 1986)		0.27
" No overall dose-response relationships were found for plutonium or external radiation exposures."( Mortality among plutonium and other radiation workers at a plutonium weapons facility.
Acquavella, JF; Galke, WA; Reyes, M; Tietjen, GL; Voelz, GL; Waxweiler, RJ; Wiggs, LD; Wilkinson, GS, 1987)		0.87
" The indirect measurements of maternal blood flow to the placenta indicate that placental blood flow is greatly diminished in dams dosed with plutonium, which may partially account for the low clearance of plutonium."( Plutonium movements across the haemochorial placenta of the guinea pig.
Kelman, BJ; Sikov, MR, 1981)		1.91
" This paper reports the use of internal microdosimetry techniques to reinvestigate the dosimetry to two very similar experiments with apparently contradictory dose-response results."( The microdosimetry of lymphocytes irradiated by alpha-particles.
Fisher, DR; Harty, R, 1982)		0.26
" Like the risk of lung cancer for uranium miners the dose-response relation showed a significant downward curve at about 10 rem."( Hanford radiation study III: a cohort study of the cancer risks from radiation to workers at Hanford (1944-77 deaths) by the method of regression models in life-tables.
Kneale, GW; Mancuso, TF; Stewart, AM, 1981)		0.26
" Dose-response curves described as a function of absorbed dose of alpha-irradiation in lung."( [State of cellular immunity effectors of the lung in inhalation exposure to low-transportable Pu-239].
Kirillova, EN; Muksinova, KN; Smirnov, DG; Sokhranich, AL; Sokol'nikov, ME, )		0.13
" Dose-response relationships for whole-body dose from external ionizing radiation and tritium were observed for cancers of the brain/central nervous system, the esophagus, and Hodgkin's disease."( Mortality through 1990 among white male workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory: considering exposures to plutonium and external ionizing radiation.
Cox-DeVore, CA; Johnson, ER; Voelz, GL; Wiggs, LD, 1994)		0.5
"This study has examined the efficacy of ZnDTPA administered in drinking water for removing 238Pu and 241Am from the rat after their simultaneous inhalation as nitrates; the dosage used was 95 mumol kg-1d-1."( Removal of inhaled plutonium and americium from the rat by administration of ZnDTPA in drinking water.
Ellender, M; Gray, SA; Hodgson, A; Moody, JC; Pearce, M; Stradling, GN; Wilson, I, 1993)		0.61
" The chelating agent was administered at a dosage of 30 mumol."( Efficacy of 3,4,3-LIHOPO for enhancing the excretion of plutonium from rat after simulated wound contamination as a tributyl-n-phosphate complex.
Bailly, T; Burgada, R; Durbin, PW; Fritsch, P; Grillon, G; Metivier, H; Paquet, F; Poncy, JL; Raymond, KN, 1995)		0.54
" Dose-response curve for the reduction (as a whole for 12 month) were presented as a line function."( [State of the lymphoid tissue of tracheobronchial lymph nodes in rats after incorporation in respiratory organs of low-transportable Pu-239].
Sokol'nikov, ME, )		0.13
"The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the alpha-particle dose-response relationship of 244Cm in rats."( Dose responses from inhaled monodisperse aerosols of 244Cm2O3 in the lung, liver and skeleton of F344 rats and comparison with 239PuO2.
Carlton, WW; Gillett, NA; Griffith, WC; Guilmette, RA; Hahn, FF; Lundgren, DL, 1997)		0.3
" No clear-cut dose-response relationship for lung cancer induction by chronic external gamma irradiation was obtained."( Multifactorial analysis of lung cancer dose-response relationships for workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise.
Belyaeva, ZD; Drozhko, EG; Okladnikova, ND; Tokarskaya, ZB, 1997)		0.3
" These conclusions include the following: (1) neutron doses may be more important for Mayak workers than for Japanese A-bomb victims in Hiroshima and can be accounted for using an adjusted dose (which accounts for neutron relative biological effectiveness); (2) to account for dose-rate effects, normalized dose X (a dimensionless fraction of an LD50 or ED50) can be evaluated in terms of an adjusted dose; (3) nonlinear dose-response curves for the risk of death via the hematopoietic mode can be converted to linear dose-response curves (for low levels of risk) using a newly proposed dimensionless dose, D = X(V), in units of Oklad (where D is pronounced "deh"), and V is the shape parameter in the Weibull model; (4) for X < or = Xo, where Xo is the threshold normalized dose, D = 0; (5) unlike absorbed dose, the dose D can be averaged over different Mayak workers in order to calculate the average risk of death via the hematopoietic mode for the population exposed at Site A; and (6) the expected cases of death via the hematopoietic syndrome mode for Mayak workers chronically exposed during work shifts at Site A to gamma rays and neutrons can be predicted using ln(2)B M[D]; where B (pronounced "beh") is the number of workers at risk (criticality accident victims excluded); and M[D] is the average (mean) value of D (averaged over the worker population at risk, for Site A, for the time period considered)."( Evaluating the risk of death via the hematopoietic syndrome mode for prolonged exposure of nuclear workers to radiation delivered at very low rates.
Lyzlov, AF; Osovets, SV; Scott, BR, 1998)		0.3
" Assuming an approximately linear dose-response relationship between radiation dose and lung neoplasm incidence, approximate increases of 20% or 80% in tumor incidence over controls would be expected in rats exposed to 239PuO2 and LCS or 239PuO2 and HCS, respectively."( Chronic cigarette smoke exposure increases the pulmonary retention and radiation dose of 239Pu inhaled as 239PuO2 by F344 rats.
Barr, EB; Chen, BT; Finch, GL; Griffith, WC; Hobbs, CH; Hoover, MD; Lundgren, DL; Mauderly, JL; Nikula, KJ, 1998)		0.3
" Because of a large proportion of dogs with fractures that died with bone malignancy (even at dosage levels lower than those exhibiting an excess average number of fractures per dog), we conclude that fracture would not be an important endpoint at lower levels of plutonium contamination in humans such as would be expected to occur from occupational or environmental exposure."( Fracture occurrence from radionuclides in the skeleton.
Lloyd, RD; Miller, SC; Taylor, GN, 2000)		0.49
" The final data base will be used with state-of-the-art modeling techniques to determine threshold doses and dose-response relationships for key clinical diagnostic variables."( Deterministic effects from occupational radiation exposures in a cohort of Mayak PA workers: data base description.
Azizova, TV; Belyaeva, ZD; Boecker, BB; Claycamp, HG; Okladnikova, ND; Pesternikova, VS; Scott, BR; Shekhter-Levin, S; Sumina, MV; Sussman, NB; Teplyakov, II; Wald, N, 2000)		0.31
" Regression analysis indicated that for any dosage group there could not be established a correlation between body mass and skeletal dose."( Does body size contribute to sensitivity of bone tumor induction by radionuclide exposure?
Lloyd, RD; Miller, SC; Taylor, GN, 2000)		0.31
" Natural survival was not affected at the lower dosage levels of either 226Ra or 239Pu as compared with control dogs given no radioactivity, but the survival of animals at higher levels was reduced."( Review of 239Pu and 226Ra effects in beagles.
Bruenger, FW; Jee, WS; Lloyd, RD; Miller, SC; Taylor, GN, 2001)		0.31
" This observation is consistent with the hypothesis of curvilinear dose-response relationships for lung cancer induction by high- and low-LET radiations."( Interaction of radiation and smoking in lung cancer induction among workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise.
Belyaeva, ZD; Khokhryakov, VF; Okladnikova, ND; Schöllnberger, H; Scott, BR; Tokarskaya, ZB; Vasilenko, EK; Zhuntova, GV, 2002)		0.31
" They provide information on relative biological effectiveness (RBE), dose-response relationships, dose-rate effects and the location of target cells for different malignancies."( Quantitative comparisons of cancer induction in humans by internally deposited radionuclides and external radiation.
Harrison, JD; Muirhead, CR, 2003)		0.32
" By-passing some of the problems in present practices by using risk-estimates seems unlikely for plutonium at the present time because of the paucity of human effects data and the fact that the animal experiments used quite different dosage regimens from the likely exposure situations to plutonium."( The concepts of critical organ and radiation dose as applied to plutonium.
Stannard, JN, 2003)		0.78
" The dose-response relation was not consistent at high doses."( Lung cancer and internal lung doses among plutonium workers at the Rocky Flats Plant: a case-control study.
Barón, AE; Brown, SC; Byers, T; McClure, D; Navidi, WC; Ruttenber, AJ; Schonbeck, MF, 2004)		0.59
" In dogs given 239PuO2,the best model of lung fibrosis incorporated a linear dose response function; a linear-quadratic dose-response function fit the data better in dogs given 238PuO2."( Lung fibrosis and lung cancer incidence in beagle dogs that inhaled 238PuO2 or 239PuO2.
Wilson, D, 2009)		0.35
" In dogs given 239PuO2, the best model of lung fibrosis incorporated a linear dose-response function; a linear-quadratic dose-response function fit the data better in dogs given 238PuO2."( Lung fibrosis and lung cancer incidence in beagle dogs that inhaled 238PuO2 or 239PuO2.
Diel, JH; Hoel, DG; Wilson, DA, 2009)		0.35
" Years later, the purpose of the present follow-up study was to reassess the dose-response relationship for lung cancer in the PuO(2) dogs compared to controls-with particular focus on the dose-response at relatively low lung doses."( Carcinogenesis from inhaled (239)PuO(2) in beagles: Evidence for radiation homeostasis at low doses?
Fisher, DR; Weller, RE, 2010)		0.36
" All cases were finger punctures, and each chelation injection contained the same dosage of DTPA."( Three plutonium chelation cases at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Bertelli, L; Eaton, MC; Gadd, MS; Guilmette, RA; Miller, G; Waters, TL, 2010)		0.84
" Dose-response efficacy profiles in mice were established for the removal of intravenously injected (238)Pu and (241)Am after parenteral and oral treatment with these chelators."( Dose-dependent efficacy and safety toxicology of hydroxypyridinonate actinide decorporation agents in rodents: towards a safe and effective human dosing regimen.
Abergel, RJ; An, D; Bunin, DI; Chang, PY; Doppalapudi, RS; Jarvis, EE; Kullgren, B; Riccio, ES, 2013)		0.39
" The same may be true of (239)Pu, as well as other radionuclides, although much work remains to be done to establish dose-response relationships."( What radiation dose does the FISH translocation assay measure in cases of incorporated radionuclides for the Southern Urals populations?
Ainsbury, EA; Azizova, TV; Darroudi, F; Degteva, M; Harrison, J; Lloyd, DC; Moquet, J; Rothkamm, K; Vozilova, A, 2014)		0.4
" Age-specific rates and in vitro dose-response curves were used to derive expected translocation yields in nine workers from the Mayak nuclear facility in Russia."( Chromosome aberrations in workers with exposure to α-particle radiation from internal deposits of plutonium: expectations from in vitro studies and comparisons with workers with predominantly external γ-radiation exposure.
Azizova, TV; Cadwell, KK; Curwen, GB; Hill, MA; Sotnik, NV; Tawn, EJ, 2015)		0.63
" Particular emphasis was given to the form of the dose-response relationship and the time dependence of the radiation induced risk."( Cerebrovascular Diseases in Workers at Mayak PA: The Difference in Radiation Risk between Incidence and Mortality.
Azizova, TV; Eidemüller, M; Grigoryeva, ES; Pikulina, MV; Schöllnberger, H; Simonetto, C, 2015)		0.42
" Moreover, the dose-response relationship is strongly nonlinear for all three-stage models, revealing a marked increase above a critical dose."( Beyond two-stage models for lung carcinogenesis in the Mayak workers: implications for plutonium risk.
Eidemüller, M; Sokolnikov, ME; Zöllner, S, 2015)		0.64
" We aimed to quantify dose-response relationships between lung dose from alpha-emitters and lung cancer in nuclear workers."( Risk of Lung Cancer Mortality in Nuclear Workers from Internal Exposure to Alpha Particle-emitting Radionuclides.
Atkinson, W; Bérard, P; Bingham, D; Birchall, A; Blanchardon, E; Bull, R; Cardis, E; Challeton-de Vathaire, C; Cockerill, R; Do, MT; Engels, H; Figuerola, J; Foster, A; Grellier, J; Guseva Canu, I; Holmstock, L; Hurtgen, C; Laurier, D; Puncher, M; Riddell, AE; Samson, E; Thierry-Chef, I; Tirmarche, M; Vrijheid, M, 2017)		0.46
" Only when the DTPA dosage was three orders of magnitude greater than the recommended 30 μmol/kg was 100% of the plutonium apparently in the form of chelate."( Second-order Kinetics of DTPA and Plutonium in Rat Plasma.
Guilmette, RA; Klumpp, JA; Melo, D; Miller, G; Poudel, D, 2018)		0.97
"To examine dose-response relationships between internal uranium exposures and select outcomes among a cohort of uranium enrichment workers."( Dose-response relationships between internally-deposited uranium and select health outcomes in gaseous diffusion plant workers, 1948-2011.
Anderson, JL; Bertke, SJ; Tollerud, DJ; Yiin, JH, 2018)		0.48
" These observations were very encouraging, as this nanomedicine could lead to a reduction in the dosing frequency required to achieve the decorporation efficacy of unformulated 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) itself."( ENCAPSULATED 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) IN CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES FOR DECORPORATION VIA INHALATION.
Abergel, RJ; Chen, S; Ko, R; Lai, EPC; Li, C; Wyatt, H, 2018)		0.48
" The model was then adapted for dosimetric modeling to enable future neutron dose-response studies."( Thermal Neutron Characterization and Dose Modeling of a 239PuBe Alpha-Neutron Source.
DeVol, TA; Martinez, NE; Willey, AH, 2019)		0.51
" Modern biological tools have provided new methods for studying these mechanisms but applying these tools to a dose-response relationship may require refinement of dosimetric techniques that incorporate a detailed understand of radionuclide accumulation in biological cells, particularly when assessing the impact of low doses of ionising radiation."( Accumulation of radio-iron and plutonium, alone and in combination, in
Blenner, M; Manglass, LM; Martinez, NE; Vogel, C; Wintenberg, M, 2021)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
actinoid atom
f-block element atom
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (3,254)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901764 (54.21)18.7374
1990's336 (10.33)18.2507
2000's517 (15.89)29.6817
2010's502 (15.43)24.3611
2020's135 (4.15)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.51

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index98.51 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.17 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.50 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index184.36 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (98.51)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials8 (0.23%)5.53%
Reviews97 (2.75%)6.00%
Case Studies43 (1.22%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other3,376 (95.80%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9510ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.3720azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
benzene
[no description available]		2.3620aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		7.6430alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		4.46230tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.8640halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.3820chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
trimetaphosphoric acid
trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.		1.9610cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
inorganic heterocyclic compound;
phosphorus oxoacid
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.6330sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.2510aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		1.9510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		1.9410carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.580elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		210hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.8940diatomic iodinenutrient
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		1.9410dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		1.9410alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		3.3670inositol phosphate
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.8740metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		6.76800monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		8.5990nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9610monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		1.9610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.1110azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
spermidine
[no description available]		4.22180polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		3.0750polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
taurine
[no description available]		2.6330amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		1.9810pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9410methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		1.9510uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		6.9610benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		1.9610ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
bufexamac
Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.		2.3620aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		1.9410organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		3.12104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		5.52220acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		10.892491pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.4420dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.3620
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		1.9710alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.51201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.3520methoxybenzenes
halothane
[no description available]		1.9510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		1.9510one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		1.9510piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.0310potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		1.94102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		1.9510monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		3.2360polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
urethane
[no description available]		7.3520carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		1.9610glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.6330pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.35204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.0610non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		1.9710nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.3920chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		1.9610L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		1.9610glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		1.9310phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		5.49220ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		2.3420azobenzenes
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		1.9610alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9810antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.3620organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.1110chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		2.0610one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		5.9330benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		1.9710chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.3820trichlorobenzene
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.3820organochlorine compound
pyronine
Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.		1.9610iminium salt;
organic chloride salt		histological dye
2,5-diphenyloxazole
[no description available]		2.1310
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		1.9610xanthene
malonamide
malonamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is malonic acid in which both carboxy groups have been replaced by carbamoyl groups.		2.4620dicarboxylic acid diamide
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.1110pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.1110furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110polyazaalkane;
triamine
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		2.0610NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
diallyl glycol carbonate
CR 39: plastic used as a charged particle detector for superimposed autoradiography tissue images		2.3820
pregnenolone
[no description available]		1.941020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		1.9810dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.13101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
carbonyl sulfide
carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.		2.0610one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.0210calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
cdta
CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610organooxygen compound
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.0410organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		1.9510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		3.0950N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		210lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		2.1510one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.05102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.4820
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.0210alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.110alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.7430manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		1.9310zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide
Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.		5.180thorium molecular entity
ferrous sulfide
ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S		2.0610
thymine glycol
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810hydroxypyrimidine
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.3570carbon oxoanion
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		2.3820f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
einsteinium
Einsteinium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Es, and atomic number 99. Its known isotopes range in mass number from 240-258. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Einsteinium was originally discovered in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in 1952.		4.360actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.3720cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		9.1550f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		1.9610d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.65100elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		4.75100elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		3.7430chromium group element atommicronutrient
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		8.1820actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		7.7930f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		2.3820monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		3.9540vanadium group element atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.8740metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		2.3420f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
promethium
Promethium: A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, and atomic number 61. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.		10.96210f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
protactinium
Protactinium: A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.		9.3160actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.8640cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		10.06140iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		3.9840d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		9.1750copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		2.3520vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		5.27170manganese group element atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		8.25810actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		2.6430f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.9240titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		1.9410chromium group element atommicronutrient
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		8.2260actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		10.264620actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		2.3520monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
berkelium
Berkelium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Bk, atomic number 97, and atomic weight 247. Its valence can be +3 or +4. Twelve isotopes have been produced with mass numbers 240-251.		4.1650actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		5.19160cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		3.68100f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.7430chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
curium
Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.		7.18730actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		4.2350f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		8.1150f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.4820copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		7.6730titanium group element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		2.6430monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		10.462740actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		1.9610elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		2.3520monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		2.6430f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		3.4480d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		5.82310titanium group element atom
californium
Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		5.83310actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
iodic acid
iodic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210iodine oxoacidastringent
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		1.9710iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.3520diatomic bromine
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.3520barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.3820calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.0510calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		1.9510potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		1.9510dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.8640diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		8.0450diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9610nitrogen oxoacid
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.110deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
nobelium
Nobelium: A man-made radioactive element of the actinide metal series. It has the atomic symbol No, and atomic number 102.		1.9410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.4720elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		7.35320monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.		1.9410organomercury compound;
ureas		diagnostic agent;
diuretic
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.1101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.3520ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		1.9410S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.0610iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9910acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		3.4580halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
iodine
[no description available]		3.0450halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.66100benzenes;
phenyl acetates
tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.		3.3670trialkyl phosphate
chloroprene
Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.		2.0110chloroolefin
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		1.9710chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		1.9910
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		4.68290
alkenes
[no description available]		1.9510
enterobactin
[no description available]		2.3620catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
etoposide
[no description available]		1.9810beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		1.9710iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		7.4620
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		3.2160hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		1.9610xanthene dyefluorochrome
benzilonium bromide
[no description available]		3.1960
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		1.9610
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.		2.0710anthraquinone;
arenesulfonic acid
divinyl benzene
[no description available]		2.0510styrenes
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.110phenanthroline
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.3820anthocyanidin chloride
glycolamide
[no description available]		7.0710acetamides
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine
[no description available]		1.9810
1-hydroxy-2(1h)-pyridinone
1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone: structure in first source		2.5420
dipivaloylmethane
dipivaloylmethane: chelating agent for cadmium; structure		1.9510
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		1.9610
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.0510cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
goethite
[no description available]		8.3260
4-bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene
[no description available]		2.1310
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		8.2460cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
tritium oxide
[no description available]		1.9610tritiated compound;
water
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		3.3470
plutonium citrate
plutonium citrate: RN given refers to 2:1 citric:Pu(4+) salt		3.94130
plutonium nitrate
plutonium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pu-HNO3		4.88350
docosyl-triethylenetetraminepentaacetic acid
docosyl-triethylenetetraminepentaacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.9240
catechol-3,6-bis(methyleneiminodiacetic acid)
catechol-3,6-bis(methyleneiminodiacetic acid): used in treatment of uranium intoxication; structure given in first source		3.1210
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		7.0110
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		6.9410
americium nitrate
americium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.4880
puchel
puchel: lipophilic derivative of DTPA		3.0650
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.3110
n,n',n''-tris(2,3-dihydroxy-5-sulfobenzoyl)-1,5,10-triazadecane
N,N',N''-tris(2,3-dihydroxy-5-sulfobenzoyl)-1,5,10-triazadecane: octahedrally coordinates metal ion via six phenolic oxygens; structure in first source		2.6530
licam-c
LICAM-C: structure given in first source		9.16170
plutonium phytate
[no description available]		3.2260
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.4120divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		1.9410peptide
elastin
[no description available]		1.9410oligopeptide
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		1.9610amino sugar
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		4.0640
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		1.9910D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		1.9610benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		1.9410flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.3920
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		210acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.6102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.3820isomethyleugenol
rhodotorulic acid
rhodotorulic acid: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer; structure. rhodotorulic acid : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines obtained by cyclodimerisation of N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithine.		1.95102,5-diketopiperazines;
hydroxamic acid;
L-ornithine derivative		fungal metabolite;
siderophore
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		6.9510thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		3.0610
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.1310
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		3.97140alkali metal atom
n,n',n'',n'''-tetra(1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-oxopyridine-6-carbonyl)-1,5,10,14-tetraazatetradecane
N,N',N'',N'''-tetra(1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-oxopyridine-6-carbonyl)-1,5,10,14-tetraazatetradecane: structure given in first source		4.4870
cystine
[no description available]		1.9610
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		1.9410
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.3420
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9610hydrochloride
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		5.97210carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.420carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		3.260metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		5.68250alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.5590alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.8740alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		9.1650boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		6.06230alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.0750metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		1.9610boron group element atom
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.3820boron group element atom
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		7.9140boron group element atom
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		5.13470alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.2360carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.0750monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.8740boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		8.881290
caesium-137
[no description available]		4.26130caesium atom
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		3.470carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.0210chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		1.9410chalcogen;
metalloid atom
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		7.76500chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		9990alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.0450
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		1.9610
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		3.2250triazolopyrimidines
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		1.9410
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		3.260
lithium borate
lithium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li2-B4O7; structure		210borate salts
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.8640glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.95101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		1.9510organic molecular entity
curium oxide
curium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF CmO2		1.9510
citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination
citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9610
chitosan
[no description available]		2.4420
americium oxide
americium oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.940
isosaccharinic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
glycolipids
[no description available]		1.9510
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.8640
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.0650ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		6.9410
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		1.9510monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		6.9710
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		7.4620aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.0640
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		4.11150
merrifield resin
Merrifield resin: used as support for solid phase synthesis of thiol-terminated peptides		2.0510
teferrol
[no description available]		210
illite
[no description available]		7.1310
mica
[no description available]		2.0810
uranium octoxide
[no description available]		2.4220
plutonium dioxide
plutonium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pu-O2		7.741260
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		1.9410
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.3820
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0510
eye
[no description available]		2.8640
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		1.9410
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		1.9510
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		4.8440
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.76430
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.76430
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		010.091451
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		012.482941
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		010.091451
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.8220
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		011.431782
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		07.71381
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		07.71381
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		0450
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		0450
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		05.55280
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		010.55280
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		07.2920
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.0950
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.0950
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		04.34190
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.9240
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.2150
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.2150
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.2560
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.0140
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		08.2560
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.420
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.420
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.4110
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.67100
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.4110
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.67100
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.35540
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		09.98612
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		03.3570
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.6630
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.1510
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		02.8740
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.3920
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.9140
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.3920
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.9140
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.1710
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.4520
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4520
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		07.391150
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.54170
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		05.54170
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.3820
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.110
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.3420
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		01.9310
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		01.9310
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		01.9310
Breathlessness
[description not available]		01.9310
Adenitis
[description not available]		07.3520
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		01.9310
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.6330
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.6330
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9310
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		01.9310
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		01.9310
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		01.9410
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		05.71200
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.97590
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		05.71200
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.1560
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		012.17510
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		04.68110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.85120
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.4720
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.4720
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4720
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4720
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.5120
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.5120
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.6930
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.8330
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		02.1310
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		08.89950
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		013.89950
Leukocyte Disorders
Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.		01.9210
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.8540
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.8540
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.4220
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.4220
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		02.9440
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.9440
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.940
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.4620
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.4220
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.6930
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.4620
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.4220
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0510
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.0510
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0510
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		08.7840
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.7840
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		04.8680
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		07.82820
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		07.82820
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		03.1150
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.5930
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.5930
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.9710
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		02.9710
Aneuploid
[description not available]		07.0510
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.3920
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.3920
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.6530
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.6530
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		06.26350
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.3320
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		04.1460
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.630
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.1460
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.630
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		03.3320
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		02.9310
Chromosome Inversion
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.		02.9310
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		05.03160
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		04.3680
Cutis Laxa
A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9310
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		03.3770
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.3420
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.3420
Rachitis
[description not available]		01.9310
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.74110
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		03.74110
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		04.35210
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9310
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.6330
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.66110
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		01.9310
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9310
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9310
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		05.36230
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		010.36230
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.2720
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		03.2720
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.3520
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		01.9410
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.3520
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.3520
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		03.4780
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9410
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.3520
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		01.9410
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		03.0750
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		02.3720
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		02.0110
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.3670
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.6730
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.3670
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.6730
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		07.0210
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		07.0210
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.2160
Beryllium Disease
Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.		02.0210
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.		07.0210
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0210
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.0210
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.4120
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.4120
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.0210
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.0210
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.4220
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.1460
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.1460
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		02.9510
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		02.9510
Dental Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.0310
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.0310
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		06.55191
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.3620
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.3620
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.3620
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.52250
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.8810
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.8810
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2670
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.8810
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.6730
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.6730
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.3820
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.3820
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.6430
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		01.9510
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9610
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.6530
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.6530
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.3720
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.0650
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.9750
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		03.9750
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		03.0550
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		01.9610
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		01.9610
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.18190
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.18190
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.3570
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.3570
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.420
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.8940
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.3720
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.3720
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.8740
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.8740
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		01.9810
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		01.9810
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3620
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.76110
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3620
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		03.76110
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		02.6830
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3470
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9810
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		01.9810
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		01.9810
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		02.3920
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6830
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3920
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9910
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9910
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.3920
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		01.9910
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9910
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		01.9910
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		02.9110
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		01.9910
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		01.9910
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.420
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.420
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.3920
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		01.9910
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.3920
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		01.9910
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.3720
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.420
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		0210
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.420
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		0210
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		0210
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		0210
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.3620
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		01.9510
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		01.9510
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		0210
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		0210
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4120
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.4120
Monosomy
The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.		01.9910
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.9210
Gulf War Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)		02.0110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		05.7681
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		05.7681
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		02.8740
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		04.3780
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		04.3780
Metastase
[description not available]		02.3520
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.3520
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.0550
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		03.0550
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		01.9510
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		01.9510
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.6430
Anoxemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		01.9510
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.3720
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		01.9510
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		01.9510
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9510
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		01.9510
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		01.9510
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		01.9510
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		01.9510
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		01.9510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		01.9510
Sinoatrial Block
Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.		01.9510
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		01.9510
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		01.9510
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		01.9510
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.3620
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.3620
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		02.6430
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3820
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6430
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		01.9810
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		01.9810
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		01.9810
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		01.9810
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		01.9810
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.3820
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.3820
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9710
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		01.9710
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01.9710
Digitate Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		06.9710
Parapsoriasis
The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).		06.9710
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		01.9710
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9710
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9710
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		01.9710
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		01.9710
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.3720
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3720
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		01.9710
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		01.9710
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		01.9710
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		03.5630
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		03.5630
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9610
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9610
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.6430
Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		01.9510
Mesenchymoma
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		01.9510
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		01.9510
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		01.9510
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		01.9510
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.3520
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.3520
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9510
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9510
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9510
Adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3520
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9510
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9510
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		01.9510
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9510
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		01.9510
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		01.9510
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		01.9510
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.3520
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3520
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9510
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		01.9510
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.6430
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.6430
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		01.9510
Adam-Stokes Attacks
[description not available]		02.8610
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		01.9410
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		01.9410
Drop Attack
[description not available]		01.9410
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		01.9410
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.3520
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		01.9410
Granulomas
[description not available]		01.9410
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		01.9410
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		01.9410
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		01.9410
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		01.9410
Blood Clot
[description not available]		01.9410
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		01.9410
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9410
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9410