Thymine glycol (Tg) is a major oxidative DNA lesion that forms when thymine in DNA is attacked by reactive oxygen species. Tg formation occurs via a two-step process involving the initial formation of 5,6-dihydrothymine, followed by its oxidation to Tg. Tg is mutagenic, inducing G to T or A to C transitions during DNA replication. This compound can also block DNA replication, leading to cell death. Tg is an important marker of oxidative stress and has been implicated in aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers study Tg to understand the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, as well as the role of oxidative stress in disease. Studies on Tg have led to the development of new methods for detecting and quantifying oxidative DNA damage, as well as potential therapeutic targets for treating oxidative stress-related diseases.'
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 18058 |
| CHEBI ID | 29128 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 48043 |
| MeSH ID | M0093735 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| hydrouracil, 5,6-dihydroxy-5-methyl- |
| thy glycol |
| 2,4-(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione, dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-5-methyl- |
| 5,6-dihydroxy-5-methyldihydropyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione |
| thymine glycol |
| 2943-56-8 |
| CHEBI:29128 |
| 5,6-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4-dione |
| AKOS006373640 |
| SCHEMBL48043 |
| 5,6-dihydroxy-5-methyldihydro-2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione # |
| 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine |
| glycolthymine |
| 2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione, dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-5-methyl- |
| GUKSGXOLJNWRLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Q21099627 |
| DTXSID601317323 |
Thymine glycol (Tg) is a product of DNA damage by oxygen radicals generated by oxidative mutagens and carcinogens. It is formed in DNA by reactive oxygen species.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Thymine glycol is a DNA damage product of ionizing radiation and other oxidative mutagens. " | ( Thymine glycol and thymidine glycol in human and rat urine: a possible assay for oxidative DNA damage. Ames, BN; Cathcart, R; Saul, RL; Schwiers, E, 1984) | 3.15 |
| "Thymine glycol is a major type of base damage, which is formed in DNA by reactive oxygen species. " | ( Synthesis and thermodynamic studies of oligonucleotides containing the two isomers of thymine glycol. Iwai, S, 2001) | 1.98 |
| "Thymine glycol (Tg) is a product of DNA damage by oxygen radicals generated by oxidative mutagens and carcinogens and ionizing radiation. " | ( 32P-postlabeling detection of thymine glycols: evaluation of adduct recoveries after enhancement with affinity chromatography, nuclease P1, nuclease S1, and polynucleotide kinase. Blackburn, GR; Bleicher, WT; Reddy, MV, 1991) | 2.01 |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| hydroxypyrimidine | |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Pathway | Proteins | Compounds |
|---|---|---|
| DNA Repair | 255 | 47 |
| Base Excision Repair | 35 | 23 |
| Base-Excision Repair, AP Site Formation | 17 | 16 |
| Depyrimidination | 15 | 9 |
| Cleavage of the damaged pyrimidine | 10 | 9 |
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 38 (20.88) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 49 (26.92) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 56 (30.77) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 31 (17.03) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 8 (4.40) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (27.77) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 0 (0.00%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 11 (6.04%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 0 (0.00%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 171 (93.96%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adenine [no description available] | 4.49 | 7 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| benzene [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound | carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent |
| phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid. | 7.69 | 3 | 0 | carboxyalkyl phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cytosine [no description available] | 4.81 | 10 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | metal allergen; nickel group element atom | epitope; micronutrient |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| thymine [no description available] | 9.65 | 182 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| trimethylamine [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | methylamines; tertiary amine | Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder | 10.21 | 15 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 3.78 | 11 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | xanthine | Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | organoarsenic compound | xenobiotic metabolite |
| stallimycin [no description available] | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | ||
| thymidine [no description available] | 3.69 | 10 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 7.25 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine | EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent |
| 2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2. | 7.37 | 2 | 0 | naphthylamine | carcinogenic agent |
| phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazine | ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger |
| tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound | polar aprotic solvent |
| pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidone | |
| pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | diazine; pyrimidines | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles | antitubercular agent |
| 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | fundamental metabolite |
| methylphosphate methylphosphate: specifically and irreversibly inactivates inorganic pyrophosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl dihydrogen phosphate : A monoalkyl phosphate having methyl as the alkyl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | monoalkyl phosphate; one-carbon compound | algal metabolite; epitope; phosphoantigen |
| paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | organic cation | geroprotector; herbicide |
| 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol | chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent |
| nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid | |
| acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | actinoid atom; f-block element atom | |
| uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium | |
| sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt | fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero. | 2 | 1 | 0 | monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom | |
| osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds. | 3.58 | 9 | 0 | osmium coordination entity | fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison |
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | epoxide | intercalator |
| 5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | methylcytosine; pyrimidines | human metabolite |
| 2'-deoxyuridylic acid 2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds | 2 | 1 | 0 | phosphoric acid derivative | |
| o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent. | 3.48 | 2 | 0 | methylguanine | mutagen |
| isodialuric acid isodialuric acid: structure given in first source. 5,6-dihydroxyuracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil substituted at positions 5 and 6 by hydroxy groups. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | hydroxypyrimidine; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone | Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| n-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine [no description available] | 7.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 5-hydroxyuracil 5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma | 8.54 | 8 | 0 | hydroxypyrimidine | |
| isoguanine isoguanine: structure. isoguanine : An oxopurine that is 3,7-dihydro-purin-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by an amino group. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| isouramil isouramil: aglycone of convicine | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | primary alcohol; pyrimidone | human metabolite |
| 2-tyrosine 2-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. o-tyrosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-o-tyrosine.. 2-hydroxyphenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2 on the benzene ring. | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenols; phenylalanine derivative | |
| 5,6-dihydrothymine 5,6-dihydrothymine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dihydrothymine : A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | pyrimidone | human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION. | 8.61 | 9 | 0 | ||
| 1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure | 3.53 | 2 | 0 | imidazo[2,1-i]purine | mutagen |
| 4,6-diamino-5-n-formamidopyrimidine 4,6-diamino-5-N-formamidopyrimidine: formed when adenine is exposed to ionizing radiation. 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing an additional formamido substituent at position 5. A DNA lesion formed when DNA exposed to ionising radiation. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; formamidopyrimidine | |
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent. | 8.99 | 4 | 0 | oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species | |
| singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom | macronutrient |
| beta-ureidoisobutyric acid beta-ureidoisobutyric acid: structure given in first source. 3-ureidoisobutyric acid : A ureidocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at position 3. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ureidocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ribonolactone | metabolite |
| 5-formyluracil 5-formyluracil: structure. 5-formyluracil : A pyrimidone resulting from the formal oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyluracil to the corresponding aldehyde. It is a major one-electron photooxidation product of thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | aldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone | human metabolite; mutagen |
| potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed) | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glycosides [no description available] | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | ||
| flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group |
| n-methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide | chromatographic reagent |
| 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 5-hydroxycytosine [no description available] | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | ||
| thymidine glycol thymidine glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
| sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate | |
| rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. | 2 | 1 | 0 | disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| 8-hydroxyadenine 8-hydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; structure. 8-oxoadenine : An oxopurine that is adenine bearing a single oxo substituent at position 8.. 8-hydroxyadenine : A nucleobase analogue that is adenine bearing a single hydroxy substituent at position 8. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; nucleobase analogue; oxopurine | bacterial metabolite; human metabolite |
| deoxyribose [no description available] | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | deoxypentose | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 4(g)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin 4(G)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin: structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-hydroxydeoxyadenosine triphosphate 2-hydroxy-dATP : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate in which the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside moiety is 2'-deoxy-2-hydroxyadenosine. | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | |
| oligonucleotides [no description available] | 9.1 | 15 | 0 | ||
| 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | phospho sugar | |
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| deoxyguanosine [no description available] | 9.62 | 8 | 0 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| guanine [no description available] | 11.9 | 23 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| hypoxanthine [no description available] | 3.5 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | fundamental metabolite |
| 3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen. | 6.23 | 18 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. | 4.5 | 7 | 0 | guanosines | biomarker |
| 3,n(4)-ethanocytosine [no description available] | 3.53 | 2 | 0 | organic heterobicyclic compound | mutagen |
| metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaposi Disease [description not available] | 0 | 4.31 | 4 | 0 |
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. | 0 | 4.31 | 4 | 0 |
| Congenital Poikiloderma [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Anoxia, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| American Trypanosomiasis [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Intestines [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Fanconi [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Genome Instability [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Injuries, Radiation [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms. | 0 | 3.62 | 3 | 0 |
| Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 3.29 | 2 | 0 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 4.28 | 4 | 0 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 3.29 | 2 | 0 |
| Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Hepatoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Lung [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill. | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Colon [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON. | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosomal Triplication [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Ischemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |