ascorbic-acid and Diarrhea

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared with adults, children with SARS-CoV-2 infection may have fewer and less severe symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly reported in children, sometimes as the only manifestation of the disease, and most often manifest as anorexia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, or abdominal pain. Although most children have asymptomatic or mild disease, 10 % of those infected may experience serious or critical disease, or even death. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome is a rare but serious condition recently reported in children with COVID-19. Studies indicate that children with obesity are at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19, and inflammation associated with obesity could be one of the factors that worsens COVID-19 symptoms due to an increased inflammatory response involving molecules such as interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein. On the other hand, evidence has been reported of a higher protein expression of ACE2 in the visceral adipose tissue of obese and malnourished humans, and this could be associated with complications and severity of COVID-19. Therefore, regulation of the intake of macronutrients or micronutrients could be used as a strategy to reduce the consequences of COVID-19. Diet in general and bioactive compounds could play an important role in the prevention of the inflammatory cascade. The micronutrients with the most evidence suggesting a role in immune support are vitamins C and D, zinc, and polyphenols.. La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) está causada por el virus “síndrome respiratorio agudo severo-coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2). En comparación con los adultos, los niños con infección por SARS-CoV-2 pueden tener menos síntomas y estos pueden ser menos graves. Los síntomas gastrointestinales se informan comúnmente en los niños, a veces como única manifestación de la enfermedad. Los más comunes son anorexia, diarrea, náuseas y vómitos, y dolor abdominal. Aunque la mayoría de los niños tienen un cuadro leve o asintomático, el 10 % de los infectados pueden experimentar un cuadro grave o crítico, e incluso la muerte. El síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico es una afección poco común, pero grave, que se documentó recientemente en niños con COVID-19. Los estudios indican que los niños con obesidad tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar COVID-19 grave, y la inflamación asociada con la obesidad podría ser uno de los factores que empeoran los síntomas de la COVID-19 debido a una respuesta inflamatoria aumentada en donde se ven involucradas moléculas como la interleucina 6, el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y la proteína quimioatrayente de monocitos. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado evidencia de una mayor expresión proteica de ACE2 en el tejido adiposo visceral de los seres humanos obesos y desnutridos, y esto podría estar asociado a las complicaciones y la severidad de la COVID-19. Por tanto, la regulación de la ingesta de macronutrientes o micronutrientes podría utilizarse como estrategia para reducir las consecuencias de la enfermedad. La dieta en general y los compuestos bioactivos podrían desempeñar un papel importante en la prevención de la cascada inflamatoria. Los micronutrientes con mayor evidencia indicativa de que desempeñan un papel en el apoyo inmunológico son las vitaminas C y D, el zinc y los polifenoles.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Anorexia; Ascorbic Acid; Child; COVID-19; Diarrhea; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nausea; Overweight; Oxidative Stress; Pediatric Obesity; Polyphenols; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Thinness; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Vomiting; Zinc

Micronutrient supplementation offers one of the most cost-effective means of improving the health and survival of children in developing countries. However, the effects of supplementation with single micronutrients on diarrhea are not always consistent, and supplementation with multi-micronutrient supplements can have negative effects. These inconsistencies may result from the failure to consider the diverse etiological agents that cause diarrhea and the unique effects each micronutrient has on the immune response to each of these agents. This review examines the separate effects that supplementation with the B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and iron have on diarrheal disease-related outcomes. Supplementation with iron may increase the risk of infection by invasive diarrheal pathogens, while supplementation with the remaining micronutrients may reduce this risk. These differences may be due to distinct regulatory effects each micronutrient has on the pathogen-specific immune response, as well as on the virulence of specific pathogens. The findings of these studies suggest that micronutrient supplementation of children must take into account the pathogens prevalent within communities as reflected by their diarrheal disease burdens. The effectiveness of combining multiple micronutrients into one supplement must also be reconsidered.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Iron; Selenium; Trace Elements; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin E; Vitamins; Zinc

Three groups of volunteers, totalling 125, lived for two years on strict diets so that comparisons might be made with regard to the sweeteners: fructose (F), sucrose (S), and xylitol (X). The sizes of the test groups were: S, 35; F, 38; X, 52. The average monthly amounts of the sugars consumed in a varied assortment of foods were: S, 2.2 kg; F, 2.1 kg; X, 1.5 kg. The highest daily doses of fructose and xylitol were 200 - 400 g (maximum 430 g xylitol). Serum samples were analyzed for several chemical parameters. The dietary regimens did not result in clinically significant changes between the sugar groups. The ability of X to produce osmotic diarrhoea and flatulence was found to depend on the individual physiological responses of each volunteer. In many cases no symptoms were found although high amounts (200 - 400 g) of X were consumed. All pregnancies and deliveries in the F and X groups were normal. Practically all the volunteers accepted the F and X foods (almost 100 varities) and adhered to the dietary regimen for two years. This was due in the main to the fact that most F and X products were comparable to those containing sucrose.

Topics: Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Amylases; Ascorbic Acid; Bilirubin; Diarrhea; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Finland; Flatulence; Fructose; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Saliva; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Xylitol

Dietary calcium and antioxidants have been suggested as protective agents against colorectal cancer. This has been supported by animal experimental studies, case control and cohort studies.. In a prospective intervention study of colorectal adenomas, and intermediary stage in colorectal carcinogenesis, 116 polyp-bearing patients received a placebo-controlled daily mixture of beta-carotene 15 mg, vitamin C 150 mg, vitamin E 75 mg, selenium 101 microg, and calcium (1.6 g daily) as carbonate for a period of 3 years with annual colonoscopic follow-up to test if the mixture was able to reduce polyp growth or recurrence. All polyps of < 10 mm at enrollment or follow-up were left unresected until the end of the study.. 87-91% of the patients attended the annual endoscopic follow-up investigations, and 19% of the patients dropped out of the medical intervention. The rest consumed 85% of the total amount of tablets over the 3 years. The fecal calcium concentration was 2.3-2.7 times higher in patients taking active medication compared to the placebo group. Diet registration showed that, when adding the intake of antioxidants and calcium from diet and intervention, there was a significant difference between the intake of these substances in the active and the placebo group. No difference was detected in the growth of adenomas between the active and the placebo group from year to year and for the total study period. Moreover, there was no effect on polyps of < 5 or 5-9 mm, or on polyps in the different colonic segments analyzed separately. A reduced growth of adenomas was found in patients <60 years of age taking active medication (n = 8) compared to those taking placebo (n = 6; mean difference 2.3 mm; 95% CI 0.26-4.36). There was a significantly lower number of patients free of new adenomas in the placebo group compared to those taking active medication as tested by logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis (log-rank test p value 0.035). Subgroup analysis showed that only the group of patients with no family history of colorectal cancer, those with only one adenoma at inclusion, and those <65 years benefitted from the intervention medication.. The study did not find an overall effect on polyp growth. Our data, however, may support a protective role of calcium and antioxidants on new adenoma formation.

Topics: Adenoma; Aged; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Calcium, Dietary; Cell Division; Colonic Polyps; Colorectal Neoplasms; Constipation; Diarrhea; Diet; Double-Blind Method; Dyspepsia; Energy Intake; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Patient Compliance; Patient Dropouts; Prospective Studies; Time Factors; Vitamin A

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ascorbic acid in the prevention of neonatal calf diarrhoea. Ascorbic acid was given orally to 65 calves as follows: one tablet (1000 mg) three times a day for the first week; one tablet twice a day for the second week; and one tablet daily for the third week after birth (test group). Another 65 calves did not receive ascorbic acid (control group). The calves in these two groups were matched on the basis of the stage of lactation of their dams. The number of diarrhoeic calves that received ascorbic acid was significantly (P < 0.005) lower than the number of diarrhoeic calves in the control group that did not receive the drug.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ascorbic Acid; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Clinical Trials as Topic; Common Cold; Diarrhea; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Placebos

Despite the fact that dietary supplements (DS) are not medicines, an increasing number of publications testify to the effectiveness of probiotics consumed with food in the complex treatment and prevention of a number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD).

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Bifidobacterium; Diarrhea; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Lactobacillus; Probiotics; Treatment Outcome; Vitamins

Hyperoxaluria can result in oxalate nephropathy with intratubular calcium oxalate crystallization and acute tubular injury. Primary inherited enzymatic deficiency or secondary causes such as excessive dietary intake, enteric increased absorption, or high doses of vitamin C, which is metabolized to oxalate, may underlie hyperoxaluria and oxalate nephropathy. We report a case of acute kidney injury due to oxalate nephropathy in a patient using chelating therapy with oral ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), intravenous supplementation with vitamin C, and chronic diarrhea and discuss the potential kidney damage these factors can cause in particular settings. To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting an association between oral EDTA and oxalate nephropathy.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Calcium Chelating Agents; Calcium Oxalate; Diarrhea; Edetic Acid; Humans; Hyperoxaluria; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Male; Renal Dialysis; Vitamins

Ardisia elliptica Thunb Lam. (Myrsinaceae) is widely used traditionally in the treatment of diarrhea related health disorders in Bangladesh.. The crude ethanol extract of Ardisia elliptica fruits (EFA) was evaluated for its antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal activities.. DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, reducing power and Fe(++) ion chelating ability were used for determining antioxidant activities and animal models were used for antidiarrheal activities such as the castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, enteropooling induced by the administration of castor oil and magnesium sulfate at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg.. The extract possessed a significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 30.75 μg/ml compared to ascorbic acid (IC50: 7.89 μg/ml). The IC50 values of the extract and ascorbic acid were 51.72 and 38.68 μg/ml, respectively, in nitric oxide scavenging assay. The IC50 value of the extract for Fe(++) ion chelating ability (41.30 μg/ml) was also found to be significant compared to the IC50 value of EDTA (22.57 μg/ml). The EFA also showed a significant protection (p < 0.001) against experimentally induced diarrhea by castor oil and magnesium sulfate as evidenced by a decrease in the number of defecation with respect to control. The diarrhea induced by castor oil and magnesium sulfate enteropooling was prevented by all the tested doses.. Therefore, the obtained results confirm the antioxidant and antidiarrheal activity of EFA and thus support the traditional uses of this plant as a modality for antioxidant and antidiarrheal activity.

Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Antioxidants; Ardisia; Ascorbic Acid; Bangladesh; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar

While bone marrow or stem cell transplantation can rescue bone marrow aplasia in patients accidentally exposed to a lethal radiation dose, radiation-induced irreversible gastrointestinal damage (GI syndrome) is fatal. We investigated the effects of ascorbic acid on radiation-induced GI syndrome in mice. Ascorbic acid (150 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to mice for 3 days, and then the mice underwent whole body irradiation (WBI). Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) 24 h after irradiation rescued mice receiving a WBI dose of less than 12 Gy. No mice receiving 14 Gy-WBI survived, because of radiation-induced GI syndrome, even if they received BMT. However, pretreatment with ascorbic acid significantly suppressed radiation-induced DNA damage in the crypt cells and prevented denudation of intestinal mucosa; therefore, ascorbic acid in combination with BMT rescued mice after 14 Gy-WBI. DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that irradiation up-regulated expressions of apoptosis-related genes in the small intestine, including those related to the caspase-9-mediated intrinsic pathway as well as the caspase-8-mediated extrinsic pathway, and down-regulated expressions of these genes in ascorbic acid-pretreated mice. Thus, pretreatment with ascorbic acid may effectively prevent radiation-induced GI syndrome.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Ascorbic Acid; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Caspases; Diarrhea; DNA Damage; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radicals; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Gene Expression Regulation; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Premedication; Radiation Chimera; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Radiation-Protective Agents; Whole-Body Irradiation

Preclinical studies have suggested that ascorbic acid (AA) treatment in a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) improves motor function and prolongs lifespan.. I sought to determine the safety and tolerability of AA in adult patients with CMT1A.. An open-label cohort-controlled 2-year pilot study was used to evaluate the tolerability of 5 g of AA daily. Secondary measurements consisted of clinical and electrophysiological measurements at 0, 12, and 24 months in CMT1A patients.. Twelve CMT1A patients received AA and 10 CMT1A patients formed a cohort group followed in identical manner. Five (42%) patients tolerated this dose of AA for the entire 2-year span, with six patients (50%) developing intolerable gastrointestinal side effects. No significant differences in clinical, disability, or electrophysiological measurements occurred between baseline and final follow-up in patients receiving AA when compared with cohorts.. High dose AA was not well tolerated in all adult CMT1A patients who may be susceptible to gastrointestinal adverse effects of AA. Studies with greater powers to detect efficacy will be required to test the validity of AA as a therapy in CMT1A patients. Doses lower than 5 g of AA daily may be required for maintenance of tolerability in the CMT1A population.

Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; Diarrhea; Female; Gastric Dilatation; Humans; Male; Neural Conduction; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ascorbic Acid; Diarrhea; Female; Humans

This study was designed to assess the effect of vitamin C on arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae by using HPLC to measure the acetylation of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) with and without vitamin C. Two assay systems were performed, one with intact bacterial cell suspensions, the other with S-9 fractions (9000g supernatant). It was found that vitamin C promoted NAT activity in K. pneumoniae in a dose-dependent manner in both systems. 4 and 8 mM vitamin C were selected for further studies in S-9 fractions and intact cell systems, respectively. Through a 4-hr time course study, vitamin C promoted the N-acetylation of 2-AF in both assay systems, but, the longer the reaction time lasted, the lower the promotion rate. In the kinetic studies, vitamin C increased the value of Km from 0.42+/-0.03 mM to 2.43+/-0.87 mM in S-9 fraction assays and from 0.54+/-0.03 mM to 0.85+/-0.18 mM in intact cell assays. Vitamin C also increased the apparent Vmax values from 3.5 +/-0.08 to 39.66+/-9.81 nmol/min/mg protein in S-9 fraction assays, and from 1.28+/-0.06 to 4.88+/-0.87 nmol/min/10(10) CFU in intact cell assays, for acetylation of 2-AF. In the presence of vitamin C, the NAT activity was increased from 0.58+/-0.06 to 1.34+/-0.02 nmol/min/mg protein in S-9 fractions, and from 0.18+/-0.02 to 0.40+/-0.02 nmol/min/10(10) CFU in intact cells, for acetylation of 2-AF. From the present study, it is concluded that vitamin C does promote the N-acetylation of 2-AF in K. pneumoniae. This is a first report suggesting that oral vitamin C may be involved in modifying the mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of ingested arylamines through enhancing the NAT activity of human enteric bacteria. This interaction should be pursued in future in vivo studies.

Topics: 2-Acetylaminofluorene; Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; Ascorbic Acid; Carcinogens; Cell Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Humans; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Chronic Disease; Chymotrypsin; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Female; Flavonoids; Hesperidin; Humans; Male; Peptide Hydrolases; Phytosterols; Thrombophlebitis; Trypsin

The amount of oral ascorbic acid that a patient can tolerate without diarrhea, increases somewhat proportionately to the "toxicity" of his disease. Clinically, in a disease ameliorated by ascorbate, there is a suppression of symptoms only with very high doses and approximately to that extent which a nonrate-limited, antioxidant free radical scavenger, might be expected to affect that disease process if all harmful free radicals and highly reactive oxidizing substances were quenched. In most pathologic processes, the rate at which free radicals and highly reactive oxidants are produced, exceeds the rate at which the ordinary rate-limited antioxidant free radical scavenging mechanisms can quench those free radicals and oxidants. When ascorbate acts as a scavenger, dehydroascorbate is formed; but if the ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (AA/DHA) ratio is kept high (the redox potential kept reducing) until the unstable dehydroascorbate undergoes hydrolysis or can be reduced back to ascorbate, the dehydroascorbate will do no harm. Since even at very high doses, ascorbate is virtually nontoxic, it may be given in the enormous doses necessary to quench almost all unwanted free radicals and oxidants. The wide spectrum of infectious diseases ameliorated by massive doses of ascorbate indicates some common pathologic processes in these diseases.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radicals; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Humans; Infant; Kidney Calculi; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Scurvy; Sudden Infant Death

Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Diarrhea; Humans; Intestines; Ischemia; Male; Muscle Cramp; Running; Sports Medicine

Sorbitol was the sole cause of protracted diarrhoea in seven children seen in two paediatric-gastroenterology outpatient departments. The sorbitol had been administered in the form of a vitamin C supplement in all seven children. Pink staining of napkins was a prominent feature in five of these seven patients, and was attributed to the cochineal dye contained in the vitamin C supplement. In children with chronic or intermittent watery diarrhoea, a careful dietary history should be obtained. If sorbitol ingestion is documented, a trial of sorbitol exclusion is recommended before embarking on extensive investigations.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Color; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Osmosis; Sorbitol

A method of utilizing vitamin C in amounts just short of the doses which produce diarrhea is described (TITRATING TO BOWEL TOLERANCE). The amount of oral ascorbic acid tolerated by a patient without producing diarrhea increase somewhat proportionately to the stress or toxicity of his disease. Bowel tolerance doses of ascorbic acid ameliorate the acute symptoms of many diseases. Lesser doses often have little effect on acute symptoms but assist the body in handling the stress of disease and may reduce the morbidity of the disease. However, if doses of ascorbate are not provided to satisfy this potential draw on the nutrient, first local tissues involved in the disease, then the blood, and then the body in general becomes deplete of ascorbate (ANASCORBEMIA and ACUTE INDUCED SCURVY). The patient is thereby put at risk for complications of metabolic processes known to be dependent upon ascorbate.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Diarrhea; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Intestine, Large; Scurvy; Stress, Physiological; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Bacterial Infections; Diarrhea; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Infant; Infectious Mononucleosis

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Diarrhea; Humans; Running

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Diarrhea; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prothrombin; Time Factors; Warfarin

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Common Cold; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Time Factors

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Transfusion; Child; Diarrhea; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infections; Nutrition Disorders