caffeine citrate profile

caffeine citrate: RN given for [1:1] mixture; used for prophylaxis and treatment of apnea in preterm babies [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6241
CHEMBL ID	1200569
SCHEMBL ID	452067
MeSH ID	M0086282

Synonym
caffeine citrate
nsc63248
nsc-63248
69-22-7
D07603
caffeine citrate (usp)
cafcit (tn)
citrated caffein
caffeina citrate
cafcit
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, mixt. with 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione
caffeine citrate (1:1)
caffeine, citrated
citrated caffeine
CHEMBL1200569
NCGC00015208-09
dtxsid5046938 ,
tox21_110099
cas-69-22-7
dtxcid3026938
unii-u26eo4675q
caffeine, citrated [nf]
u26eo4675q ,
FT-0623368
caffeine citrate [who-dd]
caffeine citrate [orange book]
1h-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione citrate
caffeine citrate [mart.]
caffeine citrate [ema epar]
caffeine citrate [usp impurity]
citrated caffeine [vandf]
SCHEMBL452067
NCGC00015208-19
tox21_110099_1
caffeinecitrated
caffeine citrated
AKOS030254796
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, mixt. with 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione; caffeine citrate; caffeine citrate (6ci); caffeine, citrate (1:1) (7ci,8ci); 1h-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-, mixt. contg. (9ci); ci
Q2974480
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid;1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione
1,3,7-trimethyl-1h-purine-2,6(3h,7h)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
caffeine-citric acid 1/1
1,3,7-trimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
EN300-12576315
2097117-68-3
caffeine citrate (usp impurity)
caffeina citrata
caffeine citrate (mart.)
caffeine citrate oral solution

Research Excerpts

Overview

Caffeine citrate is a commonly used methylxanthine for pharmacologic treatment of apnea of prematurity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Caffeine citrate is a commonly used methylxanthine for pharmacologic treatment of apnea of prematurity. "	( Population pharmacokinetic study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea. Di, X; Fan, J; Guo, A; Hu, X; Huang, L; Xie, H; Xue, J; Zhao, P; Zhu, Z, 2020)	2.28

Effects

Caffeine citrate has many advantages over theophylline, including once-a-day dosing, more predictable plasma concentrations, earlier onset of action, and minimal side effects.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Caffeine citrate has therapeutic effect on different brain diseases, while its role in SAE remains unclear."	( Caffeine Citrate Protects Against Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy and Inhibits the UCP2/NLRP3 Axis in Astrocytes. Chen, P; Cheng, Y; Hu, J; Huang, Z; Yang, L, 2022)	2.89
"Caffeine citrate has many advantages over theophylline, however, including once-a-day dosing, more predictable plasma concentrations, earlier onset of action, and minimal side effects."	( Theophylline or caffeine: which is best for apnea of prematurity? Gannon, BA, 2000)	1.03

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The caffeine citrate group had a lower median heart rate on day 3, fewer neonates with tachycardia and a smaller amount of gastric aspirate on day 7."	( Aminophylline versus caffeine citrate for apnea and bradycardia prophylaxis in premature neonates. Brendstrup, L; Flachs, H; Larsen, PB; Skov, L, 1995)	1.09

Treatment

Caffeine citrate is the treatment of choice for apnea of prematurity (AOP) The caffeine citrate treatment group had a significantly shorter time of oxygen use and NCPAP support.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Caffeine citrate is the treatment of choice for apnea of prematurity (AOP). "	( The Real-World Routine Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants: A European Postauthorization Safety Study. Carnielli, VP; Fabbri, L; Ferrari, F; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U; Lasagna, G; Lista, G; Papagaroufalis, K; Polackova, R; Saenz, P, 2016)	2.17
"The caffeine citrate treatment group had a significantly shorter time of oxygen use and NCPAP support than the aminophylline treatment group (P<0.01)."	( [Effect of caffeine citrate on early pulmonary function in preterm infants with apnea]. Huang, JH; Wen, XH; Wu, WY; Yu, M; Zhang, XZ; Zhu, R, 2016)	1.31

Toxicity

Higher maintenance dose of caffeine citrate has a better clinical effect than lower maintenance dose in the treatment of apnea in very low birth weight preterm infants. The use of this caffeinecitrate is safe for the management of AOP in a real-world setting.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Twenty-three adverse drug reactions were observed in 21 neonates (4."	( The Real-World Routine Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants: A European Postauthorization Safety Study. Carnielli, VP; Fabbri, L; Ferrari, F; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U; Lasagna, G; Lista, G; Papagaroufalis, K; Polackova, R; Saenz, P, 2016)	0.72
"The use of this caffeine citrate is safe for the management of AOP in a real-world setting."	( The Real-World Routine Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants: A European Postauthorization Safety Study. Carnielli, VP; Fabbri, L; Ferrari, F; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U; Lasagna, G; Lista, G; Papagaroufalis, K; Polackova, R; Saenz, P, 2016)	1.07
" There were no significant group differences in other adverse events including in-hospital death (P>0."	( Efficacy and Safety of Different Maintenance Doses of Caffeine Citrate for Treatment of Apnea in Premature Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, J; Chen, X; Jin, L, 2018)	0.73
" The two groups were compared in terms of response rate and incidence rate of adverse events."	( [Clinical effect and safety of different maintenance doses of caffeine citrate in treatment of apnea in very low birth weight preterm infants: a prospective randomized controlled trial]. Lyu, Y; Wang, LF; Yang, ZY; Zhang, HT; Zhang, X, 2019)	0.75
"Higher maintenance dose of caffeine citrate has a better clinical effect than lower maintenance dose of caffeine citrate in the treatment of apnea in very low birth weight preterm infants, without increasing the incidence rates of adverse drug reactions and serious complications in preterm infants."	( [Clinical effect and safety of different maintenance doses of caffeine citrate in treatment of apnea in very low birth weight preterm infants: a prospective randomized controlled trial]. Lyu, Y; Wang, LF; Yang, ZY; Zhang, HT; Zhang, X, 2019)	1.05

Pharmacokinetics

This is a complete PPK study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea. It complements caffeine pharmacokinetic data of the premature from China.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To determine population pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine in premature neonates."	( Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine in premature neonates. Delgado Iribarnegaray, MF; Dominguez-Gil, A; Falcão, AC; Fernández de Gatta, MM; García, MJ; Lanao, JM; Santos Buelga, D, 1997)	0.3
"In this study, which involved on average only two serum concentrations of caffeine per patient, the use of NONMEM gave us significant and consistent information about the pharmacokinetic profile of caffeine when compared with available bibliographic information."	( Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine in premature neonates. Delgado Iribarnegaray, MF; Dominguez-Gil, A; Falcão, AC; Fernández de Gatta, MM; García, MJ; Lanao, JM; Santos Buelga, D, 1997)	0.3
"01) in nested models for pharmacokinetic influence."	( Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Gray, PH; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Townsend, SR, 2008)	1.79
"This study sought to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships of caffeine citrate therapy in preterm neonates who had therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in the post-extubation period."	( Incorporating pharmacodynamic considerations into caffeine therapeutic drug monitoring in preterm neonates. Balch, AH; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Ward, RM; Yu, T, 2016)	0.66
" The relationships between pharmacodynamic effects (heart rate, respiratory rate, episodes of apnea, adverse events) and caffeine serum concentrations were explored."	( Incorporating pharmacodynamic considerations into caffeine therapeutic drug monitoring in preterm neonates. Balch, AH; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Ward, RM; Yu, T, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to develop and verify a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model, which can provide a reference for individualized caffeine citrate treatment of apnea in Chinese premature infants."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea. Di, X; Fan, J; Guo, A; Hu, X; Huang, L; Xie, H; Xue, J; Zhao, P; Zhu, Z, 2020)	1.03
" The weight at the time of blood collection (CW) and post-natal age were identified as important predictors for pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea. Di, X; Fan, J; Guo, A; Hu, X; Huang, L; Xie, H; Xue, J; Zhao, P; Zhu, Z, 2020)	0.83
"This is a complete PPK study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea, which complements caffeine pharmacokinetic data of the premature from China."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of caffeine citrate in Chinese premature infants with apnea. Di, X; Fan, J; Guo, A; Hu, X; Huang, L; Xie, H; Xue, J; Zhao, P; Zhu, Z, 2020)	1.12
"The plasma elimination half-life of caffeine in the newborn is approximately 100 h."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of caffeine in newborns. Aranda, JV; Beharry, KD, 2020)	0.56
"In this pharmacokinetic simulation study, we generated the body weights (0-49 days of postnatal age [PNA]) of neonates <28 weeks gestational age with different birth weights (550, 750, and 1050 g)."	( Caffeine dosing in premature neonates: impact of birth weight on a pharmacokinetic simulation study. Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; May, CB; Miller, JL, 2023)	0.91
"The half-life decreased and the weight-adjusted clearance increased more significantly in neonates with lower birth weights, resulting in lower caffeine plasma concentrations."	( Caffeine dosing in premature neonates: impact of birth weight on a pharmacokinetic simulation study. Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; May, CB; Miller, JL, 2023)	0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To explore the application effect of aminophylline combined with caffeine citrate and GMs in the evaluation of neurodevelopmental treatment and follow-up in high-risk preterm infants."	( Aminophylline in combination with caffeine citrate in neurodevelopmental treatment and follow-up of high-risk preterm infants using GMs assessment. Chen, W; Feng, X; Zheng, K, 2022)	1.24

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Caffeine is rapidly absorbed with complete bioavailability following oral dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of caffeine in newborns. Aranda, JV; Beharry, KD, 2020)	0.56

Dosage Studied

A randomized double-blind clinical trial of three dosing regimens of caffeine citrate (3, 15 and 30 mg/kg) for periextubation management of ventilated preterm infants was undertaken. Infants of gestational age <30 weeks were randomly allocated to receive maintenance caffeinecitrate dosing of either 5 or 20mg/kg/d.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The symptoms of acute poisoning after accidental administration of ten times the usually prescribed dosage of caffeine in a premature infant included the following neurological signs: incessant tremors, hypertonia, continuous opisthotonos posture, whining and crying and digestive disturbances."	( Treatment of caffeine intoxication by exchange transfusion in a newborn. Bonte, JB; Debruyne, D; Lacotte, J; Laloum, D; Moulin, M; Perrin, C, 1987)	0.27
" Volume of distribution and clearance increased with weight, supporting weight-adjusted dosing of caffeine citrate."	( Caffeine citrate for the treatment of apnea of prematurity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Erenberg, A; Haack, DG; Hicks, GM; Leff, RD; Mosdell, KW; Wynne, BA, 2000)	1.97
"The dosing regimen studied was suitable for our local Asian neonates as it resulted in therapeutic caffeine concentrations for adequate treatment of apnoea."	( Caffeine in apnoeic Asian neonates: a sparse data analysis. Chirino-Barcelo, Y; Khoo, YM; Lee, HS; Ong, D; Tan, KL, 2002)	0.31
"To compare the effectiveness of three dosing regimens of caffeine for preterm infants in the periextubation period."	( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI, )	0.13
"A randomized double-blind clinical trial of three dosing regimens of caffeine citrate (3, 15 and 30 mg/kg) for periextubation management of ventilated preterm infants was undertaken."	( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI, )	0.37
" No statistically significant difference was demonstrated in the incidence of extubation failure between dosing groups (19, 10, and 11 infants in the 3, 15, and 30 mg/kg groups, respectively), however, infants in the two higher dose groups had statistically significantly less documented apnoea than the lowest dose group."	( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI, )	0.13
" Further studies with larger numbers of infants assessing longer-term outcomes are necessary to determine the optimal dosing regimen of caffeine in preterm infants."	( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI, )	0.13
"To compare two dosing regimens for caffeine citrate in the periextubation period for neonates born at less than 30 weeks gestation in terms of successful extubation and adverse effects."	( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004)	1
"Two dosing regimens of caffeine citrate (20 v 5 mg/kg/day) for periextubation management."	( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004)	1.04
" A significant reduction in failure to extubate was shown for the 20 mg/kg/day dosing group (15."	( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004)	0.73
"This trial shows short term benefits for a 20 mg/kg/day dosing regimen of caffeine citrate for neonates born at less than 30 weeks gestation in the periextubation period, without evidence of harm in the first year of life."	( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004)	0.96
" Infants of gestational age <30 weeks were randomly allocated to receive maintenance caffeine citrate dosing of either 5 or 20 mg/kg/d."	( Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Gray, PH; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Townsend, SR, 2008)	2.01
"To compare two dosing regimens for caffeine citrate for neonates born less than 30 weeks gestation in terms of development, temperament and behaviour."	( Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Gray, PH; Steer, PA, 2011)	2.09
" A total of 287 infants with apnoea of prematurity or in the peri-extubation period were randomised to receive one of two dosage regimens (20 vs."	( Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Gray, PH; Steer, PA, 2011)	1.81
"Caffeine citrate with a dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg/day did not result in adverse outcomes for development, temperament and behaviour."	( Caffeine citrate for very preterm infants: Effects on development, temperament and behaviour. Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Gray, PH; Steer, PA, 2011)	3.25
" Although increase in seizure duration was achieved for the majority of the ECT sessions, no dose-response correlation could be made."	( Pretreatment With Caffeine Citrate to Increase Seizure Duration During Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Case Series. Biglow, M; Chandra, S; Pica, T; Pinkhasov, A, 2016)	0.77
"Developing a pediatric oral formulation with an age-appropriate dosage form and taste masking of naturally bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are key challenges for formulation scientists."	( Rat Palatability Study for Taste Assessment of Caffeine Citrate Formulation Prepared via Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology. Patil, H; Pimparade, MB; Polk, AN; Repka, MA; Tiwari, RV; Ye, X, 2017)	0.71
" Dosing regimen of 40/5 mg/kg q12h (loading dose/maintenance dose, time interval) led to similar endotracheal re-intubation rate but increased percentage of patients experiencing tachycardia compared to the standard regimen of 20/5 mg/kg q24h (44."	( Incorporating pharmacodynamic considerations into caffeine therapeutic drug monitoring in preterm neonates. Balch, AH; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Ward, RM; Yu, T, 2016)	0.43
"To identify dosing strategies that will assure stable caffeine concentrations in preterm neonates despite changing caffeine clearance during the first 8 weeks of life."	( Caffeine Citrate Dosing Adjustments to Assure Stable Caffeine Concentrations in Preterm Neonates. Datta, AN; Jost, K; Koch, G; Pfister, M; Schulzke, SM; van den Anker, J, 2017)	1.9
"A 3-step simulation approach was used to compute caffeine doses that would achieve stable caffeine concentrations in the first 8 weeks after birth: (1) a mathematical weight change model was developed based on published weight distribution data; (2) a pharmacokinetic model was developed based on published models that accounts for individual body weight, postnatal, and gestational age on caffeine clearance and volume of distribution; and (3) caffeine concentrations were simulated for different dosing regimens."	( Caffeine Citrate Dosing Adjustments to Assure Stable Caffeine Concentrations in Preterm Neonates. Datta, AN; Jost, K; Koch, G; Pfister, M; Schulzke, SM; van den Anker, J, 2017)	1.9
"A standard dosing regimen of caffeine citrate (using a 20 mg/kg loading dose and 5 mg/kg/day maintenance dose) is associated with a maximal trough caffeine concentration of 15 mg/L after 1 week of treatment."	( Caffeine Citrate Dosing Adjustments to Assure Stable Caffeine Concentrations in Preterm Neonates. Datta, AN; Jost, K; Koch, G; Pfister, M; Schulzke, SM; van den Anker, J, 2017)	2.19
" Further studies should focus on the timing and dosage of caffeine to optimize the prevention of AKI."	( Association Between Early Caffeine Citrate Administration and Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Preterm Neonates: Results From the AWAKEN Study. Askenazi, DJ; Boohaker, LJ; Carmody, JB; Charlton, JR; Griffin, RL; Guillet, R; Harer, MW; Selewski, DT; Swanson, JR, 2018)	0.78
"To characterize the dosing and safety of off-label caffeine citrate in a contemporary cohort of extremely premature infants."	( Dosing and Safety of Off-label Use of Caffeine Citrate in Premature Infants. Bendel-Stenzel, E; Chhabra, R; Harper, B; Ku, L; Laughon, M; Moya, F; Payne, EH; Puia-Dumitrescu, M; Smith, PB; Soriano, A; Wade, KC; Zhao, J, 2019)	1.04
" We raised the question of the appropriate caffeine dosing regimen for BRA in this postterm population."	( Caffeine treatment for bronchiolitis-related apnea in the pediatric intensive care unit. Brossier, D; Denis, M; Faucon, C; Goyer, I; Heuzé, N; Jokic, M; Porcheret, F, 2020)	0.56
" We review the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of standard caffeine dosing and alternative dosing approaches, including the use of high dose caffeine and routine dose adjustments for age."	( Caffeine for preterm infants: Fixed standard dose, adjustments for age or high dose? Patel, RM; Saroha, V, 2020)	0.56
"The Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial showed that caffeine was safe when used with standard dosing and provided both pulmonary and neurological benefits to preterm infants."	( National and international guidelines for neonatal caffeine use: Are they evidenced-based? Eichenwald, EC, 2020)	0.56
"The optimal caffeine dosing in extremely premature neonates remains elusive."	( Caffeine dosing in premature neonates: impact of birth weight on a pharmacokinetic simulation study. Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; May, CB; Miller, JL, 2023)	0.91
"Higher-than-standard caffeine dosing may be needed for extremely premature neonates, especially for those with lower birth weights."	( Caffeine dosing in premature neonates: impact of birth weight on a pharmacokinetic simulation study. Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; May, CB; Miller, JL, 2023)	0.91
"Extremely premature neonates with a lower birth weight may require a higher weight-based caffeine dosing due to their higher weight-adjusted clearance and shorter half-lives."	( Caffeine dosing in premature neonates: impact of birth weight on a pharmacokinetic simulation study. Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; May, CB; Miller, JL, 2023)	0.91
" Though widely recognized dosage regimes have been used for decades, higher doses have been suggested to further improve neonatal outcomes."	( Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity. Brattström, P; Bruschettini, M; Davis, PG; Onland, W; Russo, C; Soll, R, 2023)	0.91
" Recently completed and future trials should report long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of children exposed to different caffeine dosing strategies in the neonatal period."	( Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity. Brattström, P; Bruschettini, M; Davis, PG; Onland, W; Russo, C; Soll, R, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.2066	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259253
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0952	0.0578	21.1097	61.2679	AID1159526
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (38)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508628	Confirmatory qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508629	Cell Viability qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508627	Counterscreen qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: GLuc-NoTag assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1594571	Inhibition of AChE in erythrocytes (unknown origin) pre-incubated for 20 mins before acetylthiocholine substrate addition and measured over 30 mins by DTNB dye based spectrophotometry	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 29, Issue:11	Cu-mediated synthesis of differentially substituted diazepines as AChE inhibitors; validation through molecular docking and Lipinski's filter to develop novel anti-neurodegenerative drugs.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	14 (10.37)	18.7374
1990's	12 (8.89)	18.2507
2000's	21 (15.56)	29.6817
2010's	49 (36.30)	24.3611
2020's	39 (28.89)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	27 (19.57%)	5.53%
Reviews	19 (13.77%)	6.00%
Case Studies	3 (2.17%)	4.05%
Observational	8 (5.80%)	0.25%
Other	81 (58.70%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (35)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Caffeine and Neurologic Recovery Following Surgery and General Anesthesia [NCT03577730]	Early Phase 1	71 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-10	Completed
Treatment With Caffeine of Very Preterm Infant in the Delivery Room: the CAFROOM Feasibility Study [NCT04044976]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Completed
Direct Effect of Caffeine on Diaphragmatic Muscles [NCT04483492]		56 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-03-01	Recruiting
Effect of Caffeine on Time to Anesthetic Emergence After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy : Randomized-controlled Trial [NCT05079880]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-15	Recruiting
Changes in Diaphragmatic Activity Before and After Caffeine Citrate Administration and Discontinuation [NCT05393817]		14 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-06-08	Completed
Does Caffeine Enhance Bowel Recovery After Colorectal Surgery? [NCT03097900]	Phase 2	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-02	Completed
CaffeinICU Study - A Randomized Controlled Multi-centre Pilot Study, on the Efficacy of Oral Caffeine, in Reducing the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adult Patients [NCT05232734]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-24	Recruiting
Phase I Clinical Trial Investigating the Effects of Caffeine Citrate on Serum Vascular Adhesion Protein -1 (VAP-1) Levels in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT02098785]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Local resource issue - never actually started post ethics approval.)
High Versus Low Dose of Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity: A Double Blind Randomized Control Trial [NCT02103777]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Completed
Effect of Feedings on Caffeine Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism in Premature Infants [NCT02293824]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-12-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants With Respiratory Distress Syndrome Undergoing Caffeine Therapy [NCT06097767]	Early Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-19	Active, not recruiting
A Phase 1, Open-label, Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Investigate the Effect of Rocatinlimab (AMG 451) on the Pharmacokinetics of Multiple CYP450 Substrates in Patients With Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis [NCT05891119]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-03	Recruiting
The Effect of Caffeine on the Narcoleptic Patients Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02832336]	Phase 1/Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-01	Completed
Effect of Caffeine for Apnoea Treatment on Heart Rate Variability in Newborns [NCT04869176]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-17	Completed
Target Weaning Oxygen to Determine Duration of Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity: a Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04868565]	Phase 4	310 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-01	Completed
Long-Term Effects On Sleep Of Methylxanthine Therapy For Apnea Of Prematurity [NCT01020357]	Phase 3	201 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Effect of Early Use of Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Neonates Needing Respiratory Support. [NCT04001712]	Phase 3	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-05	Completed
Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity [NCT02677584]		180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
A Phase III Clinical Study of NPC-11 in the Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity. - Investigation of Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine Citrate - [NCT01408173]	Phase 3	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Caffeine in Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy [NCT03913221]	Phase 1	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-12	Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Methylxanthines in Very Low Birthweight Infants [NCT00182312]	Phase 3	2,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	1999-10-31	Completed
Caffeine for Late Preterm Infants: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06026163]	Phase 2/Phase 3	134 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants Following Administration of High-Dose Caffeine - A Pilot Study [NCT00809055]	Phase 4	74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
The Caffeine, Postoperative Delirium, and Change in Outcomes After Surgery (CAPACHINOS-2) Study [NCT05574400]	Phase 2	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-20	Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Safety of Caffeine in Neonates With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia [NCT05295784]	Phase 1	18 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Pilot Study of Effects of Caffeine on Intermittent Hypoxia in Infants Born Preterm [NCT01875159]	Phase 3	98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
High Versus Low Dose Caffeine as Respiratory Stimulant in Preterm Infants [NCT04144712]	Phase 1	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial of Home Therapy With Caffeine Citrate in Moderately Preterm Infants With Apnea of Prematurity [NCT03340727]	Phase 3	800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-27	Active, not recruiting
Caffeine Citrate for the Treatment of Apnea Associated With Bronchiolitis in Young Infants: A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Trial (RCT) [NCT01435486]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Early Versus Routine Caffeine Administration in Extremely Preterm Neonates [NCT01783561]	Phase 4	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Synergistic Pharmacologic Intervention for Prevention of ROP (SPIPROP STUDY) [NCT02344225]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-01	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Early Caffeine in Preterm Neonates [NCT03086473]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Active, not recruiting
Use of Caffeine to Reduce Length of Mechanical Ventilation in Preterm Infants [NCT01751724]		87 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to Safety)
Management of Apnea in Late Preterm and Term Infants [NCT02408328]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Transition to new position)
A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine if Caffeine Citrate Accelerates Emergence From Anesthesia [NCT02567968]	Phase 4	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Cerebellar Hemorrhage
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Bayley Scales of Infant Development Cognitive Score at 2 Years of Age
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Evaluation of EEG Seizure Burden
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Infant Neurobehavioral Scoring by Dubowitz Scale Prior to Discharge
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Length of Time Requiring Invasive Respiratory Support
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Mortality Rates
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Rates of Chronic Lung Disease
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Rates of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	Rates of Retinopathy of Prematurity
NCT00809055 (10) [back to overview]	White Matter Microstructural Maturation
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Infants With Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Infants With Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Infants With Septicemia
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Infants With Pulmonary Hemorrhage
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Age at First Successful Extubation
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Survival
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Survival Without BPD
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Total Duration of Mechanical Ventilation
NCT01751724 (11) [back to overview]	Total Duration of Oxygen Supplementation
NCT01783561 (3) [back to overview]	Subjects Requiring Inotropes in the First 24 Hours
NCT01783561 (3) [back to overview]	Systemic Blood Flow
NCT01783561 (3) [back to overview]	Intubation
NCT01875159 (2) [back to overview]	Episodes of Intermittent Hypoxia Per Hour
NCT01875159 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Seconds of Intermittent Hypoxia Per Hour
NCT02344225 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability
NCT02344225 (2) [back to overview]	Length of Hospital Stay
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Cognitive Test1 - Visual Analog Scale --- Feel Bad
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Waking Time - Re-establishment of the Gag Reflex.
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Bispectral Index
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Cognitive Test1 - Visual Analog Scale --- Feel Good
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Cognitive Test2 - Sternberg Test of Memory
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Cognitive Test3 - Divided Attention Task
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Heart Rate
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
NCT02567968 (9) [back to overview]	Minute Ventilation
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ)
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Positive Affect as Assessed by PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Percentage of Delirious Patients Per Group
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Anxiety as Assessed by the Hospitalized Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A)
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Acute Pain (Observer-reported) as Assessed by Behavioral Pain Scale
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Negative Affect as Assessed by PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Cumulative Opioid Consumption: Postoperative Opioid Consumption, Oral Morphine Equivalents (mg)
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Cognitive Function as Assessed by Trail Making Test
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Acute Pain (Patient-reported) as Assessed by Visual Analogue Scale
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Depression as Assessed by the Hospitalized Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D)
NCT03577730 (11) [back to overview]	Time Until Anesthetic Emergence

Cerebellar Hemorrhage

(NCT00809055)
Timeframe: Participants were followed for the duration of hospital stay, an average of 12 weeks

Intervention	participants (Number)
High Dose Caffeine	10
Standard Dose Caffeine	3

Intervention	Events per hour (Mean)
	Week 35	Week 36	Week 37	Week 38
Active Comparator: no Caffeine	8.4	8.2	5.2	4.7
Caffeine	3.6	3.8	4.3	4.2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Caffeine+Saline IV+Saline Drops	0
Caffeine+Ibp IV+Saline Drops	0
Caffeine+Saline+Ketorolac Drops	1

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	15 minutes post-anesthesia	30 minutes post-anesthesia	45 minutes post-anesthesia	60 minutes post-anesthesia	75 minutes post-anesthesia	90 minutes post-anesthesia	105 minutes post-anesthesia	120 minutes post-anesthesia
Caffeine	27.4	11.6	11.8	10.0	8.5	6.4	3.9	4.3
Placebo	6.0	17.9	13.0	9.8	6.0	7.0	6.6	4.3

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	0 minutes post-anesthesia	2 min post-anesthesia	4 min post-anesthesia	6 minutes post-anesthesia	8 minutes post-anesthesia	10 minutes post-anesthesia	12 minutes post-anesthesia	14 minutes post-anesthesia	16 minutes post-anesthesia
Caffeine	36.3	43.1	55.5	58.1	69.1	71.3	76.5	82.4	84.1
Placebo	34.1	41.4	48.5	55.0	60.3	62.5	62.9	62.6	69.1

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
	Pre-anesthesia	5 minutes after anesthesia	30 minutes after anesthesia	60 minutes after anesthesia
Caffeine	75	66	75	67
Placebo	79	71	79	67

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.11	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
theophylline [no description available]	11.81	8	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.03	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
caffeine [no description available]	18.16	133	33	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	6.92	1	0	primary amine
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.98	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	4.88	2	1	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.56	1	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	7.13	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.11	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	1.94	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.11	1	0	lactose
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	6.36	6	2	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
streptomycin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.98	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination: RN given refers to an equal mixture of caffeine and benzoate; Merck, 9th ed, #1628 reference for caffeine sodium benzoate	1.97	1	0
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.03	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	2.25	1	0
5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil: metabolite of caffeine	1.97	1	0	formamidopyrimidine	mouse metabolite
quinine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	7.11	1	0
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.13	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.11	1	0	glycoside
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.11	1	0	glycoside
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.64	1	1
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.05	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.21	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	1.94	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.13	1	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.11	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	5.23	6	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.92	5	2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	0	6.92	5	2
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	15.94	19	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	7.78	3	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	17.88	86	46
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	8.93	10	6
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	7.02	7	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	7.02	7	2
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	7.49	5	2
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	4.65	3	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1	20.34	97	51
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	15.71	40	36
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	15.71	40	36
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	5.38	4	1
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	1	7.38	4	1
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	0	4.88	2	1
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	14.91	41	40
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	14.91	41	40
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	3.17	1	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	0	2.9	3	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	0	2.9	3	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	3.83	3	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	3.83	3	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	0	7.58	4	4
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	7.58	4	4
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	5.04	4	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	5.04	4	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	8.73	3	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	3.73	3	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	2.21	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.21	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.21	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.15	7	2
Harelip [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Alobar Holoprosencephaly [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	12.15	7	2
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	0	2.08	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	2.08	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	2.08	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.1	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	2.13	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	4.41	1	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	4.41	1	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.11	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	13.68	37	36
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2.13	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1	15.68	37	36
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	2.97	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	1.92	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	0	4.08	3	1
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	2.4	2	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	2.03	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.03	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Panic Attacks [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	0	3.43	1	1
Aura [description not available]	0	13.65	36	36
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	13.65	36	36
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	0	1.96	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	2	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	1.97	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	3.36	1	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	4.27	1	1
Glossoptosis, Micrognathia, and Cleft Palate [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	1.97	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	1.96	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	1.96	1	0

caffeine citrate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (50)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (2)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (38)

Research

Studies (135)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.90

Study Types

Clinical Trials (35)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Cerebellar Hemorrhage

Bayley Scales of Infant Development Cognitive Score at 2 Years of Age

Evaluation of EEG Seizure Burden

Infant Neurobehavioral Scoring by Dubowitz Scale Prior to Discharge

Length of Time Requiring Invasive Respiratory Support

Mortality Rates

Rates of Chronic Lung Disease

Rates of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Rates of Retinopathy of Prematurity

White Matter Microstructural Maturation

Number of Infants With Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity

Number of Infants With Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Number of Infants With Septicemia

Number of Infants With Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Number of Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Number of Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

Age at First Successful Extubation

Survival

Survival Without BPD

Total Duration of Mechanical Ventilation

Total Duration of Oxygen Supplementation

Subjects Requiring Inotropes in the First 24 Hours

Systemic Blood Flow

Intubation

Episodes of Intermittent Hypoxia Per Hour

Number of Seconds of Intermittent Hypoxia Per Hour

Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

Length of Hospital Stay

Cognitive Test1 - Visual Analog Scale --- Feel Bad

Waking Time - Re-establishment of the Gag Reflex.

Bispectral Index

Cognitive Test1 - Visual Analog Scale --- Feel Good

Cognitive Test2 - Sternberg Test of Memory

Cognitive Test3 - Divided Attention Task

Heart Rate

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

Minute Ventilation

Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ)

Positive Affect as Assessed by PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)

Percentage of Delirious Patients Per Group

Number of Participants With Anxiety as Assessed by the Hospitalized Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A)

Acute Pain (Observer-reported) as Assessed by Behavioral Pain Scale

Negative Affect as Assessed by PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)

Cumulative Opioid Consumption: Postoperative Opioid Consumption, Oral Morphine Equivalents (mg)

Cognitive Function as Assessed by Trail Making Test

Acute Pain (Patient-reported) as Assessed by Visual Analogue Scale

Number of Participants With Depression as Assessed by the Hospitalized Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D)

Time Until Anesthetic Emergence

Related Drugs (35)

Related Conditions (90)