ascorbic-acid and salicylaldehyde-isonicotinoyl-hydrazone

The interaction of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) and salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), two important biologically active chelators, with iron has been investigated by spectrophotometric methods. High iron(III) affinity constants were determined for PIH, logβ

Topics: Aldehydes; Ascorbic Acid; Edetic Acid; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Ferric Compounds; Ferrous Compounds; Hydrazones; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron Chelating Agents; Isoniazid; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Pyridoxal

Salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) is a lipophilic, orally-active tridentate iron chelator providing both effective protection against various types of oxidative stress-induced cellular injury and anticancer action. However, the major limitation of SIH is represented by its labile hydrazone bond that makes it prone to plasma hydrolysis. Recently, nine new SIH analogues derived from aromatic ketones with improved hydrolytic stability were developed. Here we analyzed their antiproliferative potential in MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma and HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell lines. Seven of the tested substances showed greater selectivity than the parent agent SIH towards the latter cancer cell lines compared to non-cancerous H9c2 cardiomyoblast-derived cells. The tested chelators induced a dose-dependent dissipation of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential, an induction of apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V positivity or significant increases of activities of caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9 and cell cycle arrest. With the exception of nitro group-bearing NHAPI, the studies of iron complexes of the chelators confirmed the crucial role of iron in the mechanism of their antiproliferative action. Finally, all the assayed chelators inhibited the oxidation of ascorbate by iron ions indicating lack of redox activity of the chelator-iron complexes. In conclusion, this study identified several important design criteria for improvement of the antiproliferative selectivity of the aroylhydrazone iron chelators. Several of the novel compounds--in particular the ethylketone-derived HPPI, NHAPI and acetyl-substituted A2,4DHAPI--merit deeper investigation as promising potent and selective anticancer agents.

Topics: Aldehydes; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Ascorbic Acid; Caspases; Cell Cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Deferoxamine; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Hydrazones; Iron Chelating Agents; Ketones; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Oxidation-Reduction

Elevated catecholamine levels are known to induce damage of the cardiac tissue. This catecholamine cardiotoxicity may stem from their ability to undergo oxidative conversion to aminochromes and concomitant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cardiomyocytes via the iron-catalyzed Fenton-type reaction. This suggests the possibility of cardioprotection by iron chelation. Our in vitro experiments have demonstrated a spontaneous decrease in the concentration of the catecholamines epinephrine and isoprenaline during their 24-h preincubation in buffered solution as well as their gradual conversion to oxidation products. These changes were significantly augmented by addition of iron ions and reduced by the iron-chelating agent salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH). Oxidized catecholamines were shown to form complexes with iron that had significant redox activity, which could be suppressed by SIH. Experiments using the H9c2 cardiomyoblast cell line revealed higher cytotoxicity of oxidized catecholamines than of the parent compounds, apparently through the induction of caspase-independent cell death, whereas co-incubation of cells with SIH was able to significantly preserve cell viability. A significant increase in intracellular ROS formation was observed after the incubation of cells with catecholamine oxidation products; this could be significantly reduced by SIH. In contrast, parent catecholamines did not increase, but rather decreased, cellular ROS production. Hence, our results demonstrate an important role for redox-active iron in catecholamine autoxidation and subsequent toxicity. The iron chelator SIH has shown considerable potential to protect cardiac cells by both inhibition of deleterious catecholamine oxidation to reactive intermediates and prevention of ROS-mediated cardiotoxicity.

Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Binding, Competitive; Caspases; Catecholamines; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Coordination Complexes; Cytoprotection; Enzyme Assays; Hydrazones; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Myoblasts, Cardiac; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species