glycidamide profile

Glycidamide is an epoxide derivative of acrylamide, a compound found in various processed foods and industrial products. It is formed by the reaction of acrylamide with an oxidizing agent. Glycidamide has been identified as a potential human carcinogen, particularly associated with increased risks of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers. Its mutagenic potential and ability to form DNA adducts have also been established. Studies on glycidamide focus on its potential health effects, including carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, as well as its formation mechanisms and occurrence in various food products. Understanding the mechanisms of glycidamide formation and its potential risks for human health is crucial for developing strategies to minimize exposure and mitigate the associated health hazards.'

glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	91550
CHEMBL ID	3560005
MeSH ID	M0194910

Synonym
brn 1280744
oxiranecarboxamide
ccris 2677
glycidic acid amide
LS-1386 ,
einecs 227-163-2
5694-00-8
oxirane-2-carboxamide
glycidamide
2,3-epoxypropanamide
2-oxiranecarboxamide
AKOS000175961
FT-0669029
hsdb 7804
unii-6g5elx5xyn
5-18-06-00003 (beilstein handbook reference)
6g5elx5xyn ,
FT-0624332
glycamide-
(+/-)-oxiranecarboxamide
glycidamide [hsdb]
FMAZQSYXRGRESX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
AKOS016843442
dtxsid2031374 ,
cas-5694-00-8
dtxcid0011374
NCGC00357136-01
tox21_303874
CHEMBL3560005
glycidamide, analytical standard
Q1532444
hsdb-7804
ls1386
hsdb7804

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycidamide (GA) is an important epoxide metabolite of ACR, and its cytotoxicity is stronger than ACR."	( Dynamic assessment of the relationship between oxidative stress and apoptotic pathway in embryonic fibroblast cells exposed to glycidamide: possible protective role of hesperidin. Aydin, Y; Orta Yilmaz, B, 2023)	1.84
"Glycidamide (GA) is a mutagenic epoxide metabolite of acrylamide (AM), a high production chemical with many industrial uses. "	( Characterization of the adducts formed in the reactions of glycidamide with thymidine and cytidine. Backman, J; Kronberg, L; Sjöholm, R, 2004)	2.01
"Glycidamide (GA) is an epoxide metabolite of acrylamide (AA). "	( [A study on neurotoxicity of acrylamide and glycidamide]. Deng, H; He, F; Jiao, X, 1997)	2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycidamide has a close relationship to the toxic mechanism of acrylamide."	( Protective effect of allicin against glycidamide-induced toxicity in male and female mice. Chen, DY; Liu, HY; Wang, ET; Yan, HY; Yuan, Y, 2015)	1.41
"Glycidamide has a close relationship to the toxic mechanism of acrylamide."	( Protective effect of allicin against glycidamide-induced toxicity in male and female mice. Chen, DY; Liu, HY; Wang, ET; Yan, HY; Yuan, Y, 2015)	1.41

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycidamide treatment dose-dependently increased the frequency of cII mutations relative to control treatment (P<.001)."	( Genotoxicity of acrylamide and glycidamide. Besaratinia, A; Pfeifer, GP, 2004)	1.33

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The principal toxic effect of acrylamide, both in animals and in humans, is neurotoxicity."	( Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of glycidamide, an epoxide metabolite of acrylamide: behavioral, neurochemical and morphological studies. Bergmark, E; Calleman, CJ; Costa, LG; Deng, H, 1995)	0.57
" Results showed that toxic effects of AA were greater than those of GA in wheel rotation test, hind limb splay test, and activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in peripheral nerves in rats."	( [A study on neurotoxicity of acrylamide and glycidamide]. Deng, H; He, F; Jiao, X, 1997)	0.56
" The data suggest that CYP2E1 played a major role in metabolizing AA to more toxic GA."	( Metabolism of acrylamide to glycidamide and their cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes: protective effects of GSH precursors. Kurebayashi, H; Ohno, Y, 2006)	0.63
" Glycidamide has a close relationship to the toxic mechanism of acrylamide."	( Protective effect of allicin against glycidamide-induced toxicity in male and female mice. Chen, DY; Liu, HY; Wang, ET; Yan, HY; Yuan, Y, 2015)	1.6

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In an effort to improve risk-based decisions for acrylamide (AMD) and its epoxide metabolite, glycidamide (GLY), a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for describing AMD and GLY kinetics in the rat."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. Andersen, ME; Deskin, R; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Tonner-Navarro, L, 2003)	0.76
"A pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed for acrylamide (AMD) and its oxidative metabolite, glycidamide (GLY), in the rat based on available information."	( Kinetic and mechanistic data needs for a human phsiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for acrylamide: pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide. Andersen, ME; Olin, SS; Scimeca, J, 2005)	0.54
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for acrylamide (AA) and three of its metabolites: glycidamide (GA) and the glutathione conjugates of acrylamide (AA-GS) and glycidamide (GA-GS)."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for acrylamide and its metabolites in mice, rats, and humans. Doerge, DR; Luecke, RH; Young, JF, 2007)	0.55
" The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of AA and GA following intravenous and oral administration of AA in rats."	( Determination of acrylamide and glycidamide in various biological matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Choi, JH; Jeong, SW; Joo, SH; Kim, KB; Kim, TH; Seo, WS; Shin, BS; Shin, JC; Shin, S; Weon, KY, 2015)	0.7

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" While oral administration was found to attenuate AA bioavailability to 23% from the diet and to 32-52% from aqueous gavage, a first-pass effect or other kinetic change resulted in higher relative internal exposure to GA when compared to the intravenous route."	( Toxicokinetics of acrylamide and glycidamide in B6C3F1 mice. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2005)	0.61
" AA bioavailability after aqueous gavage was 60--98% and from the diet was 32--44%; however, first-pass metabolism or other kinetic change resulted in much higher internal exposures to GA (2- to 7-fold) when compared to the intravenous route."	( Toxicokinetics of acrylamide and glycidamide in Fischer 344 rats. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2005)	0.61
" Our previous toxicokinetic investigations of AA and its important genotoxic metabolite, glycidamide (GA), in rodents showed that AA is highly bioavailable from oral routes of administration, is widely distributed to tissues and that the dietary route, in particular, favors metabolism to GA."	( Relationships between biomarkers of exposure and toxicokinetics in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice administered single doses of acrylamide and glycidamide and multiple doses of acrylamide. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Tareke, E; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2006)	0.76
" We studied whether the food matrix modulates bioavailability and/or biotransformation and investigated kinetics and biological effectiveness of AA in rats."	( Biological effects of acrylamide after daily ingestion of various foods in comparison to water: a study in rats. Baum, M; Berger, FI; Bertow, D; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Fricker, G; Gerhardt, N; Merz, KH; Richling, E, 2011)	0.37
" Altogether, no significant differences in bioavailability of AA from water and the different food matrices were observed."	( Biological effects of acrylamide after daily ingestion of various foods in comparison to water: a study in rats. Baum, M; Berger, FI; Bertow, D; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Fricker, G; Gerhardt, N; Merz, KH; Richling, E, 2011)	0.37

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Dosing of AMD via the intravenous, intraperitoneal, or oral route of exposure is incorporated into the model structure."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. Andersen, ME; Deskin, R; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Tonner-Navarro, L, 2003)	0.55
" In the rat no positive dose-response relationship was obtained, probably due to toxic effects to the bone marrow."	( Induction of micronuclei in mouse and rat by glycidamide, genotoxic metabolite of acrylamide. Golding, B; Granath, F; Grawé, J; Henderson, A; Kotova, N; Paulsson, B; Törnqvist, M, 2003)	0.58
" Adduct levels were modestly higher in adult mice dosed with GA as opposed to AA; however, treatment of neonatal mice with GA produced 5-7-fold higher whole body DNA adduct levels than with AA, presumably reflective of lower oxidative enzyme activity in newborn mice."	( DNA adduct formation from acrylamide via conversion to glycidamide in adult and neonatal mice. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Hamilton, LP; Marques, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2003)	0.57
" Dosing mice and rats with AA (50 mg/kg) led to presence of glycidamide (GA) in serum and tissues."	( DNA adducts derived from administration of acrylamide and glycidamide to mice and rats. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2005)	0.81
" Furthermore, our results might indicate that the dose-response curve for acrylamide is not linear."	( Determination of haemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide in smoking and non-smoking persons of the general population. Angerer, J; Drexler, H; Kütting, B; Letzel, S; Rossbach, B; Schettgen, T, 2004)	0.57
" Urine samples before dosing and within 46 h after the dose were analysed for d(3)-AAMA and d(3)-GAMA by LC-ESI-MS/MS."	( Excretion of mercapturic acids of acrylamide and glycidamide in human urine after single oral administration of deuterium-labelled acrylamide. Angerer, J; Boettcher, MI; Bolt, HM; Drexler, H, 2006)	0.59
" The goal was to investigate possible relationships between these circulating biomarkers of exposure and serum toxicokinetic parameters for AA and GA and tissue GA-DNA adducts in rodents from both single and repeated dosing with AA."	( Relationships between biomarkers of exposure and toxicokinetics in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice administered single doses of acrylamide and glycidamide and multiple doses of acrylamide. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Tareke, E; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2006)	0.53
" A linear dose-response relationship was observed between the GA concentration and the levels of N7-GA-Gua."	( Cytogenetic damage induced by acrylamide and glycidamide in mammalian cells: correlation with specific glycidamide-DNA adducts. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Gaspar, JF; Marques, MM; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2007)	0.6
" This study evaluated the low-dose MN response in mouse bone marrow and the shape of the dose-response curve."	( Investigation of the low-dose response in the in vivo induction of micronuclei and adducts by acrylamide. Fennell, TR; Friedman, M; Haseman, JK; Recio, L; Snyder, RW; Zeiger, E, 2009)	0.35
" Based on modes of action (MoA), a nonlinear dose-response approach was applied for neurotoxicity (non-genotoxicity) and carcinogenicity (mixed: genotoxicity and epigenetic MoA)."	( Estimation of safe dietary intake levels of acrylamide for humans. Carson, ML; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Sweeney, LM; Tardiff, RG, 2010)	0.36
" In all rats, serum AA and GA levels exhibited a dose-response relationship."	( Preweaning behaviors, developmental landmarks, and acrylamide and glycidamide levels after pre- and postnatal acrylamide treatment in rats. Doerge, DR; Ferguson, SA; Garey, J; Paule, MG; Smith, ME; Twaddle, NC, )	0.37
" We performed a dose-response study with AA in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( N7-glycidamide-guanine DNA adduct formation by orally ingested acrylamide in rats: a dose-response study encompassing human diet-related exposure levels. Baum, M; Berger, F; Böhm, N; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Lampen, A; Merz, KH; Reemtsma, T; Richling, E; Scherbl, D; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR; Watzek, N, 2012)	1
" Moreover, even at low GA levels, N7-GA-Gua adducts were generated in a linear dose-response manner in MCF10A cells."	( Mechanistic insights into the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by glycidamide in human mammary cells. Bandarra, S; Batinic-Haberle, I; Beland, FA; Castro, M; Churchwell, MI; Fernandes, AS; Gaspar, JF; Gil, OM; Gonçalves, S; Guerreiro, PS; Magro, I; Marques, MM; Miranda, JP; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2013)	0.62
"83, respectively); however, no linear dose-response trends were observed."	( Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adducts and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study in Nonsmoking Postmenopausal Women from the EPIC Cohort. Ardanaz, E; Baglietto, L; Boeing, H; Boutron-Ruault, MC; Bueno-de-Mesquita, HB; Castaño, JM; Chamosa, S; Duell, EJ; Ferrari, P; Fortner, RT; Freisling, H; Gunter, MJ; Idahl, A; Khaw, KT; Klinaki, E; Lujan-Barroso, L; Lundin, E; Mattiello, A; Menéndez, V; Merritt, MA; Obón-Santacana, M; Onland-Moret, NC; Ose, J; Papatesta, EM; Peeters, PH; Riboli, E; Sacerdote, C; Saieva, C; Sánchez-Cantalejo, E; Severi, G; Tagliabue, G; Travis, RC; Trichopoulou, A; Tumino, R; Vesper, HW; Wareham, N; Weiderpass, E, 2016)	0.79

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Acrylamide biotransformation and exposure biomarkers	0	4

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	24.3365	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259381
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (0.52)	18.7374
1990's	14 (7.25)	18.2507
2000's	76 (39.38)	29.6817
2010's	77 (39.90)	24.3611
2020's	25 (12.95)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	9 (4.57%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	188 (95.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.01	1	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.94	4	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytosine [no description available]	2.02	1	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.02	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2	1
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.76	3	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.44	2	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.17	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	2.25	1	propan-3-olide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.04	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.02	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.05	1	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.02	1	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
urethane [no description available]	2.25	1	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
thymidine [no description available]	7.42	2	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.03	1	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.02	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	3.17	1	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.02	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	7.02	1	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytarabine [no description available]	2.02	1	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	4.09	2	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.52	8	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.34	6	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	7.52	2	epoxide
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.06	1	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
propionamide [no description available]	2.41	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	9.41	164	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
styrene oxide styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.25	1	epoxide	human xenobiotic metabolite
acrolein [no description available]	2.13	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
acrylonitrile [no description available]	7.41	2	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.13	1	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	1.98	1
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.04	1	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.41	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.6	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.15	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	2.13	1	epoxide; primary alcohol
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	7.03	1	organic sulfide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	5.51	20	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
n-methylolacrylamide N-methylolacrylamide: bifunctional monomer possessing both vinyl & hydroxymethyl groups; used in adhesives, binders, surface coatings & resins; toxicity equals that of acrylamide	2.01	1	secondary carboxamide
3,4-epoxy-1-butene 3,4-epoxy-1-butene: RN given refers to monomer	2.17	1
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	7.03	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-cyanoethylene oxide 2-cyanoethylene oxide: acrylonitrile metabolite; structure in first source	2.25	1
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.11	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
chloroethylene oxide chloroethylene oxide: postulated metabolite of vinyl chloride; structure	2.25	1	organochlorine compound
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.45	2	dihydrogen
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.02	1	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro, one tert-butyl and two methyl groups. tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.06	1	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.11	1
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.03	1	epoxide	intercalator
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.03	1	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.17	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
allicin [no description available]	7.11	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2	1	1,2,3-triazole
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	7.04	1	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.03	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
vinyl carbamate epoxide vinyl carbamate epoxide: structure given in first source	2.25	1
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313): from Bacillus stearothermophilus	1.99	1
3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone: structure given in first source	2.04	1
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.25	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.25	1	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	2.25	1
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.74	3	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
n-methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group.	2.06	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide	chromatographic reagent
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.08	1
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.04	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.41	1	but-2-enedial
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.13	5	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.17	1
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.03	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.99	4
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	7.03	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	3.56	8	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.11	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.41	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.41	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.8	3
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.41	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.55	2
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.41	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.55	2
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.41	1
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	2.41	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.61	2
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.41	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	7.41	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.76	2
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.52	8
Breast Cancer [description not available]	7.79	3
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.79	3
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.6	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.6	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	4.55	8
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	2.6	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	4.55	8
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.48	2
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	7.31	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.8	3
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.15	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.15	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.15	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.15	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.15	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.15	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.51	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.51	2
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.08	1
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.08	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.79	3
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.08	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.79	3
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.97	4
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.11	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.42	7
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.11	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.11	1
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.8	3
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.8	3
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.11	1
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.13	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.13	1
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.13	1
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.13	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.72	3
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.41	7
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.62	3
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	3.42	7
Adenoma, Hepatocellular [description not available]	2.07	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.48	2
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.02	1
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.02	1
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	2.03	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.03	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.03	1
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.04	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	7.04	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	6.98	1
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	1.99	1

glycidamide

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