ascorbic-acid and retinol-acetate

Topical bioavailability of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins is a critical issue for protecting or anti-ageing formulations. Using 17-day-old SkinEthic(®) reconstructed human epidermis, we investigated (at 34°C) the role of lemon EO in enhancing the penetration of α-tocopherol (E) and retinyl acetate (A), pyridoxine (B(6)) and ascorbic acid (C), released from O/W or W/O emulsions. D-limonene, α-pinene and p-cymene (65.9, 2.2 and 0.5%w/w of the oil) had skin permeability coefficients Ps (10(-3) cm h(-1)) of 0.56 ± 0.03 (or 0.73 ± 0.02), 0.72 ± 0.05 (or 0.98 ± 0.05) and 0.84 ± 0.04 (or 1.14 ± 0.04), respectively, when incorporated in a W/O (or O/W) emulsion. Vitamins B6, C and A had Ps values of (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10(-3), (7.9 ± 0.6) × 10(-3) and (0.37 ± 0.02) × 10(-5) cm h(-1), respectively, and their flux through the skin was enhanced by a factor of 4.1, 3.4 and 5.8, respectively, in the presence of lemon EO. The penetration of vitamin E was nine-fold enhanced. Lemon EO produced only reversible modification of TEWL, and it is a safe and effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; alpha-Tocopherol; Ascorbic Acid; Diterpenes; Emulsions; Epidermis; Humans; Linear Models; Plant Oils; Pyridoxine; Retinyl Esters; Skin Absorption; Vitamin A

The effect of diets containing antioxidant vitamins and trace elements on chicken tissue activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and of LPO levels was investigated. Chickens, 45 weeks of age were divided into six groups: control group, Cu group (13.2 mg Cu kg(-1) diet); Se group (0.07 mg Se kg(-l) diet); vitamin E group (70 mg DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate kg(-1) diet) and a constant level vitamin C, 200 mg kg(-1) diet); vitamin A group (240 mg retinol acetate kg(-1) diet) and vitamin C group (500 mg ascorbic acid kg(-1) diet). Significant variation of these antioxidant enzyme activities and LPO levels according to gender was demonstrated statistically. In the Cu group, CuZnSOD activity in the liver, erythrocyte, kidney and heart significantly increased by 75, 40, 12, 12% respectively (P<0.05). MnSOD activity in the heart, liver, kidney and brain of the vitamin C and in the heart of Cu group were found to be increased by approximately 15%, while in liver tissue of the Cu group it was reduced by 19% (P<0.05). GSH-Px activities in the Se, vitamin E and C groups were significantly increased, conversely LPO levels decreased (P<0.001). CAT activities in the liver and heart of the vitamin C group were significantly decreased (by 32%), but in kidney tissue only that of the Cu group was increased from 30.2 +/- 4.767 to 144.49 +/- 6.93 U mg(-1) P<0.001. The resistance to stress of the vitamin E and C groups, which had significantly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxide levels, were determined in 60% moisture medium at 45 degrees C.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Brain; Catalase; Chickens; Copper; Dietary Supplements; Diterpenes; Erythrocytes; Glutathione Peroxidase; Heart; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Oxidoreductases; Retinyl Esters; Selenium; Superoxide Dismutase; Time Factors; Tocopherols; Trace Elements; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins

The ration fed to laying Japanese quails was supplemented either with retinyl acetate (RA) (50 x 10(3) IU/kg, group A), ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg, group C), or with both substances in combination with each other (group AC) and with tocopheryl acetate (37.8 IU/kg; groups AE and ACE). On days 1, 8, 14, 20 and 28, some quantitative parameters of eggs (mass of egg-shell, albumen and egg yolk, retinoid content of egg yolk) were measured. The egg production parameters were not significantly affected by the supplementations. By the end of the second week, the total vitamin A (retinyl esters + retinol) concentrations of the egg yolk were significantly higher in the groups receiving supplemented feed (AC, AE and AEC) than in the control group. Two weeks later (on day 28), the vitamin A levels were elevated significantly in all groups except the group treated with ascorbic acid. From the point of view of vitamin A fortification of the egg yolk, the combined supplementations (groups AC, AE, AEC) seem to be more effective. The results indicate that vitamin A content of the egg yolk can be increased by a short-term RA supplementation of the laying ration. The retinoids present in the natural substances of eggs could possibly be a good source of vitamin A for humans.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Coturnix; Diterpenes; Eggs; Female; Food, Fortified; Oviposition; Retinyl Esters; Vitamin A; Vitamin E

Antioxidants occasionally have become prooxidants when a large amount was ingested. The haemorrhagic toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene, a synthetic antioxidant, may involve such a mechanism. This study investigated whether haemorrhage is induced by overdoses of tocopherols, beta-carotene, ubiquinone or L-ascorbic acid, which are representative biological antioxidants. Male Jcl:SD rats (six rats/group) were fed d-alpha, d-beta, d-gamma or d-delta-tocopherols, ubiquinone Q-10, beta-carotene or retinol acetate at a level of 0.5%, or L-ascorbic acid at 5% in the diet for 7 days. Only two rats given retinol acetate died with lung haemorrhages. Haemorrhages were observed in five or six, six, one, one, one or one of six surviving rats given d-alpha, d-beta or d-gamma-tocopherols, ubiquinone Q-10, beta-carotene or retinol acetate, respectively (except for a retinol group in which four rats survived). Major haemorrhages were noted in the epididymis. In the alpha-, beta- and gamma-tocopherol, ubiquinone Q-10, beta-carotene or retinol acetate-treated groups, prothrombin and kaoline-activated partial thromboplastin time indices were 26-28, 37, 59, 42, 63 and 65% or 27-28, 35, 65, 38, 59 and 28%, respectively, of the control values. Only the prothrombin index was significantly decreased to 67% in delta-tocopherol-administered rates, whereas controls and those receiving L-ascorbic acid showed no signs of bleeding or coagulation defect. The same tendency was also seen in the decreasing effect on vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors. These results suggest that the four naturally occurring tocopherols have a tendency to cause haemorrhage in the order of alpha > beta > gamma > delta, and ubiquinone Q-10 and beta-carotene als0o have relatively strong and weak haemorrhagic effects, respectively, with regard to prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time indices.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Ascorbic Acid; beta Carotene; Blood Coagulation; Carotenoids; Diterpenes; Epididymis; Exophthalmos; Eye; Hemorrhage; Male; Prothrombin Time; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinyl Esters; Stereoisomerism; Thromboplastin; Ubiquinone; Vitamin A; Vitamin E

The chemopreventive actions of sodium selenite (SS), magnesium chloride (MC), ascorbic acid (AA) and retinyl acetate (RA), given singly or in combinations, on mammary carcinogenesis induced by 30 mg of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in female adult rats were evaluated. Administration of modulators was carried out from the age of 40 +/- 3 days to 240 +/- 3 days. When DMBA alone was given 100% of the rats developed mammary tumors. When modulators were given singly the tumor incidences were reduced to 51.77% (SS), 46.4% (MC), 57.1% (AA) and 48.1% (RA). When the modulators were given in combination of twos, the tumor incidences were further reduced to 29.5% (SS + MC), 31% (SS + AA), 29.6% (SS + RA), 25.9% (MC + AA), 31.8% (MC + RA) and 34.6% (AA + RA). Administration of modulators in combinations of threes resulted in still further reduction of tumor incidences to 22.2% (SS + MC + AA), 19.2% (SS + MC + RA), 16% (MC + AA + RA) and 23.1% (AA + RA + SS). When all four modulators were given concurrently the tumor incidence was only 12%. Further, the number of tumors per tumor-bearing animal declined with the increase in the number of agents used in combination for modulation.

Topics: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Diterpenes; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Magnesium Chloride; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Retinyl Esters; Selenic Acid; Selenium; Selenium Compounds; Vitamin A

Vitamin A (retinol) and some of its analogs exhibited varying degrees of inhibition on induced iron and ascorbic acid lipid peroxidation of rat brain mitochondria. Malonyldialdehyde production was used as an index of the extent of in vitro lipid peroxidation. The fat-soluble vitamins retinol, retinol acetate, retinoic acid, retinol palmitate, and retinal at concentrations between 0.1 and 10.0 mmol/L inhibited brain lipid peroxidation. Retinol and retinol acetate were the most effective inhibitors. It is concluded from this study that retinol and its analogs can be considered as potential antioxidant factors, more potent than some of the well-known antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Brain; Diterpenes; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radicals; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mitochondria; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retinaldehyde; Retinyl Esters; Tretinoin; Vitamin A

Blood plasma retinol level in normal donors and patients with colonic carcinoma was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the concentration of p-hydroxyphenyl lactic and homogentizine acids by Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer MAT-311A using 2H4-p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as internal reference. The functional activity of lymphocytes was estimated from the proliferative response to alloantigens in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture and in blast transformation reaction to Con A and pokeweed mitogen. After systematic intake of retinyl acetate and ascorbic acid in optimally high doses, the patients manifested an increase in vitamin C level in plasma and lymphocytes and a lowering of p-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid excretion. Blood plasma retinol remained unchanged. Daily intake of retinyl acetate and ascorbic acid for 8-12 days produced a significant increase of lymphocyte proliferation in response to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte culture and blast transformation reaction to suboptimal mitogen doses.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Colonic Neoplasms; Diterpenes; Homogentisic Acid; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Middle Aged; Phenylpropionates; Retinyl Esters; Vitamin A