piperidines and 1-hydroxy-2-2-6-6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine

Nitroxyl radicals are important antioxidants that have been used to protect animal tissues from oxidative damage. Their reaction with hydroxyl radical ((*)OH) is generally accepted to be the mechanism of antioxidant function. However, the direct interaction of nitroxyl radicals with (*)OH does not always provide a satisfactory explanation in various pH, because the concentration of hydrogen ion may affect the generation of secondary (*)OH-derived radicals. In the present study, it was confirmed that the reaction between 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL) and (*)OH generated TEMPOL-hydroxylamine, 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPON) and TEMPON-hydroxylamine using HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection. In the absence of NADH, TEMPOL-H may be generated by the reaction with secondary (*)OH-derived radicals in acidic condition. In the presence of NADH, a large proportion of the non-paramagnetic products was TEMPOL-H. Finally, it was clarified that TEMPOL-H was generated during dopamine metabolism, which is believed to be one of the (*)OH sources in pathological processes such as Parkinson's disease.

Topics: Antioxidants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclic N-Oxides; Dopamine; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radicals; Humans; Hydrogen; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyl Radical; Hydroxylamines; Nitric Oxide; Piperidines; Spin Labels; Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl

By in vitro studies 7,8-dihydroneopterin, which is secreted by macrophages stimulated by interferon-gamma, was reported to be a radical scavenger as well as a prooxidative agent depending on the experimental settings. In this study, we investigated the interference of 7,8-dihydroneopterin with peroxynitrite mediated reactions by different analytical procedures. Luminol chemiluminescence and oxidation of the spin probe 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine induced by peroxynitrite were inhibited by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. On the other hand, we found that 7,8-dihydroneopterin very efficiently inhibits nitration of tyrosine by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylation, however, was rather enhanced than inhibited, suggesting that 7,8-dihydroneopterin reacts in quite different manner with the intermediates generated from peroxynitrite. We provide the first evidence that a pterin radical is formed from a dihydropterin using EPR spectroscopy and 2,2,4-trimethyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide as a spin trap. We conclude that 7,8-dihydroneopterin while being a weak scavenger of superoxide acts as a very efficient inhibitor of tyrosine nitration induced by peroxynitrite.

Topics: Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxylation; Luminescent Measurements; Molsidomine; Neopterin; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxynitrous Acid; Piperidines; Salicylic Acid; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Superoxides; Tyrosine

Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Free radical generation by Abeta peptides was suggested to be a key mechanism of their neurotoxicity. Reports that neurotoxic free radicals derived from Abeta-(1-40) and Abeta-(25-35) peptides react with the spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) to form a PBN/.Abeta peptide radical adduct with a specific triplet ESR signal assert that the peptide itself was the source of free radicals. We now report that three Abeta peptides, Abeta-(1-40), Abeta-(25-35), and Abeta-(40-1), do not yield radical adducts with PBN from the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF). In contrast to OMRF PBN, incubation of Sigma PBN in phosphate buffer without Abeta peptides produced a three-line ESR spectrum. It was shown that this nitroxide is di-tert-butylnitroxide and is formed in the Sigma PBN solution as a result of transition metal-catalyzed auto-oxidation of the respective hydroxylamine present as an impurity in the Sigma PBN. Under some conditions, incubation of PBN from Sigma with Abeta-(1-40) or Abeta-(25-35) can stimulate the formation of di-tert-butylnitroxide. It was shown that Abeta peptides enhanced oxidation of cyclic hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,2,6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPONE-H), which was strongly inhibited by the treatment of phosphate buffer with Chelex-100. It was shown that ferric and cupric ions are effective oxidants of TEMPONE-H. The data obtained allow us to conclude that under some conditions toxic Abeta peptides Abeta-(1-40) and Abeta-(25-35) enhance metal-catalyzed oxidation of hydroxylamine derivatives, but do not spontaneously form peptide-derived free radicals.

Topics: Amyloid beta-Peptides; Butanes; Catalysis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Copper; Cyclic N-Oxides; Ferric Compounds; Free Radicals; Hydroxylamines; Metals; Nitrogen Oxides; Oxidation-Reduction; Piperidines; Spin Labels

The reactions of hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine hydrochloride (TEMPONE-H) with peroxynitrite, superoxide and peroxyl radicals were studied. It was shown that under these reactions TEMPONE-H is oxidized into a stable nitroxide 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidi-noxyl (TEMPONE). The reactivity of TEMPONE-H towards reactive oxygen species was compared with the spin traps DMPO and TMIO as well as with DMSO and SOD. The rate constants of reactions of TEMPONE-H with peroxynitrite and superoxide radicals were 6 x 10(9) M(-1)s(-1) and 1.2x10(4) M(-1)s(-1), respectively. Using TEMPONE-H the sensitivity in the detection of peroxynitrite or superoxide radical was about 10-fold higher than using the spin traps DMPO or TMIO. Thus, TEMPONE-H may be used as a spin trap in chemical and biological systems to quantify peroxynitrite and superoxide radical formation.

Topics: Amidines; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radicals; Kinetics; Molsidomine; Nitrates; Peroxides; Piperidines; Reactive Oxygen Species; Spin Labels; Superoxides; Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl

The reactions of new spin trap 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pyrrolidine (CP-H) with superoxide radicals and peroxynitrite were studied. The rate constants were determined as 3.2 x 10(3) and 4.5 x 10(9) M-1s-1, respectively. It was found that 2mM of spin trap CP-H or 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine (TEMPONE-H) provide almost the same spin trapping efficacy. In contrast to TEMPONE-H the reaction of CP-H with peroxynitrite was inhibited by 20 mM DMSO. This simplifies the quantification of peroxynitrite formation. During the reaction of CP-H and TEMPONE-H with superoxide radicals or peroxynitrite the stable nitroxide radicals 3-carboxy-proxyl (CP) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidinoxyl (TEMPONE) are formed. It was found that the rate of reduction of CP by glutathione or by smooth muscle cells was two-fold slower and the reduction of CP by ascorbate was 66-fold slower than corresponding rates of reduction of TEMPONE. Therefore quantification of the formation of superoxide radicals and of peroxynitrite by CP-H is much less hindered by a variety of biological reductants than in case of TEMPONE-H. Thus, CP-H is more suitable for spin trapping of superoxide radicals and peroxynitrite in biological systems than the TEMPONE-H.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cysteine; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Glutathione; Muscle, Smooth; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Piperidines; Pyrrolidines; Spin Trapping; Superoxides