Compounds > gacyclidine
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

gacyclidine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

gacyclidine: non-competitive NMDA antagonist [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID176265
SCHEMBL ID397836
MeSH IDM0357133

Synonyms (21)

Synonym
1-(cis-2-methyl-1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine
methyl-2-r-(piperidine-1-)-1-(thienyl-2)1-cyclohexene
gk 11
gacyclidine
gk-11
piperidine, 1-(2-methyl-1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)-, cis-
1-[(1r,2s)-2-methyl-1-thiophen-2-ylcyclohexyl]piperidine
68134-81-6
9290nd070r ,
unii-9290nd070r
oto-311
gacyclidine [inn]
AKOS016010755
piperidine, 1-((1r,2s)-2-methyl-1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)-, rel-
gacyclidine [who-dd]
nst-001
SCHEMBL397836
DTXSID30218313
DB13096
Q13560447
1-[(1r,2s)-2-methyl-1-(thiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gacyclidine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with potent neuroprotective properties.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gacyclidine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with potent neuroprotective properties. "( Characterization of 'non-N-methyl-D-Aspartate' binding sites for gacyclidine enantiomers in the rat cerebellar and telencephalic structures.
Hirbec, H; Kamenka, JM; Privat, A; Vignon, J, 2001)		1.99
"Gacyclidine is a new phencyclidine derivative with neuroprotective properties. "( Gacyclidine: a new neuroprotective agent acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
Gaviria, M; Hirbec, H; Vignon, J, 2001)		3.2

Effects

Gacyclidine has been studied as a neuroprotective agent in trauma and as a therapy of soman toxicity. It has the potential to become a drug of abuse both by itself and in conjunction with other agents.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gacyclidine has been studied as a neuroprotective agent in trauma and as a therapy of soman toxicity."( Altered mental status and end organ damage associated with the use of gacyclidine: a case series.
Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Ford, JB; Gerona, RR; Owen, KP; Rose, JS; Sutter, ME, 2015)		1.37
"Gacyclidine has the potential to become a drug of abuse both by itself and in conjunction with other agents and toxicity from gacyclidine can be severe."( Altered mental status and end organ damage associated with the use of gacyclidine: a case series.
Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Ford, JB; Gerona, RR; Owen, KP; Rose, JS; Sutter, ME, 2015)		1.37

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gacyclidine affinity was lower in the cerebellum than in the forebrain or the spinal cord."( Binding properties of [3H]gacyclidine in the rat central nervous system.
Hirbec, H; Privat, A; Vignon, J, 2000)		1.33

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Thus, developing safe NMDAR antagonists is of high therapeutic interest."( Comparison of the pharmacological properties of GK11 and MK801, two NMDA receptor antagonists: towards an explanation for the lack of intrinsic neurotoxicity of GK11.
Becerril Ortega, J; Buisson, A; Crouzin, N; Desmadryl, G; Hirbec, H; Privat, A; Teigell, M; Vandame, D, 2007)		0.34
" Presently only Memantine is considered a safe NMDAR antagonist and is used clinically."( Development of NMDAR antagonists with reduced neurotoxic side effects: a study on GK11.
Hirbec, H; Nesic, O; Perez-Polo, R; Prieto-Cappellini, M; Privat, A; Teigell, M; Ulmann, L; Vandame, D; Vignon, J, 2013)		0.39

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This study showed the absence of any pharmacokinetic difference between the two enantiomers when administered individually, and no enantiomeric inversion."( Pharmacokinetics of gacyclidine enantiomers in plasma and spinal cord after single enantiomer administration in rats.
D'Arbigny, P; Dukic, S; Hoizey, G; Kaltenbach, ML; Lamiable, D; Millart, H; Vistelle, R, 2001)		0.63
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (36)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's9 (25.00)18.2507
2000's22 (61.11)29.6817
2010's5 (13.89)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 25.76

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index25.76 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.64 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.23 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index28.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.11 (0.95)

This Compound (25.76)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (2.78%)5.53%
Reviews4 (11.11%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (2.78%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other30 (83.33%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.420amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
glycine
[no description available]		210alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.7301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		2.0810adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0510phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.6830benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		4.0240phosphonic ester
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		210pyridinium salt
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.0210methoxybenzenes;
phenols
2,3-diketogulonic acid
2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.		2.0210
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		4.4870amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.730glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
aptiganel
aptiganel: NMDA receptor antagonist used to study the effects of stroke; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydrochloride		210naphthalenes
tenocyclidine
tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.		2.6830piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		2.0210catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		7.4120oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.6930
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.2660maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		8.51361
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		2.420pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.0810
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.0810
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.1110
MODS
[description not available]		02.1110
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		02.1110
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.1110
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		02.1110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.1110
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.0510
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.0510
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.0510
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		07.0510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.7230
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.1860
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.1860
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.0931
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.0931
Embryopathies
[description not available]		02.0210
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.0210
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.0210
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.420
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.8340
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.0210
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.8340
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.0210
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		07.420
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.420
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		0210
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		0210
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		0210
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		0210
Bruise
[description not available]		0210
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		0210
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		0210
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		0210