Compounds > taurolidine
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

taurolidine

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Taurolidine is a synthetic compound that was originally developed as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a derivative of taurine, an amino acid that is naturally found in the body. Taurolidine has been shown to have a number of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including sepsis, wound infections, and burns. The synthesis of taurolidine involves the reaction of taurine with formaldehyde. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, and it may also help to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. Taurolidine is studied for its potential use in treating sepsis, wound infections, burns, and other conditions where inflammation and infection are a concern. The mechanism of action of taurolidine is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve multiple pathways. Further research is needed to determine the full range of its therapeutic potential.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID29566
CHEMBL ID2105420
CHEBI ID135173
SCHEMBL ID65313
MeSH IDM0059673

Synonyms (55)

Synonym
AC-1423
LS-13376
taurolidine
taurolin
taurolidine (inn)
19388-87-5
D07146
taurolidina [inn-spanish]
4,4'-methylenebis(tetrahydro-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide)
tauroline
einecs 243-016-5
taurolidinum [inn-latin]
CHEBI:135173
4-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinane 1,1-dioxide
taurolidinum
taurolidine [inn:ban]
8obz1m4v3v ,
unii-8obz1m4v3v
taurolidina
A813672
4,4'-methylenebis(1,2,4-thiadiazinane 1,1-dioxide)
(cyclo)-taurolidine
w-3100m
cyclo-taurolidine
CHEMBL2105420
FT-0617113
taurolidine [inn]
taurolock component taurolidine
taurolidine [who-dd]
taurolidine [mi]
4,4'-methylene-bis(tetrahydro-1,2,4-thiadiazine-1,1-dioxide)
taurolidine [mart.]
AKOS015896472
S4885
SCHEMBL65313
T3980
taurolidin
4,4'-methylenebis(1,2,4-thiadiazinane) 1,1,1',1'-tetraoxide
W-107711
4-[(1,1-dioxido-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinane 1,1-dioxide #
2h-1,2,4-thiadiazine, 4,4'-methylenebis[tetrahydro-, 1,1,1',1'-tetraoxide
AJKIRUJIDFJUKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
DTXSID00173001
SR-01000872621-2
sr-01000872621
taurolidine, >97% (nmr), powder
DB12473
Q3981568
CS-W012238
AMY28822
CCG-267310
D78247
HY-W011522
EN300-18563487
4-[(1,1-dioxo-1lambda6,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1lambda6,2,4-thiadiazinane-1,1-dione

Research Excerpts

Overview

Taurolidine is a molecule with anti-endotoxic, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties that inhibits bacterial adhesion. It is used as lock therapy for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in long-term central venous catheters. Taurolidine does not develop antibiotic resistance because it acts as an antiseptic rather than an antibiotic.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Taurolidine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic used as lock therapy solution in adult and pediatric patients with long term central venous catheters (CVC) for the prevention of catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). "( [Taurolidine, an antiseptic for the prevention of central venous catheter-related infections].
Haro, C, 2019)		2.87
"Taurolidine is a molecule with anti-endotoxic, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties that inhibits bacterial adhesion, allowing for its use as lock therapy for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in long-term central venous catheters (CVC)."( [Taurolidine for the prevention of catheter-related infections in children with intestinal insufficiency: preliminary experience in a Chilean tertiary hospital].
Haro, C; Jordán P, M; Puchi, A, 2021)		2.97
"Taurolidine is a non-antibiotic agent with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which has been used as a lock solution to prevent CRBSI in some settings."( Administration of taurolidine-citrate lock solution for prevention of central venous catheter infection in adult neutropenic haematological patients: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (TAURCAT).
Aguilar-Guisado, M; Arnan, M; Berbel, D; Carratalà, J; Cisneros-Herreros, JM; Encuentra, M; Gudiol, C; Martín-Gandul, C; Montero, I; Nicolae, S; Perayre, M; Royo-Cebrecos, C, 2018)		1.54
"Taurolidine is a nontoxic agent that does not develop antibiotic resistance because it acts as an antiseptic rather than an antibiotic."( Administration of taurolidine-citrate lock solution for prevention of central venous catheter infection in adult neutropenic haematological patients: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (TAURCAT).
Aguilar-Guisado, M; Arnan, M; Berbel, D; Carratalà, J; Cisneros-Herreros, JM; Encuentra, M; Gudiol, C; Martín-Gandul, C; Montero, I; Nicolae, S; Perayre, M; Royo-Cebrecos, C, 2018)		1.54
"Taurolidine (TRD) is a substance derived from the amino sulfonic acid taurine, which was originally used to treat peritonitis and catheter‑associated bloodstream infections, due to its antimicrobial and anti‑inflammatory properties. "( Taurolidine promotes cell apoptosis by enhancing GRIM‑19 expression in liver cancer.
Fu, Z; Li, F; Qi, J; Qin, C; Ren, W, 2018)		3.37
"Taurolidine is a nontoxic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has not been associated with resistance."( A randomized double-blind controlled trial of taurolidine-citrate catheter locks for the prevention of bacteremia in patients treated with hemodialysis.
Al-Sayed, T; Bhat, R; Cheesbrough, JS; Curry, A; Diggle, P; Ebah, L; Heap, M; Millband, N; Mitra, S; Saxena, R; Schulz, M; Solomon, LR; Waterhouse, D, 2010)		1.34
"Taurolidine is a non-antibiotic antimicrobial, with broad bactericidal and fungicidal properties."( Unsuccessful application of taurolidine in the treatment of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis.
Chiarelli, G; Cozzolino, M; Cusi, D; Gallieni, M; Olivi, L, 2011)		1.38
"Taurolidine is a catheter lock solution that prevents biofilm formation and has broad-spectrum bactericidal and antifungal action."( Significant reduction in central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections in children on HPN after starting treatment with taurolidine line lock.
Brind, J; Chu, HP; Hill, S; Tomar, R, 2012)		1.31
"Taurolidine is an effective alternative agent for the management of air leak. "( Taurolidine: a new alternative agent for the management of the postoperative air leak.
Bae, MK; Byun, CS; Chung, KY; Lee, CY; Park, IK; Shim, HS, 2013)		3.28
"Taurolidine (Taurolin) is a derivative of the amino acid taurine, successfully used in the treatment of peritonitis. "( [In vitro effect of taurolidine on squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity].
Diebel, E; Park, J; Petrovic, L; Ries, J; Schlegel, KA; Schultze-Mosgau, S; Wiltfang, J, 2003)		2.09
"Taurolidine is a broad spectrum, non-antibiotic antimicrobial agent, not previously tested against infectious endophthalmitis. "( Intravitreal taurolidine against experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis in rabbits.
Gurkan, T; Oguz, E; Oguz, H; Ozardali, I; Zeyrek, FY, 2004)		2.14
"Taurolidine is expected to be a potential agent for treatment of S. "( Intravitreal taurolidine against experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis in rabbits.
Gurkan, T; Oguz, E; Oguz, H; Ozardali, I; Zeyrek, FY, 2004)		2.14
"Taurolidine is an antimicrobial agent that was originally used in the local treatment of peritonitis and was shown to be effective in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI). "( Taurolidine is effective in the treatment of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections in cancer patients.
Koldehoff, M; Zakrzewski, JL, 2004)		3.21
"Taurolidine is a broad-spectrum, non antibiotic antimicrobial agent, not previously tested against the common causes of bacterial keratitis. "( Effectiveness of topical taurolidine versus ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and fortified cefazolin in a rabbit Staphylococcus aureus keratitis model.
Gurkan, T; Oguz, E; Oguz, H; Ozbilge, H, 2005)		2.07
"Taurolidine is a novel antibiotic with both antibacterial and antiendotoxic effects."( Effect of peritoneal lavage with taurolidine on primary colonic anastomosis in a rat model of secondary peritonitis.
Akkuş, A; Barişik, NO; Bildik, N; Cevik, A; Gülmen, M; Oztürk, E; Sad, O, 2006)		1.34
"Taurolidine is an experimental antibacterial and antiendotoxic compound whose clinical utility as an antitumor agent is being investigated in human clinical trials. "( The pharmacokinetics of taurolidine metabolites in healthy volunteers.
Gong, L; Greenberg, HE; Kraft, WK; Perhach, JL; Waldman, SA, 2007)		2.09
"Taurolidine is an antimicrobial agent used to prevent intraabdominal adhesion formation and sepsis in experimental and clinical trials."( The effect of taurolidine on experimental thrombus formation.
Akyol, H; Bingul, SM; Colak, E; Kaptanoglu, L; Kucuk, HF; Kurt, N; Torlak, OA; Yazici, F, 2008)		1.43
"Taurolidine is a novel antimicrobial agent that has found a niche in Europe for prevention of bacteremia in home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients who have multiple catheter-related blood-stream infections."( Taurolidine 2% as an antimicrobial lock solution for prevention of recurrent catheter-related bloodstream infections.
Jeejeebhoy, K; Jurewitsch, B; Lee, T; Park, J, )		2.3
"Taurolidine is an anti-infective agent with an unusually broad spectrum of effectivity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic organisms, and fungi. "( [The influence of taurolidine on physiological and pathological blood coagulation and implications for its use].
Reinmüller, J, 1999)		2.08

Effects

Taurolidine has been used for peritonitis, oncological and catheter-lock treatment because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Taurolidine catheter lock has proven efficient reducing infection rates in permanent hemodialysis catheters.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Taurolidine catheter lock has proven efficient reducing infection rates in permanent hemodialysis catheters based on its biocidal activity and biofilm detachment effect."( Relapsing peritonitis and taurolidine peritoneal catheter lock: One center experience.
Álvarez Nadal, M; Burguera Vion, V; Campillo Trapero, C; Fernández Lucas, M; López Melero, E; Rivera Gorrín, ME; Sosa Barrios, RH, 2021)		1.64
"Taurolidine has been used for peritonitis, oncological and catheter-lock treatment because of its anti-inflammatory properties. "( Short-term treatment with taurolidine is associated with liver injury.
Fahrner, R; Kiehntopf, M; Kortgen, A; Möller, A; Mosig, AS; Press, AT; Rauchfuss, F; Settmacher, U, 2017)		2.2
"Taurolidine has shown controversial results in the few trials conducted in cancer patients."( Administration of taurolidine-citrate lock solution for prevention of central venous catheter infection in adult neutropenic haematological patients: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (TAURCAT).
Aguilar-Guisado, M; Arnan, M; Berbel, D; Carratalà, J; Cisneros-Herreros, JM; Encuentra, M; Gudiol, C; Martín-Gandul, C; Montero, I; Nicolae, S; Perayre, M; Royo-Cebrecos, C, 2018)		1.54
"Taurolidine has also demonstrated anti-neoplastic effects in a range of cancers, providing the rationale to investigate the activity of taurolidine against neuroblastoma in preclinical studies."( Dual functionality of the antimicrobial agent taurolidine which demonstrates effective anti-tumor properties in pediatric neuroblastoma.
Boklan, J; Kovalchuk, O; Narendran, A; Swift, L; Trippett, T; Zhang, C, 2020)		1.54
"Taurolidine has been shown to be cytotoxic to canine and human osteosarcoma in vitro."( Pharmacokinetic study and evaluation of the safety of taurolidine for dogs with osteosarcoma.
Bracha, S; Brownlee, L; Helfand, SC; Marley, K; Mata, JE; Séguin, B; Simpson, J; Tracewell, WG, 2013)		1.36
"Taurolidine has been used as an antimicrobial agent in the clinical setting since the 1970s and thus far appears nontoxic."( The evolving role of taurolidine in cancer therapy.
Bouchier-Hayes, DJ; Hallihan, P; Neary, PM; Pfirrmann, RW; Redmond, HP; Wang, JH, 2010)		1.4
"Taurolidine has demonstrated inhibition of biofilm formation in vitro. "( Biofilm formation in long-term central venous catheters in children with cancer: a randomized controlled open-labelled trial of taurolidine versus heparin.
Funch, P; Fuursted, K; Handrup, MM; Møller, JK; Schrøder, H, 2012)		2.03
"Taurolidine has been successfully used as a disinfectant and to prevent the spreading and growth of tumor cells after surgical excision. "( The tumor-suppressive reagent taurolidine is an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis.
Braumann, C; Dubiel, W; Henke, W; Jacobi, CA, 2004)		2.05
"Taurolidine has significant antineoplastic activity against MM in vitro and in vivo, in part, due to tumor cell apoptosis. "( The effects of taurolidine, a novel antineoplastic agent, on human malignant mesothelioma.
Calabresi, P; Monfils, B; Nici, L, 2004)		2.12
"Taurolidine (TRD) has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. "( Oral administration of taurolidine ameliorates chronic DSS colitis in mice.
Albrecht, M; Chromik, AM; Herdegen, T; Mittelkötter, U; Müller, AM; Otte, JM; Rottmann, S; Uhl, W, )		1.88
"Taurolidine has potent antiendotoxin and antimicrobial effects in vitro. "( Beneficial effects of taurolidine in experimental pancreatitis.
Carey, JA; Darzi, A; Keane, FB; Leahy, AL; Maxwell, B; Redmond, HP; Tanner, WA, 1994)		2.05
"Taurolidine has bactericidal and antilipopolysaccharide properties. "( Taurolidine, an antilipopolysaccharide agent, has immunoregulatory properties that are mediated by the amino acid taurine.
Bouchier-Hayes, D; Mc Carthy, J; Redmond, HP; Watson, RW, 1995)		3.18
"Taurolidine has been shown to have remarkable cytotoxic activity against selected human tumor cells at concentrations that spare normal cells. "( Taurolidine: preclinical evaluation of a novel, highly selective, agent for bone marrow purging.
Akhtar, MS; Calabresi, P; Chatterjee, D; Darnowski, JW; Goulette, FA; Ribizzi, I, 2002)		3.2

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Taurolidine displays high antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive cocci as well as Gram-negative bacilli."( Antimicrobial activity of hemodialysis catheter lock solutions in relation to other compounds with antiseptic properties.
Dydak, K; Letachowicz, K; Paleczny, J; Piątkowska, E, 2021)		1.34

Treatment

Taurolidine-based treatment may be a promising, noninvasive therapeutical approach in the management of long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections in cancer patients. Treatment with Taurolidine has no activity in patients with advanced melanoma.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"In taurolidine-treated patients, the CRBSI rate per 1000 catheter days decreased from 4.16 to 0.25 (P < .0001)."( Strategies to Reduce Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: The Efficacy of Taurolidine-Citrate Prophylactic-Locking.
Goulet, O; Lambe, C; Poisson, C; Talbotec, C, 2018)		1.2
"Taurolidine-based treatment may be a promising, noninvasive therapeutical approach in the management of long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections in cancer patients."( Treatment of long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections with a taurolidine block: a single cancer center experience.
Berger, AK; Haag, GM; Jäger, D, )		1.81
"Taurolidine but not PVP-I treatment resulted in p53 activation in 2/3 MPM cell lines and a decrease in the protein levels of survivin, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1."( Taurolidine and povidone-iodine induce different types of cell death in malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Hillinger, S; Hopkins-Donaldson, S; Lardinois, D; Opitz, I; Sigrist, B; Stahel, R; Weder, W, 2007)		2.5
"Taurolidine treatment was also found to inhibit adhesion of OS cell lines."( Taurolidine: a novel anti-neoplastic agent induces apoptosis of osteosarcoma cell lines.
Born, W; Fuchs, B; Gruber, P; Langsam, B; Muff, R; Walters, DK, 2007)		2.5
"Treatment with taurolidine has no activity in patients with advanced melanoma."( The antibacterial substance, taurolidine in the second/third-line treatment of very advanced stage IV melanoma including brain metastases: results of a phase 2, open-label study.
Baumann, K; Dummer, R; French, LE; Goldinger, SM; Imhof, L; Röthlisberger, P; Schad, K, 2011)		1
"Treatment with taurolidine inhibited the growth of all ten osteosarcoma cell lines tested and taurolidine was equally potent against cell lines with and without distinct genetic defects (i.e."( Taurolidine: a novel anti-neoplastic agent induces apoptosis of osteosarcoma cell lines.
Born, W; Fuchs, B; Gruber, P; Langsam, B; Muff, R; Walters, DK, 2007)		2.12
"Treatment with taurolidine was associated with significantly (P < 0.01) lower endotoxin levels (14 +/- 8 pg/ml) compared with saline-treated animals (350 +/- 87 pg/ml)."( Beneficial effects of taurolidine in experimental pancreatitis.
Carey, JA; Darzi, A; Keane, FB; Leahy, AL; Maxwell, B; Redmond, HP; Tanner, WA, 1994)		0.94

Toxicity

Taurolidine infusion was safe in 6 healthy dogs and there were no significant side effects. Despite its frequent use as catheter lock solution (CLS) to prevent CRBSIs, data on t Taurolidine-related adverse events (AEs) remain anecdotal.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" C57/BL6 mice (n = 140) received toxic doses (12 micrograms/mouse IV) of TNF."( Taurolidine inhibits tumour necrosis factor (TNF) toxicity--new evidence of TNF and endotoxin synergy.
Donohue, JH; Monson, JR; Ramsey, PS, 1993)		1.73
" Our hypothesis was that antiseptics and supplemental irrigation with sodium chloride lavage are less toxic on human chondrocytes than treatment with antiseptics only."( Toxicity of antiseptics against chondrocytes: what is best for the cartilage in septic joint surgery?
Arnholdt, J; Kolar, P; Matziolis, G; Perka, C; Röhner, E; Seeger, JB; Thiele, K, 2011)		0.37
" Moreover, currently used chemotherapeutics have severe toxic side effects."( The antineoplastic antibiotic taurolidine promotes lung and liver metastasis in two syngeneic osteosarcoma mouse models and exhibits severe liver toxicity.
Arlt, MJ; Banke, IJ; Bertz, J; Born, W; Ehrensperger, F; Fuchs, B; Puskas, GJ; Rentsch, KM; Steinmann, P; Walters, DK, 2012)		0.67
"Taurolidine infusion was safe in 6 healthy dogs and there were no significant side effects."( Pharmacokinetic study and evaluation of the safety of taurolidine for dogs with osteosarcoma.
Bracha, S; Brownlee, L; Helfand, SC; Marley, K; Mata, JE; Séguin, B; Simpson, J; Tracewell, WG, 2013)		2.08
" Episodes of acute catheter thrombosis, requirement of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and incidence of catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) were recorded, along with dialysis adequacy (Kt/V), blood flow rates (BFRs) and adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of taurolidine/urokinase versus taurolidine/heparin as a tunneled catheter lock solution in hemodialysis patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.
Al-Ali, F; Buanan, H; Elsayed, A; Elsayed, M; Fawzy, A; Hamad, A; Hamdy, AF; Ibrahim, R; Tolba, H; Zafar Iqbal, Z, 2018)		0.79
"Taurolock/U is a safe and effective tunneled dialysis catheter lock solution, with a low rate of catheter exchange."( Safety and efficacy of taurolidine/urokinase versus taurolidine/heparin as a tunneled catheter lock solution in hemodialysis patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.
Al-Ali, F; Buanan, H; Elsayed, A; Elsayed, M; Fawzy, A; Hamad, A; Hamdy, AF; Ibrahim, R; Tolba, H; Zafar Iqbal, Z, 2018)		0.79
" Despite taurolidine's frequent use as catheter lock solution (CLS) to prevent CRBSIs and its presumed favourable safety profile, data on taurolidine-related adverse events (AEs) and the clinical implications thereof remain merely anecdotal."( Taurolidine-related adverse events in patients on home parenteral nutrition frequently indicate catheter-related problems.
Gillis, VELM; Korzilius, JW; Wanten, GJA; Wouters, Y, 2022)		2.58

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of these metabolites are not well established."( The pharmacokinetics of taurolidine metabolites in healthy volunteers.
Gong, L; Greenberg, HE; Kraft, WK; Perhach, JL; Waldman, SA, 2007)		0.65

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Taurolidine combined with doxorubicin or carboplatin can increase the toxicity of these chemotherapy drugs and warrants further investigation in dogs with osteosarcoma."( The effects of taurolidine alone and in combination with doxorubicin or carboplatin in canine osteosarcoma in vitro.
Edris, WA; Gitelman, AI; Helfand, SC; Marley, K; Mata, JE; Medlock, J; Séguin, B, 2013)		1.65

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" However, by increasing the dosage of taurolin, survival is prolonged and mortality reduced."( The in vitro and in vivo activity of taurolin against anaerobic pathogenic organisms.
Brodhage, H; Browne, MK; Leslie, GB; Pfirrman, RW, 1977)		0.26
" Dose-response curves did not demonstrate differences in TNF production in aztreonam or imipenem-treated cultures."( The release of endotoxin from antibiotic-treated Escherichia coli and the production of tumour necrosis factor by human monocytes.
Bom, VJ; de Vries-Hospers, HG; Dofferhoff, AS; Esselink, MT; van Zanten, A; Vellenga, E; Weits, J, 1993)		0.29
" In vivo, there were significant tumor reductions (62 to >99% reduction) for all dosage regimens compared with untreated controls (P <0."( The effects of taurolidine, a novel antineoplastic agent, on human malignant mesothelioma.
Calabresi, P; Monfils, B; Nici, L, 2004)		0.68
" Results of this study thus show that the mathematical ASL model combined with the lung deposition model can be an effective tool for helping decide the optimum dosage of inhaled antibiotic drugs delivered during human clinical trials."( Estimating in vivo airway surface liquid concentration in trials of inhaled antibiotics.
Hasan, MA; Lange, CF, 2007)		0.34
" Morphological changes with respect to increasing taurolidine dosage were visualized and monitored using electron microscopy."( Exploring the potential of taurolidine in inducing mobilization and detachment of colon cancer cells: a preliminary in-vitro study.
Khosrawipour, T; Khosrawipour, V; Kielan, W; Labbé, MK; Lau, H; Li, S; Migdal, P; Mikolajczyk, A; Nicpon, J; Stieglitz, S, 2022)		1.27
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
thiadiazinane
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (278)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199041 (14.75)18.7374
1990's39 (14.03)18.2507
2000's81 (29.14)29.6817
2010's84 (30.22)24.3611
2020's33 (11.87)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 45.83

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index45.83 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.88 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.74 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index71.84 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (45.83)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials52 (17.05%)5.53%
Reviews26 (8.52%)6.00%
Case Studies7 (2.30%)4.05%
Observational4 (1.31%)0.25%
Other216 (70.82%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (18)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effect of Intraoperative Topical Application of a Taurolidine Solution on CIED Related Infections in the Clinical Setting - a Prospective Observational Study With a Restrospective Historical Control [NCT05576194]1,417 participants (Actual)Observational2020-01-01Completed
Taurolidine Citrate and Unfractionated Heparin Combination Versus Unfractionated Heparin Alone in Prevention of Inflammation in Hemodialysis Catheters. [NCT03539718]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-15Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of a Lock-therapy With a Solution of Taurolidine/Citrate (TauroLock) vs Standard Saline Solution for the Primary Prevention of Catheter-related Infections (CLI) in Adult Patients Wtih a Non [NCT02279121]162 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Prevention of Tunneled Cuffed Catheter Malfunction With Prophylactic Use of a Taurolidine Locking Solution Containing Urokinase : a Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02036255]Phase 368 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
[NCT00749619]Phase 30 participants Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Prevention of Central Veinous Device Related Sepsis Relapse With Taurolidine in Patients on Parenteral Nutrition in Long-term Home [NCT00545831]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Terminated(stopped due to lack of recruitment)
A Phase 2 Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of PerioSept® (3%) as Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Subjects With Periodontitis [NCT04093895]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-26Completed
A Double Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Investigation of Taurolidine-citrate/Heparin Catheter Lock Solution Versus Heparin in Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition With Previously Proven High Risk of Catheter Related Blood Stream Infections. [NCT01948245]Phase 442 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Active, not recruiting
The Value of Taurolidine Lock in Long Term Parenteral Nutrition [NCT02009189]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Taurolidine With Heparin for Prevention of Recurrence of Catheter Related Bacteraemia in Haemodialysis Patients. [NCT01243710]Phase 427 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Phase I Trial of Taurolidine After Positive Second Look Surgery for Recurrent Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube and Primary Peritoneal Cancers [NCT00021034]Phase 10 participants Interventional2001-03-31Completed
An Open-Label Dose-Ranging Study of the Safety of Taurolidine 2% Solution Administered Intravenously to Patients With Recurrent or Progressive High Grade Glioma [NCT00022360]Phase 10 participants Interventional2001-05-31Completed
The AOT (Acridine Orange and Taurolidine) Trial: a Survey on Diagnosis and Prevention of Catheter-Related Infections in Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition [NCT00321165]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Taurolidine 2% Catheter Locking to Prevent Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections in Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition With a High Infection Risk and Those With a New Central Venous Access Device [NCT01826526]105 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Phase 3 Prospective, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Active Control Study to Demonstrate Safety & Effectiveness of Neutrolin in Preventing Catheter-related Bloodstream Infection in Subjects on Hemodialysis for End Stage Renal Disease [NCT02651428]Phase 3806 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
The Efficacy of a Lock Solution Containing Taurolidine, Citrate and Heparin for the Prevention of Tunneled Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Oncology Patients, a Randomized Controlled, Mono-center Trial. [NCT05740150]462 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-27Recruiting
A Phase I/II Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of PerioSept® and Scaling and Root Planing in Subjects With Periodontitis [NCT02313883]Phase 1/Phase 2127 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Heparin Versus Taurolidine to Bloodstream Infection Prevention Related in Central Venous Catheter in Children With Intestinal Failure [NCT02515201]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-09-30Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT02651428 (2) [back to overview]Participants With a Study Catheter Removal for Any Reason
NCT02651428 (2) [back to overview]Presence of a CAC-Adjudicated Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection (CRBSI) in Subjects Receiving Hemodialysis for the Treatment of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD): Final Analysis

Participants With a Study Catheter Removal for Any Reason

Analysis of all catheter removals during the study or until the catheter was removed (NCT02651428)
Timeframe: The event time was the number of days from randomization until catheter removal for any reason or until the subject was censored. The mean participant duration of exposure to study drug was 174 days (range 4-884 days).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Neutrolin Arm236
Heparin Arm225

[back to top] [back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		12.01208tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		7.6630aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		1.9610diatomic iodinenutrient
taurine
[no description available]		19.4127248amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		1.9810isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9810bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		1.9810carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		8.3520aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.1410trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0710
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0610conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		13.4193
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0710phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.1610aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		210dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.1310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		7.02103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		1.9910oxopurine
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		1.9910phthalimides;
piperidones
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0110aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		7.5120mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		1.981011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.44204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.96102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.96102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		4.341guanidines
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		1.9810tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.420ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.9210penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.1310organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.3411beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		4.6361pyrrolidin-2-ones
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.6630aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		210dialdehydebiomarker
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		7.7530acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.1310delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		7.1710organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		8.8940glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		210alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		2.0510sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
vantocil
polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7230
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		3.511titanium group element atom
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		1.9610chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
chloramine
[no description available]		7.0310halide
fluorides
[no description available]		3.3311halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.8621beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.4211amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).		2.0110ketone;
nitrosamine		carcinogenic agent
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9610penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
octenidine
[no description available]		2.1510dihydropyridine
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.0310D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		2.0710
5-dihydrocortisone
5-dihydrocortisone: RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 9/85. 17,21-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,11,20-trione : A 4,5-dihydrocortisone that has beta- configuration at position 5.		1.99103-oxo-5beta-steroid;
4,5-dihydrocortisone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
anpirtoline
anpirtoline: structure given in first source		2.1310aryl sulfide
chromotropic acid
chromotropic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. chromotropic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 5.		6.9910naphthalenediols;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		indicator
camphorated parachlorophenol
camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol		1.9810
epicillin
epicillin: semisynthetic penicillin type antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMPICILLIN/AA (75-85); RN given refers to (2s(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer. epicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido group.		3.3411penicillin allergen;
penicillin
taurineamide
taurineamide: structure in first source		2.6930
mafosfamide
mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer		7.0710
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.420beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
n-chlorotaurine
N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase		4.0310
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0710acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
antibiotic g 418
antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea		2.0110
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		1.9810amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		9.02140
carboplatin
[no description available]		7.4920
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		4.0310alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.3411
piplartine
piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source		3.1910cinnamamides;
dicarboximide
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.1410aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.3720one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
icodextrin
Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.		7.1510
noxythiolin
Noxythiolin: Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.		3.2260thioureas
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.420carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		3.1610lipid As
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		10.35131biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0110aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0510
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.1310
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0110
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		1.9810
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.7130
nebacetin
Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin		1.9510
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.1710
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.4220
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		1.9910
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.0310
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.9410cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		015.686722
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		012.38218
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		012.38218
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		012.732610
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.67181
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.67181
Ache
[description not available]		02.5420
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.5420
Avian Flu
[description not available]		03.5240
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		03.5240
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		03.5240
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		03.5240
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		03.5210
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		03.5210
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.76114
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		09.76114
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.610
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.1440
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.0120
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		04.1331
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.0120
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		08.6387
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		04.5622
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		08.6387
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.830
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.830
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.9840
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		09.01296
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		09.01296
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.1852
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.1852
Blood Clot
[description not available]		05.7632
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		05.7632
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.0240
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.4270
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.4270
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.1510
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.942
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.1710
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		04.942
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.1710
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		03.1450
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.72100
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.72100
Pericementitis
[description not available]		03.0340
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		03.0340
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4720
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.4720
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.5220
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		08.6165
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.3541
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		04.821
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		04.821
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.1350
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.1350
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.7330
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		03.7330
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		03.5280
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		15.5280
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.5520
Infection
[description not available]		04.3911
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		16.3911
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.9840
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.1750
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.9840
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.1750
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		02.4320
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.0810
Abscess, Peritonsillar
[description not available]		02.0810
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		07.0810
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.3920
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		02.4320
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		04.4111
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.7174
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		07.7174
Metastase
[description not available]		05.11101
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.7330
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		05.11101
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.7330
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		09.6432
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		02.1110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		05.2221
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		05.2221
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9440
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.4311
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.9640
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.9640
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9540
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.0510
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.0510
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		011.33239
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		011.33239
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.21170
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.21170
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.2170
Diathesis
[description not available]		07.4844
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		05.7842
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		05.7842
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.4520
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		02.4720
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.4511
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.8321
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		09.3441
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.8421
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.8321
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		04.3441
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.8421
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.0610
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.4120
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.0610
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4520
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4520
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		07.544
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.0710
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.0810
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.0810
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0810
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0810
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		07.0810
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		07.0810
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		07.0810
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.4320
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.0110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4320
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.0110
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.7130
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.7130
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.1150
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.0110
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0110
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4220
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.0110
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0210
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0210
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		03.2560
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		02.4320
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		04.3241
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		07.4320
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.0210
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		07.0210
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0210
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		04.6132
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		09.6132
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.0210
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.0210
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.0210
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.4220
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		02.4220
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.4420
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.0310
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.0310
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.4211
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		04.3722
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.4211
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.0410
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0410
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		04.1360
E coli Infections
[description not available]		01.9610
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		01.9610
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		08.3511
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.5830
Fractures, Closed
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.		01.9610
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		02.3720
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.5830
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		01.9610
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		03.9850
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		01.9610
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9510
Pus
[description not available]		02.3620
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		01.9510
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		01.9810
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.9810
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		01.9810
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		03.3711
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.3711
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		01.9810
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		01.9810
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		01.9810
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		01.9810
Parodontosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		01.9810
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		01.9710
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		01.9910
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		0210
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		0210
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		0210
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		08.3911
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		02.9210
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		02.9210
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.4120
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		14.4120
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		0210
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		0210
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		0210
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		0210
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		0210
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		0210
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.0110
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.9210
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.9210
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9510
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		01.9510
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		01.9510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9510
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9510
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		01.9510
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.3611
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.3611
Alveolalgia
[description not available]		03.7621
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.3611
Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9710
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9710
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9710
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		01.9710
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9710
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		01.9710
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		01.9710
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		01.9710
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		01.9710
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		01.9710
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		01.9710
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9610
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.3511
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.3511