toltrazuril profile

Toltrazuril is a synthetic anticoccidial drug used in the treatment of coccidiosis in various animal species, particularly in poultry and cattle. It acts by inhibiting the growth and development of coccidia, a group of parasitic protozoa that can cause significant economic losses in livestock industries. Toltrazuril's mechanism of action involves disrupting the parasite's electron transport chain, leading to its metabolic inhibition and eventual death. The compound is known for its broad-spectrum activity against multiple coccidial species, including Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. necatrix. Toltrazuril is typically administered orally in the feed or water of animals. The drug has been studied extensively to understand its pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in different animal species. It is a valuable tool for controlling coccidiosis and improving animal health and productivity. Its importance lies in its ability to reduce the impact of coccidiosis, a disease that can lead to weight loss, diarrhea, and mortality in affected animals. This has significant economic implications for livestock farmers and the overall agricultural industry.'

toltrazuril: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	68591
CHEMBL ID	2104931
CHEBI ID	93130
SCHEMBL ID	248912
MeSH ID	M0111498

Synonyms (79)

Synonym
AC-792
1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)phenoxy]phenyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione, 1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-4-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenoxy)phenyl)-
69004-03-1
toltrazuril
D06187
toltrazuril (usan/inn)
toltrazurilo [spanish]
bay-i 9142
toltrazurilum [latin]
1-methyl-3-(4-(p-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenoxy)-m-tolyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
HMS2090D08
baycox
bay vi 9142
1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethylthio)phenoxy]phenyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione
A836306
pharmakon1600-01505681
nsc759176
nsc-759176
toltrazurilum
toltrazurilo
CHEMBL2104931
bay-vi-9142
S4044
unii-qvz3iar3js
nsc 759176
qvz3iar3js ,
toltrazuril [usan:inn:ban]
FT-0630780
toltrazuril [inn]
procox component toltrazuril
toltrazuril component of procox
toltrazuril [mi]
toltrazuril [usan]
toltrazuril [mart.]
toltrazuril [ema epar veterinary]
AKOS015889482
BRD-K64514229-001-01-1
SCHEMBL248912
CCG-213509
DL-522
CS-2051
HY-B0175
smr000857261
MLS006010653
DTXSID90219063 ,
toltrazuril;
AB01563104_02
AB01563104_01
mfcd00867201
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione, 1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenoxy]phenyl]-
SR-05000001740-1
sr-05000001740
toltrazuril, vetranal(tm), analytical standard
CHEBI:93130
HMS3652O21
SR-05000001740-2
SBI-0206811.P001
OCINXEZVIIVXFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ,
NCGC00263905-02
HMS3715K22
1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-4-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenoxy)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione
SW199566-2
1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethylthio)phenoxy)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione
DS-3379
1-methyl-3-{3-methyl-4-(4-(trifluoromethylthio)phenoxy)phenyl}-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
BCP11761
Q1470932
AMY37048
NCGC00263905-04
C76180
1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenoxy]phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-trione,?1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenoxy]phenyl]-
toltrazuril (mart.)
toltrazurilum (latin)
dtxcid10141554
toltrazuril (ema epar veterinary)
SY067292
1-methyl-3-[3-methyl-4-[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenoxy]phenyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toltrazuril (TZR) is a triazine-based antiprotozoal agent. It is widely used in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis infection in poultry and mammals.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Toltrazuril (Tol) is a broad-spectrum anticoccidiosis drug that is widely used in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis infection in poultry and mammals. "	( Toltrazuril mixed nanomicelle delivery system based on sodium deoxycholate-Brij C20 polyethylene ether-triton x100: Characterization, solubility, and bioavailability study. Fan, G; Fu, H; Liu, C; Peng, G; Ren, D; Shi, F; Shu, G; Yin, L; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, L; Zhou, J, 2018)	3.37
"Toltrazuril (TZR) is a triazine-based antiprotozoal agent. "	( Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites, toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone, after a single oral administration to pigs. Hwang, YH; Kim, MS; Lim, JH; Park, BK; Song, IB; Yun, HI, 2010)	2.13
"Toltrazuril is an effective agent for therapeutic use in acute coccidiosis."	( [Use of toltrazuril in pullet breeding flocks raised on floors with anticoccidial-free feed]. Dorn, P; Mundt, HC; Schmid, HP; Schwarzer, C; Weber, R, 1991)	1.44

Treatment

Toltrazuril and placebo treatment had no negative effect on newborns. Noninfected treated pups developed normally without differences in mortality and morbidity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The toltrazuril treatment is therefore probably indirectly effective against the systemic form of atoxoplasmosis."	( Treatment of atoxoplasmosis in the Blue-crowned Laughing Thrush (Dryonastes courtoisi). Barbon, AR; Jamriška, J; Lavilla, LA; Lopéz, JF; Modrý, D; Thomasson, A, 2013)	0.87
"Both toltrazuril and placebo treatment had no negative effect on newborns, as noninfected treated pups developed normally without differences in mortality and morbidity to matching nontreated control animals."	( Toltrazuril treatment of congenitally acquired Neospora caninum infection in newborn mice. Gottstein, B; Greif, G; Hemphill, A; Krebber, R; Müller, N; Strohbusch, M, 2009)	2.25
"In toltrazuril treated groups, histopathological findings included degenerative changes in the cyst wall, complete macrophage invasion to the cysts, and reduction or removal of the cysts in toto."	( In-vivo efficacy of toltrazuril on experimentally induced Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in lambs: a novel strategy for prevention of human exposure to meat-borne toxoplasmosis. Atmaca, HT; Deniz, A; Dincel, GC; Freyre, A; Gokpinar, S; Karahan, S; Kul, O; Ocal, N; Terzi, OS; Uzunalioğlu, T; Yildiz, K, 2013)	1.23
"Toltrazuril treatment significantly reduced pre- and perinatal losses (10 deliveries of healthy newborns, versus 1 abortion and 4 failures) when compared to control-enrofloxacin (2 deliveries, versus 1 abortion, 7 failures and 2 pre-parturient deaths of dams) and non-treated animals (3 deliveries, versus 6 abortions, 8 failures and 4 pre-parturient deaths)."	( Toltrazuril treatment to control diaplacental Neospora caninum transmission in experimentally infected pregnant mice. Ammann, P; Gottstein, B; Müller, N; Razmi, GR; Sager, H, 2005)	2.49
"Toltrazuril treatment is suitable for controlling cystoisosporosis under experimental and field conditions."	( Toltrazuril treatment of cystoisosporosis in dogs under experimental and field conditions. Daugschies, A; Letkova, V; Mundt, HC, 2000)	2.47
"The toltrazuril-treated group remained free of clinical symptoms."	( [Sulfonamide and toltrazuril therapy of experimental turkey coccidiosis]. Cortez, S; Greuel, E; Mundt, HC, 1991)	1.1
"A treatment with toltrazuril (Baycox® 2.5%) was implemented in the four adult birds."	( INVESTIGATION OF THE PRESENCE OF ATOXOPLASMA SPP. IN BLUE-CROWNED LAUGHINGTHRUSH (DRYONASTES COURTOISI) ADULTS AND NEONATES. Betson, M; Mohr, F; Quintard, B, 2017)	0.78
"Treatment with toltrazuril, but not with diclazuril, resulted in significantly reduced numbers of excreting animals."	( Efficacy of toltrazuril (Baycox 5% suspension) in natural infections with pathogenic Eimeria spp. in housed lambs. Le Sueur, C; Mage, C; Mundt, HC, 2009)	1.07
"Treatment with toltrazuril and toltrazuril+ivermectin combination were highly effective in reducing faecal oocyst output in infected rabbits."	( Eimeria stiedae: experimental infection in rabbits and the effect of treatment with toltrazuril and ivermectin. Atalay, O; Atasever, A; Beyaz, L; Cam, Y; Eraslan, G; Inci, A; Kibar, M; Liman, BC, 2008)	0.91
"Treatment with toltrazuril (Baycox) in calves naturally infected with several enteropathogenic agents resulted in a reduction in the mean number of Eimeria oocysts shed. "	( Treatment with toltrazuril in a natural outbreak of coccidiosis in calves. Bohrmann, R, 1991)	0.99
"Treatment with toltrazuril, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine and amprolium/ethopabate prevented mortality in chickens infected with field isolates of Eimeria tenella. "	( Chemotherapy of caecal coccidiosis: efficacy of toltrazuril, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine and amprolium/ethopabate, given in drinking water, against field isolates of Eimeria tenella. Chapman, HD, 1989)	0.89

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"No suspected adverse drug reactions were observed in any of the 403 dogs enrolled in the three studies including 234 dogs treated with emodepside/toltrazuril suspension."	( Field evaluations of the efficacy and safety of Emodepside plus toltrazuril (Procox® oral suspension for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and Isospora spp. infections in dogs. Adler, K; Altreuther, G; Gasda, N; Hellmann, K; Hutchens, D; Krieger, KJ; Schimmel, A; Thurieau, H, 2011)	0.81

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of three coccidiostats, sulfaquinoxaline (SUL), robenidine (ROB), and toltrazuril (TOL), as feed additives on the pharmacokinetic profile of FFC in rabbits."	( Influence of three coccidiostats on the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in rabbits. Liu, C; Shao, YX; Wang, SJ; Zhang, Q, 2015)	0.62

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Triazine-based antiprotozoal agents are known for their lipophylic characteristics and may therefore be expected to be well absorbed following oral administration."	( Synthesis and detection of toltrazuril sulfone and its pharmacokinetics in horses following administration in dimethylsulfoxide. Dirikolu, L; Granstrom, DE; Hughes, C; Karpiesiuk, W; Lehner, AF; Tobin, T, 2009)	0.65
" Furthermore, the TMNM had greater bioavailability (215%) than the Tol solution."	( Toltrazuril mixed nanomicelle delivery system based on sodium deoxycholate-Brij C20 polyethylene ether-triton x100: Characterization, solubility, and bioavailability study. Fan, G; Fu, H; Liu, C; Peng, G; Ren, D; Shi, F; Shu, G; Yin, L; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, L; Zhou, J, 2018)	1.92
" This technique could increase the oral absorption and bioavailability of new drug candidates."	( Formulation and Evaluation of a Novel Oral Oil-Based Suspension Using Micro-environmental pH-Modifying Solid Dispersion. Ding, J; Lu, M; Pan, B; Sun, W; Wan, Q; Xing, Y; Yang, S; Zhang, S, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Toltrrazuril is absorbed in the horse after oral administration and reaches effective in vitro concentrations within the CSF of the horse. At a dosage of 35 mg/kg or higher, this period was at least 4 weeks.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" After treatment with toltrazuril, there was a dose-dependent period during which pigeons remained negative; at a dosage of 35 mg/kg or higher, this period was at least 4 weeks."	( Efficacy of toltrazuril and clazuril against experimental infections with Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum in racing pigeons. Vercruysse, J, )	0.82
" Rabbits were dosed once with 10 and 20mg/kg TZR via stomach tube with manual restraint."	( Plasma disposition of toltrazuril and its metabolites, toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone, in rabbits after oral administration. Hwang, YH; Kim, MS; Lim, JH; Park, BK; Song, IB; Yun, HI, 2010)	0.68
" maxima, and the field Eimeria isolates in broiler chickens at a dosage of 10 mg/kg in feed."	( Anticoccidial activity of novel triazine compounds in broiler chickens. Fei, C; Li, X; Liu, Y; She, R; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wang, X; Xia, S; Xue, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, L; Zhang, M; Zhao, Q, 2019)	0.51

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
aromatic ether	Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	39.8107	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	13 (7.74)	18.7374
1990's	22 (13.10)	18.2507
2000's	42 (25.00)	29.6817
2010's	79 (47.02)	24.3611
2020's	12 (7.14)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	48 (27.59%)	5.53%
Reviews	3 (1.72%)	6.00%
Case Studies	4 (2.30%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	119 (68.39%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial			Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Phase1,Randomized,Open-Label,Parallel-Group,Relative Bioavailability Study to Investigate PK,Including Food Effect,Safety and Tolerability of Single Doses of New Immediate Release Tablet Formulations of Emodepside (BAY 44-4400),Compared to Oral Solution,i [NCT03383523]			Phase 1	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-26	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	PK (AUC0-7d) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	PK (Cmax) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With 12-lead ECG Findings
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Tests Findings
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Neurological Examination Findings
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Physical Examination Findings
NCT03383523 (8) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Vital Signs Findings

PK (AUC0-7d) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.

Means AUC from zero to 7 days (AUC0-7d) = means area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero (pre-dose) to 7 days. To create the curve, the following PK Timepoints have been collected: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4,6,8,12,36,48,72,120 and 168h post dose (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: means from zero to 7 days

Intervention	h.ng/ml (Geometric Mean)
Part 1a - Treatment A	1215
Part 1a - Treatment B	852
Part 1a - Treatment C	931
Part 1b - Treatment D	674
Part 1b - Treatment E	733
Part 2 - Treatment F	1609
Part 2 - Treatment G	1943

[back to top]

PK (Cmax) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.

Cmax means maximum observed plasma concentration. To create the PK curve, the following PK timepoints have been collected: pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4,6,8,12,36,48,72,120 and 168h post dose (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

Intervention	ng/ml (Geometric Mean)
Part 1a - Treatment A	88.5
Part 1a - Treatment B	41.9
Part 1a - Treatment C	54.2
Part 1b - Treatment D	27.1
Part 1b - Treatment E	36.2
Part 2 - Treatment F	71.7
Part 2 - Treatment G	135

[back to top]

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events

number of participants with treatment-related adverse events (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Part 1a - Treatment A	0
Part 1a - Treatment B	3
Part 1a - Treatment C	1
Part 1b - Treatment D	0
Part 1b - Treatment E	1
Part 2 - Treatment F	0
Part 2 - Treatment G	1

[back to top]

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With 12-lead ECG Findings

number of participants with 12-lead ECG findings. The ECG reference ranges used are the following: ventricular rate: 45-100beats/min, PR interval:120-220msec, QRS:<120msec, QTc:<430msec (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,,,,,

Intervention	participants (Number)
	number of subject with abnormal ECG findings	number subject with clinically significant finding
Part 1a - Treatment A	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment B	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment C	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment D	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment E	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment F	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment G	0	0

[back to top]

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Tests Findings

number of participants with relevant abnormal laboratory tests results (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,,,,,

Intervention	participants (Number)
	number of subject with abnormal lab values	number subject with clinically significant finding
Part 1a - Treatment A	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment B	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment C	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment D	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment E	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment F	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment G	0	0

[back to top]

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Neurological Examination Findings

Number of participants with abnormal neurological examination (NE) findings (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,,,,,

Intervention	participants (Number)
	number of subject with abnormal NE findings	number subject with clinically significant finding
Part 1a - Treatment A	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment B	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment C	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment D	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment E	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment F	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment G	0	0

[back to top]

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Physical Examination Findings

number of participants with abnormal physical examination (PE) findings. Standard examination done on head, ears, eyes, nose, thyroid, lymph node, back, neck, lungs, skin, abdomen, chest. The details are listed in protocol section 8.11.3 (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,,,,,

Intervention	participants (Number)
	number of subject with abnormal PE findings	number subject with clinically significant finding
Part 1a - Treatment A	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment B	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment C	1	0
Part 1b - Treatment D	0	0
Part 1b - Treatment E	1	0
Part 2 - Treatment F	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment G	0	0

[back to top]

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Vital Signs Findings

number of participants with vital signs (VS) findings. The vital signs ranges are the following Supine Systolic BP : 85-160mm HG, Supine Diastolic BP: 40-90mm HG, Supine HR: 35-100 beats/min. Details are described in the protocol section 8.11.2 (NCT03383523)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,,,,,

Intervention	participants (Number)
	number of subject with VS findings	number subject with clinically significant finding
Part 1a - Treatment A	0	0
Part 1a - Treatment B	1	0
Part 1a - Treatment C	2	0
Part 1b - Treatment D	2	0
Part 1b - Treatment E	3	0
Part 2 - Treatment F	0	0
Part 2 - Treatment G	0	0

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.06	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.43	1	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	4.32	4	1	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.1	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	3.91	2	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	1.98	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.45	1	1	isoquinolines
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.15	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	7.68	3	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	4.87	4	2	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.	2.41	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.4	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ethopabate Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.	6.97	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.4	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	1.99	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
nicarbazin Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.68	3	0	organic molecular entity
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.04	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.15	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
sulfamethomidine sulfamethomidine: structure given in first source	3.43	1	1	organic molecular entity
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	4.16	3	1	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.06	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.21	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.21	1	0	titanium group element atom
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.21	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
decoquinate Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.21	1	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
clazuril [no description available]	3.27	1	0
halofuginone [no description available]	2.42	2	0	quinazolines
propamidine isethionate propamidine isethionate : A guanidinium salt obtained by combining propamidine with two molar equivalents of isethionic acid. Used for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	1.98	1	0	guanidinium salt; organosulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.71	3	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.11	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
sulfachlorpyrazine sulfachlorpyrazine : A sulfonamide containing a 5-chloropyrazin-2-yl moiety linked to the amide nitrogen; principally used in veterinary medicine.	1.98	1	0	sulfonamide
maduramicin maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra	1.99	1	0
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.17	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.02	1	0
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.13	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	7.38	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	7.1	1	0
diclazuril [no description available]	8.84	20	9	nitrile
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.17	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.49	2	0
ponazuril ponazuril: a major metabolite of toltrazuril	4.4	6	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.91	4	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	2.17	1	0
fumagillin [no description available]	3.49	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	6.4	7	6	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	3.87	2	1
doramectin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	macrolide
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3	4	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.15	1	0
robenidine Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.	2.74	3	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.74	3	0
2-(3-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2h,4h)-dione 2-(3-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione: a coccidiostat	3.69	2	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.17	1	0
ganciclovir [no description available]	1.98	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	7.06	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.02	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.77	6	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	7.88	19	11
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	11.81	99	29
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.43	2	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	7.69	19	9
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	7.43	27	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.59	2	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	4.63	9	0
Isospora Infection [description not available]	7.47	17	8
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.41	8	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	3.9	2	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.69	12	5
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	7.51	18	8
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	7.52	18	8
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.35	4	1
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	4.64	6	0
Encephalitis, Equine [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	4.83	2	1
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	7.14	14	7
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	4.47	2	2
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	4.47	2	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.83	3	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	5.1	3	3
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	3.47	1	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.08	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.87	2	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.87	2	1
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	2.1	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	6.51	10	5
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	2.1	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.1	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.1	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.	2.11	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	7.11	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	3.5	1	1
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	3.5	1	1
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	7.42	2	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	5.92	9	3
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	3.45	1	1
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	4.41	2	2
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	5.08	5	2
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	3.45	1	1
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	2.07	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	2.01	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.01	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	3.41	1	1
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	2.4	2	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.38	2	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.37	2	0

toltrazuril

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (79)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (5)

Research

Studies (168)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 58.05

Study Types

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

PK (AUC0-7d) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.

PK (Cmax) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With 12-lead ECG Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Tests Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Neurological Examination Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Physical Examination Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Vital Signs Findings

toltrazuril

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (79)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (5)

Research

Studies (168)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 58.05

Study Types

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

PK (AUC0-7d) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.

PK (Cmax) of Two New Tablet Formulations of Emodepside in Comparison to the Liquid Formulation (LSF) Oral Solution.

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With 12-lead ECG Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Tests Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Neurological Examination Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Physical Examination Findings

Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Vital Signs Findings

Related Drugs (64)

Related Conditions (72)