Page last updated: 2024-12-05

idra 21

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

IDRA 21: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	3688
CHEMBL ID	77862
CHEBI ID	111162
SCHEMBL ID	195328
MeSH ID	M0241418

Synonyms (57)

Synonym
CHEMBL77862
7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
HMS3267D13
BRD-A14344385-001-01-6
BIOMOL-NT_000225
BPBIO1_001088
idra 21, >=98%
NCGC00025050-02
CHEBI:111162
22503-72-6
(+)-idra-21
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
(-)-idra-21
163936-79-6
163936-78-5
2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine, 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-, 1,1-dioxide, (+)-
2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine, 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-, 1,1-dioxide, (-)-
idra 21
689uw7pt68 ,
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-s,s-dioxide
idra-21
unii-689uw7pt68
2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine, 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-, 1,1-dioxide
2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine,7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-, 1,1-dioxide
S2434
gtpl4219
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-1$l^{6},2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dione
SCHEMBL195328
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine s,s-dioxide
HB0334
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
AKOS024456473
EX-A737
sr-01000597374
SR-01000597374-1
mfcd00270874
J-014742
CS-0021632
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine
FT-0700269
BCP19065
s 18986;s18986;idra-21;idra21;idra 21;ampakine
Q5970086
HMS3676O19
7-chloro-3-methyl-3-4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4 benzothiadiazine s,s-dioxide
DS-11824
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1lambda~6~,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1(2h)-dione
DTXSID70936887
HMS3412O19
BRD-A14344385-001-02-4
XAA50372
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-1lambda6,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
idra21
7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-benzo(e)(1,2,4)thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
A878525
HY-101528
SY105342

Research Excerpts

Overview

IDRA 21 is a positive allosteric modulator of glutamate AMPA receptors.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"IDRA 21 is a positive allosteric modulator of glutamate AMPA receptors."	( The effects of huperzine A and IDRA 21 on visual recognition memory in young macaques. Gale, K; Kozikowski, AP; Malkova, L, 2011)	1.38

Dosage Studied

IDRA 21 is 10-fold more potent than aniracetam in antagonizing alprazolam-induced learning deficit. IDRA 21 produced a gradual increase in task accuracy.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" From dose-response studies, it can be estimated that IDRA 21 is approximately 10-fold more potent than aniracetam in antagonizing alprazolam-induced learning deficit."	( 7-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine S,S-dioxide (IDRA 21), a congener of aniracetam, potently abates pharmacologically induced cognitive impairments in patas monkeys. Costa, E; DiBella, M; Guidotti, A; Thompson, DM, 1995)	0.77
" IDRA 21 produced a gradual increase in task accuracy that was maintained on average above vehicle performance levels over an intermittent dosing schedule during a total period of 3 weeks."	( The effects of IDRA 21, a positive modulator of the AMPA receptor, on delayed matching performance by young and aged rhesus monkeys. Buccafusco, JJ; Klinder, K; Terry, AV; Weiser, T; Winter, K, 2004)	1.59

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
benzothiadiazine	Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (12)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID345813	Potentiation of Wistar rat AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as increase in amplitude of (S)-AMP-induced current by two electrode voltage-clamp method relative to AMPA	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a second generation of pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides acting as AMPA potentiators.
AID392788	Potentiation of AMPA receptor mediated KA-induced current in Sprague-Dawley rat primary cerebellar granule neurons at 200 uM	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 19, Issue:4	A novel class of allosteric modulators of AMPA/Kainate receptors.
AID291179	Activity at Wistar rat cortex AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as 5-fold increase of (S)-AMPA-induced current	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13	Design, synthesis, and pharmacology of novel 7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors.
AID459002	Binding affinity to subsite C/C' in S1S2 domain of GluA2 receptor expressed in Escherichia coli by crystallography	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5	Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors.
AID291181	Activity at Wistar rat cortex AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as maximum increase of (S)-AMPA-induced current	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13	Design, synthesis, and pharmacology of novel 7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors.
AID291178	Activity at Wistar rat cortex AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as 2-fold increase of (S)-AMPA-induced current	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13	Design, synthesis, and pharmacology of novel 7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors.
AID146417	Variation of kainate-activated (KA) currents in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons at 1 mM using patch-clamp technique	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-06, Volume: 45, Issue:12	Synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzo-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives as potential allosteric modulators of AMPA/kainate receptors.
AID1187719	Positive allosteric modulator activity at AMPA receptor in 7 days old Sprague-Dawley rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed as potentiation of 5-Will-evoked current at 10 uM by whole cell patch clamp technique	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Design, stereoselective synthesis, configurational stability and biological activity of 7-chloro-9-(furan-3-yl)-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,2,4]thiadiazine 5,5-dioxide.
AID291180	Activity at Wistar rat cortex AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as effect on (S)-AMPA-induced current	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13	Design, synthesis, and pharmacology of novel 7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors.
AID345812	Potentiation of Wistar rat AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as 5-fold increase in amplitude of (S)-AMPA-induced current by two electrode voltage-clamp method	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a second generation of pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides acting as AMPA potentiators.
AID345811	Potentiation of Wistar rat AMPA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as 2-fold increase in amplitude of (S)-AMPA-induced current by two electrode voltage-clamp method	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a second generation of pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides acting as AMPA potentiators.
AID1187718	Positive allosteric modulator activity at AMPA receptor in 7 days old Sprague-Dawley rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed as potentiation of kainite-evoked current at 10 uM by whole cell patch clamp technique	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Design, stereoselective synthesis, configurational stability and biological activity of 7-chloro-9-(furan-3-yl)-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,2,4]thiadiazine 5,5-dioxide.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (24)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	8 (33.33)	18.2507
2000's	12 (50.00)	29.6817
2010's	4 (16.67)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 45.96

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	45.96 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	3.22 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.32 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	71.60 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.11 (0.95)

This Compound (45.96)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (4.17%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	23 (95.83%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	1.99	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	7.06	1	quinolone
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.39	2	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
althiazide [no description available]	2.05	1	benzothiadiazine
aniracetam [no description available]	7.42	2	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	1.98	1	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cx546 1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2	1
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	3.52	8	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	7.69	3	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.05	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	2.05	1	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.99	1	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.05	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.05	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.68	3	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2	1	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.02	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.92	4	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.99	1
4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide: metabolite of hydrochlorothiazide	2.05	1	sulfonamide
2-aminobenzenesulfonamide [no description available]	2.05	1	benzenes; sulfonamide
bdp 12 1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; an analog of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine	3.52	2	N-acylpiperidine
s18986-1 S18986-1: a positive AMPA receptor modulator	2.44	2
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.06	1
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.68	3	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	1.99	1	quinoxaline derivative
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	1.99	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
cx 614 2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino(2'',1''-3',2')1,3-oxazino(6',5'-5,4)benzo(e)1, 4-dioxan-10-one: an ampakine (AMPA receptor modulator); structure in first source	2.05	1
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.98	1
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2	1	glycoside
4-ethyl-7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide 4-ethyl-7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: an AMPA modulator; structure in first source	2.74	3
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	1.99	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.52	2

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.02	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.94	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	2.94	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.94	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	2.94	1
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	1.98	1
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	1.98	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	1.99	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.99	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	1.99	1

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