piperidines and epibatidine

We previously reported that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered (±)-epibatidine (1, 5 or 10 nmol/animal), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, dose-dependently induced secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline (catecholamines) from the rat adrenal medulla by brain diacylglycerol lipase- (DGL), monoacylglycerol lipase- (MGL) and cyclooxygenase-mediated mechanisms. Diacylglycerol is hydrolyzed by DGL into 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which is further hydrolyzed by MGL to arachidonic acid (AA), a cyclooxygenase substrate. These findings suggest that brain 2-AG-derived AA is involved in the (±)-epibatidine-induced response. This AA precursor 2-AG is also a major brain endocannabinoid, which inhibits synaptic transmission through presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Released 2-AG into the synaptic cleft is rapidly inactivated by cellular uptake. Here, we examined a role of brain 2-AG as an endocannabinoid in the (±)-epibatidine-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow using anesthetized male Wistar rats. In central presence of AM251 (CB1 antagonist) (90 and 180 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), (±)-epibatidine elevated plasma catecholamines even at an ineffective dose (1 nmol/animal, i.c.v.). Central pretreatment with ACEA (CB1 agonist) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), 2-AG ether (stable 2-AG analog for MGL) (0.5 and 1.0 μmol/animal, i.c.v.) or AM404 (endocannabinoid uptake inhibitor) (80 and 250 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) significantly reduced an effective dose of (±)-epibatidine- (5 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) induced elevation of plasma catecholamines, and AM251 (90 and 180 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) centrally abolished the reduction induced by 2-AG ether (1.0 μmol/animal, i.c.v.) or AM404 (250 nmol/animal, i.c.v.). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that (±)-epibatidine (10 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) activated DGLα-positive spinally projecting neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, a control center of central adrenomedullary system. These results suggest a possibility that a brain endocannabinoid, probably 2-AG, plays an inhibitory role in (±)-epibatidine-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow through brain CB1 receptors in the rat.

Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Catecholamines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endocannabinoids; Glycerides; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nicotinic Agonists; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Piperidines; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1

The purposeful inhalation of volatile solvents, such as toluene, to induce self-intoxication is prevalent, particularly within adolescent populations. Chronic misuse results in cognitive and neurobiological impairments, as well as an increased risk for addictive behaviours in adulthood. Toluene-induced neuroadaptations within mesocorticolimbic circuitry are thought, in part, to mediate some of the adverse outcomes of toluene misuse, however our understanding of the neuroadaptive processes remains equivocal. An understanding of these processes is particularly important relative to exposure that occurs during adolescence and at concentrations that reflect various patterns of use. Therefore, we exposed male adolescent Wistar rats (postnatal day [PN] 27) to either air or low or high concentrations of inhaled toluene in a chronic and intermittent fashion (CIT, 3,000 or 10,000ppm) for 1 h/day, 3-5 times per week for 4 weeks to model different patterns of human inhalant abuse. Brains were subsequently analysed using autoradiography, qPCR and immunohistochemistry 3 days following the exposure period to investigate toluene-induced neuroadaptations within mesocorticolimbic circuitry. In CIT-exposed rats binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors containing the GluN2B subunit, as determined using [(3)H]-ifenprodil, was decreased in a concentration-related manner in the caudal cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum and accumbens; however, this was not associated with changes in GluN2B protein expression. There were no differences in [(3)H]-epibatidine binding to heteromeric neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. Relative expression of mRNA transcripts encoding NMDA, nACh, γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA) and dopamine receptor subunits was unchanged in all regions assessed following CIT. Our data suggest that adolescent CIT exposure impacts NMDA receptors within regions of corticostriatal circuitry, possibly via post-translational mechanisms. Dysfunctional glutamatergic signalling within corticostriatal regions may contribute to the adverse outcomes observed following adolescent toluene abuse.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; Gene Expression; Limbic System; Male; Nicotinic Agonists; Piperidines; Protein Binding; Pyridines; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; RNA, Messenger; Solvents; Somatosensory Cortex; Toluene; Tritium

We previously reported that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered (±)-epibatidine (a potent agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) (1, 5 and 10 nmol/animal) dose-dependently elevated plasma levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline and that this response was reduced by i.c.v. administered indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy, indicating the involvement of brain arachidonic acid, as a substrate of cyclooxygenase, in this alkaloid-induced secretion of both catecholamines from the adrenal medulla in rats. Arachidonic acid is mainly released by the action of phospholipase A(2), but is also released by a phospholipase C-, diacylglycerol lipase- and monoacylglycerol lipase-mediated pathway. In the present study, (±)-epibatidine (5 nmol/animal, i.c.v.)-induced elevation of plasma catecholamines was not influenced by pretreatment with mepacrine (phospholipase A(2) inhibitor) (1.1 and 2.2 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), but was effectively reduced by pretreatment with U-73122 (1-[6-[[(17 β)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione) (phospholipase C inhibitor) (10 and 30 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), RHC-80267 [1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonylamino)hexane] (diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (1.3 and 2.6 μmol/animal, i.c.v.), MAFP (methyl arachidonoyl fluorophosphonate) (monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.) or JZL184 [4-nitrophenyl 4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate] (selective monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor) (0.7 and 1.4 μmol/animal, i.c.v.). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that (±)-epibatidine (10 nmol/animal, i.c.v.) activates spinally projecting neurons expressing monoacylglycerol lipase in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, a control center of central sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow. Taken together, the brain phospholipase C-, diacylglycerol lipase- and monoacylglycerol lipase-mediated pathway seems to be involved in the centrally administered (±)-epibatidine-induced activation of central adrenomedullary outflow in rats.

Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Benzodioxoles; Brain; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Catecholamines; Cyclohexanones; Esterases; Estrenes; Lipoprotein Lipase; Male; Monoacylglycerol Lipases; Neurons; Nicotinic Agonists; Organophosphonates; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Piperidines; Pyridines; Pyrrolidinones; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Type C Phospholipases

Allosteric modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is considered to be one of the most promising approaches for therapeutics. We have previously reported on the pharmacological activity of several compounds that act as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of nAChRs. In the following studies, the effects of 30 NAMs from our small chemical library on both human alpha4beta2 (Halpha4beta2) and human alpha3beta4 (Halpha3beta4) nAChRs expressed in human embryonic kidney ts201 cells were investigated. During calcium accumulation assays, these NAMs inhibited nAChR activation with IC(50) values ranging from 2.4 microM to more than 100 microM. Several NAMs showed relative selectivity for Halpha4beta2 nAChRs with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range. A lead molecule, KAB-18, was identified that shows relative selectivity for Halpha4beta2 nAChRs. This molecule contains three phenyl rings, one piperidine ring, and one ester bond linkage. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses of our data revealed three regions of KAB-18 that contribute to its relative selectivity. Predictive three-dimensional quantitative SAR (comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) models were generated from these data, and a pharmacophore model was constructed to determine the chemical features that are important for biological activity. Using docking approaches and molecular dynamics on a Halpha4beta2 nAChR homology model, a binding mode for KAB-18 at the alpha/beta subunit interface that corresponds to the predicted pharmacophore is described. This binding mode was supported by mutagenesis studies. In summary, these studies highlight the importance of SAR, computational, and molecular biology approaches for the design and synthesis of potent and selective antagonists targeting specific nAChR subtypes.

Topics: Algorithms; Biphenyl Compounds; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cell Line; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Models, Molecular; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Neurons; Nicotinic Agonists; Piperidines; Pyridines; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Receptors, Nicotinic; Structure-Activity Relationship

To characterize the binding sites and the mechanisms of inhibition of bupropion on muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), structural and functional approaches were used. The results established that bupropion (a) inhibits epibatidine-induced Ca(2+) influx in embryonic muscle AChRs, (b) inhibits adult muscle AChR macroscopic currents in the resting/activatable state with approximately 100-fold higher potency compared to that in the open state, (c) increases the desensitization rate of adult muscle AChRs from the open state and impairs channel opening from the resting state, (d) inhibits binding of [(3)H]TCP and [(3)H]imipramine to the desensitized/carbamylcholine-bound Torpedo AChR with higher affinity compared to the resting/alpha-bungarotoxin-bound AChR, (e) binds to the Torpedo AChR in either state mainly by an entropy-driven process, and (f) interacts with a binding domain located between the serine (position 6') and valine (position 13') rings, by a network of van der Waals, hydrogen bond, and polar interactions. Collectively, our data indicate that bupropion first binds to the resting AChR, decreasing the probability of ion channel opening. The remnant fraction of open ion channels is subsequently decreased by accelerating the desensitization process. Bupropion interacts with a luminal binding domain shared with PCP that is located between the serine and valine rings, and this interaction is mediated mainly by an entropy-driven process.

Topics: Animals; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Bupropion; Calcium; Cell Line; Drug Discovery; Electric Conductivity; Humans; Imipramine; Immobilized Proteins; Ion Channel Gating; Kinetics; Mice; Models, Molecular; Muscles; Nicotinic Antagonists; Piperidines; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Pyridines; Receptors, Nicotinic; Thermodynamics; Torpedo

Research on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) indicates that long term exposure increases the level of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) but the effects of donepezil on nAChRs are not well studied. Therefore, we investigated the effects of sub-chronic donepezil administration on nAChRs in rats and rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered donepezil (0.7 and 2.4 micromoles/kg), nicotine (2.5 micromoles/kg) or saline subcutaneously twice daily for 14 days, PC-12 cells were incubated with 10(-6) to 10(-4) M donepezil for 72 hours and nAChR levels were determined by receptor binding assay using the nAChR ligands [3H]-epibatidine (EPI) for non-alpha 7 nAChRs and [3H]-methyllyconitine (MLA) for alpha 7 nAChRs. Chronic donepezil administration at 1.4 micromoles/kg/day and 4.8 micromoles/ kg/day significantly increased [3H]-epibatidine binding in the cortex to 126 +/- 1.3% and 127 +/- 3.2% of the saline control animals, respectively. [3H]-MLA binding in the cortex increased to 114 +/- 4.4% and 124 +/- 2.8% of the control group for the high and low dose groups, respectively. Hippocampal [3H]-EPI binding in the low dose and high dose groups significantly increased to 135 +/- 3.6% and 125 +/- 4.6% of the controls, respectively while there were no changes in the level of [3H]-MLA binding. In striatal homogenates, neither [3H]-EPI nor [3H]-MLA binding were significantly effected at either dose of donepezil. In PC-12 cells, [3H]-EPI binding was increased at the non-physiological 10(-4)M concentration only. There was no effect of donepezil on [3H]-MLA binding at any concentration examined. These results indicate that donepezil increases cortical alpha 7 and non-alpha 7 nAChRs, hippocampal non-alpha 7 nAChRs but does not influence striatal nAChR levels. Furthermore, the lack of an effect on the alpha 7-nAChRs in PC-12 cells suggests that the increase in cortical alpha 7 nAChRs may be an indirect effect of increased acetylcholine levels in vivo.

Topics: Aconitine; Animals; Binding Sites; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Donepezil; Drug Administration Schedule; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Indans; Male; Nicotinic Agonists; Nicotinic Antagonists; Pheochromocytoma; Piperidines; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic

Epibatidine, a neurotoxin isolated from the skin of Epipedobates tricolor, is an efficacious antinociceptive agent with a potency 200 times that of morphine. The toxicity of epibatidine, because of its nonspecificity for both peripheral and central nicotinic receptors, precludes its development as an analgesic. During the synthesis of epibatidine analogs we developed potent antinociceptive agents, typified by CMI-936 and CMI-1145, whose antinociception, unlike that of epibatidine, is mediated via muscarinic receptors. Subsequently, we used specific muscarinic toxins and antagonists to delineate the muscarinic receptor subtype involved in the antinociception evoked by these agents. Thus, the antinociception produced by CMI-936 and CMI-1145 is inhibited substantially by 1) intrathecal injection of the specific muscarinic M4 toxin, muscarinic toxin-3; 2) intrathecally administered pertussis toxin, which inhibits the G proteins coupled to M2 and M4 receptors; and 3) s.c. injection of the M2/M4 muscarinic antagonist himbacine. These results demonstrate that the antinociception elicited by these epibatidine analogs is mediated via muscarinic M4 receptors located in the spinal cord. Compounds that specifically target the M4 receptor therefore may be of substantial value as alternative analgesics to the opiates.

Topics: Alkaloids; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Body Temperature; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Female; Furans; Mice; Muscarinic Agonists; Naphthalenes; Oxadiazoles; Piperidines; Pyridines; Receptor, Muscarinic M4; Receptors, Muscarinic; Salivation

The laminar binding distribution of three nicotinic receptor agonists, [3H](-)nicotine, [3H]cytisine, and [3H]epibatidine, and their relation to the [3H]vesamicol binding, which is known to represent the vesicular acetylcholine transport sites, was performed employing in vitro autoradiography on the medial temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21). Autopsied brain tissue from nine Alzheimer patients and seven age-matched controls were used. The binding pattern of the three nicotinic ligands in the normal cortex was in general similar, showing binding maxima in the cortical layers I, III and V. The binding of [3H](-)nicotine, [3H]cytisine, and [3H]epibatidine was lower in the older controls and more uniform throughout the layers as compared with younger controls. There was a significant age-related decrease in the binding of the three nicotinic ligands within the controls (age range: 58 to 89 years; P[3H](-)nicotine = 0.002, P[3H]epibatidine = 0.010, P[3H]cytisine = 0.037). In the older controls, the [3H]epibatidine binding was much decreased as compared with that of [3H](-)nicotine and [3H]cytisine. This may indicate a higher selectivity of [3H]epibatidine for a nicotinic receptor subtype that is particularly affected by aging. The laminar binding pattern of [3H]vesamicol showed one maximum in the outer cortical layers II/III. The [3H]vesamicol binding did not change with aging. The binding of all ligands was significantly decreased in all layers of the temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease, but the [3H]vesamicol binding decreased only half as much as the nicotinic receptors. Also, choline acetyltransferase activity was percentually more reduced than [3H]vesamicol binding in Alzheimer's disease. The cortical laminar binding pattern of all 3H-ligands was largely absent in the Alzheimer's disease cases. The less severe loss of vesicular acetylcholine transport sites as compared with the loss of the nicotinic receptors and choline acetyltransferase activity may suggest that vesamicol binding sites might be more preserved in presynaptic terminals still existing and thereby expressing compensatory capacity to maintain cholinergic activity.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkaloids; Alzheimer Disease; Autoradiography; Azocines; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Carrier Proteins; Female; Humans; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Piperidines; Pyridines; Quinolizines; Reference Values; Temporal Lobe; Tritium; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Transport Proteins

Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Drug Design; Mice; Molecular Conformation; Piperidines; Pyridines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thermodynamics