slaframine profile

Slaframine is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola. It is a potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, which means it blocks the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse, resulting in various effects including muscle spasms, salivation, and decreased heart rate. Slaframine is also known to cause slaframine poisoning in livestock, particularly horses, leading to excessive salivation, known as slobbers. Due to its potent biological activity and unique structure, slaframine has been a subject of research for its potential applications in medicine and agriculture. Research on slaframine focuses on its potential use as an insecticide, a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, and its role in fungal pathogenesis. The synthesis of slaframine is a complex process and has been achieved through both chemical and biological methods.'

slaframine: biosynthesized in fungus, Rhizoctonia leguminicola; causes excessive salivation in animals; RN given is for parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

slaframine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is octahydroindolizine substituted by an amino group at position 6 and an acetyloxy group at position 1. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	88363
SCHEMBL ID	1097317
MeSH ID	M0053847

Synonym
slaframine
20084-93-9
(1s,6s,8as)-1-acetoxy-6-aminooctahydroindolizine
[(1s,6s,8as)-6-amino-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroindolizin-1-yl] acetate
51h2386gwi ,
(1s-(1alpha,6alpha,8abeta))-6-aminooctahydro-1-indolizinol, acetate (ester)
unii-51h2386gwi
A814619
acetic acid [(1s,6s,8as)-6-amino-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroindolizin-1-yl] ester
[(1s,6s,8as)-6-azanyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroindolizin-1-yl] ethanoate
SCHEMBL1097317
DTXSID50942108
Q1277175

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Eighty male broiler chicks (average weight 225 g) were divided into 10 groups and dosed with either saline (control) or 1 mg SF/kg of body weight by oral intubation."	( Effects of slaframine on circulating concentrations of growth hormone and glucose. Broquist, HP; Croom, WJ; Fernandez, JM; Froetschel, MA; Hagler, WM; Lauterio, TJ; Mann, DL; Ort, J; Scanes, CG, 1987)	0.66
"05) depending upon the dosage level and time after administration."	( Effects of slaframine on ruminant digestive function: ruminal motility in sheep and cattle. Argenzio, R; Broquist, HP; Croom, WJ; Froetschel, MA; Hagler, WM; Liacos, J, 1986)	0.66
" In experiment 1, steers were dosed with 0, 25, or 50 micrograms."	( Effects of slaframine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4DAMP) on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the bovine. Croom, WJ; Hagler, WM; Harmon, DL; Krehbiel, CR; St Jean, G; Walker, JA, 1994)	0.68

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	11 (45.83)	18.7374
1990's	9 (37.50)	18.2507
2000's	4 (16.67)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (4.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	5 (20.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	19 (76.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.39	2	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.39	2	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.98	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	1.98	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.46	2	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.06	1	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytisine [no description available]	3.1	1	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	1.95	1	dihydrogen
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.95	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	1.99	1
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	4.62	3	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	3.1	1	quinolizidine alkaloid
a 58365a A 58365A: from Streptomyces chromofuscus; structure given in second source	3.1	1
ipalbidine ipalbidine: photoalkaloid isolated from seeds of Ipomoea hardwickii Hemsl.; structure given in first source; RR from Chemical Abstracts Index Guide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	3.1	1
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	1.95	1	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
nadp [no description available]	2.35	2
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	1.98	1
septicine septicine: structure in first source	3.1	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.39	2
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.95	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Drooling [description not available]	4.28	4	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	4.28	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.38	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	8.37	1	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.37	1	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	7.9	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	1.98	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	1.98	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	1.98	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	1.98	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.95	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.88	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.88	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.88	1	0

slaframine

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Research Demand Index: 37.08

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