Compounds > deacetyldiltiazem
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

deacetyldiltiazem

Description

deacetyldiltiazem: metabolite of diltiazem; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID91638
CHEBI ID169833
SCHEMBL ID7348984
MeSH IDM0114052

Synonyms (37)

Synonym
(2s,3s)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4-one
CHEBI:169833
42399-40-6
deacetyldiltiazem
A7196
einecs 255-795-9
849ut193yj ,
unii-849ut193yj
(2s-cis)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, 5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2s,3s)-
desacetyldiltiazem
diltiazem hydrochloride impurity f [ep impurity]
(+)-desacetyldiltiazem
desacetyldiltiazem [who-ip]
desacetyldiltiazem [who-dd]
desacetyl diltiazem
(2s-cis)-5-[(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
deacetyl-d-diltiazem
SCHEMBL7348984
NZHUXMZTSSZXSB-MOPGFXCFSA-N
(+)-cis-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
cis-(+)-2-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-5-(2'-dimethylaminoethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine-4(5h)-one
(+)-(2s,3s)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
cis-(+)-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine-4(5h)-one
(+/-)-cis-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
(2s,3s)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4-one
AKOS027378048
diltiazem-m deacetyl
(2s,3s)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one; diltiazem hydrochloride imp. f (ep); desacetyldiltiazem; diltiazem hydrochloride impurity f; diltiazem impurity f
(2s,3s)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
desacetyldiltiazem 1.0 mg/ml in acetonitrile
(2s,3s)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepin-4(5h)-one
(2s,3s)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one; cas: 75472-91-2 hcl
diltiazem ep impurity f; desacetyl diltiazem
Q27269511
DTXSID00881093
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2s,3s)-

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic changes of diltiazem (DTZ) and its main metabolite, deacetyldiltiazm (DAD) were studied after oral administration of DTZ to normal rabbits and mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits. The half-life of the metabolite N-demethyldilt Diazem was similar to that of diltsiazem.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In vivo pharmacokinetic studies following intravenous (iv) and portal venous (pv) administration revealed that UN-ARF increased the intrinsic clearance (CLi) of DTZ from 243."( Decreased systemic clearance of diltiazem with increased hepatic metabolism in rats with uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure.
Lee, MH; Lee, YH; Shim, CK, 1992)		0.28
" Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 h after dose 13 on day 5 to determine possible pharmacokinetic interactions between the two drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and propranolol when administered alone and in combination.
Dimmitt, DC; Elvin, AT; Giesing, DH; Lanman, RC; Yu, DK, 1991)		0.28
" Elimination half-life increases and gives AUC's and Cmax higher than those predicted from single dose data."( Diltiazem pharmacokinetics in elderly volunteers after single and multiple doses.
Boucher, S; Caillé, G; Grace, MG; Lakhani, Z; Russell, A; Spénard, J; Thiffault, J, )		0.13
" These findings suggest that some form of acute tolerance to the electrophysiologic effect of diltiazem develops, but the results of pharmacodynamic modeling suggest that this is not caused by the antagonistic effects the metabolites."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diltiazem and its metabolites in healthy adults after a single oral dose.
Boyd, RA; Chin, SK; Don-Pedro, O; Giacomini, KM; Sheiner, LB; Verotta, D; Williams, RL, 1989)		0.28
" The half-life of the metabolite N-demethyldiltiazem (MA) was similar to that of diltiazem, whereas the half-lives of deacetyldiltiazem (M1) and N-demethyldeacetyldiltiazem (M2) were longer."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its metabolites after repeated multiple-dose treatments in healthy volunteers.
Höglund, P; Nilsson, LG, 1989)		0.49
" The half-life of the metabolite N-demethyldiltiazem was similar to that of diltiazem whereas the half-lives of the metabolites deacetyldiltiazem and N-demethyldeacetyldiltiazem were longer."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its metabolites after single and multiple dosing in healthy volunteers.
Höglund, P; Nilsson, LG, 1989)		0.48
"05) increase in diltiazem levels at most time points, in peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve."( The effect of ranitidine and cimetidine on single-dose diltiazem pharmacokinetics.
Goodman, RP; McKenney, JM; Winship, LC; Wood, JH; Wright, JT, )		0.13
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of diltiazem were studied in 8 patients after a short intravenous infusion (20 mg over 10 minutes), a single oral dose (60 or 90 mg), and repeated oral administration (60 or 90 mg every 6 hours for 16 doses)."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of diltiazem.
Pritchett, EL; Shand, DG; Smith, MS; Verghese, CP, 1983)		0.27
"The objective of this randomized five-way cross-over study with healthy male volunteers was to determine, one the one hand, the bioavailability and main pharmacokinetic parameters of 4 sustained release diltiazem (Surecaps, CAS 42399-41-7) test preparations with ascending doses (180, 240, 300, 360 mg), administered as single application, versus an immediate release 60 mg diltiazem reference preparation, which was given thrice a day at 8-h intervals."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and dose linearity of diltiazem in healthy volunteers.
Hutt, V; Jaeger, H; Janik, F; Kappler, J; Maccari, M; Pabst, G; Ravelli, V, 1993)		0.29
" The slope of the alpha- and beta-phases increased slightly in six of the eight pregnant rabbits as compared with the non-pregnant animal, but the other pharmacokinetic parameters that largely determine drug disposition (AUC, V(n), CL) showed no significant differences."( Diltiazem blood pharmacokinetics in the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit: maternal and foetal tissue levels.
Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, LJ; Garcia, MA; Solans, C, 2000)		0.31
"The pharmacokinetic changes of diltiazem (DTZ) and its main metabolite, deacetyldiltiazem (DAD) were studied after oral administration of DTZ to normal rabbits and mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, deacetyidiltiazem after oral administration of diltiazem in mild and medium folate-induced renal failure rabbits.
Burm, JP; Choi, JS; Lee, JH, 2001)		0.54
" However, other pharmacokinetic parameters of DAD were not significantly different among three groups of rabbits."( Pharmacokinetic changes of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem after oral administration of diltiazem in rabbits with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan.
Choi, JS; Kim, YG, 2002)		0.31
" The first 5 individuals identified with genotypes corresponding to a homozygous extensive, heterozygous extensive, or homozygous poor CYP2D6-metabolizing phenotype, respectively, were voluntarily enrolled in the pharmacokinetic study."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its metabolites in relation to CYP2D6 genotype.
Bergan, S; Bøe, GH; Christensen, H; Johansen, PW; Lehne, G; Molden, E; Reubsaet, L; Rootwelt, H; Rugstad, HE, 2002)		0.31
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic alteration of diltiazem and its main metabolite, deacetyldiltiazem, after oral administration of diltiazem in rabbits with or without cimetidine co-administration."( The influence of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite in rabbits.
Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2004)		0.53
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after oral administration of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) in rats pretreated with morin (1."( Effects of morin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem in rats.
Choi, HJ; Choi, JS, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined in rats after oral administration of diltiazem (15 mg x kg(-1)) to rats pretreated with atorvastatin (0."( Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2007)		0.34
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after an oral administration of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) to rats in the presence and absence of resveratrol (0."( Effects of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2008)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined following the oral administration of diltiazem (15 mg x kg(-1)) in the presence or absence of EGCG (1, 4 and 12 mg x kg(-1))."( Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats.
Choi, JS; Li, C, 2008)		0.35
"Compared with the control group (given diltiazem alone), hesperidin (5 or 15 mg/kg) significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem, except for 1 mg/kg hesperidin."( Effect of hesperidin on the oral pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Cho, YA; Choi, DH; Choi, JS, 2009)		0.35
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after orally administering diltiazem (12 mg/kg) to rats in the presence and absence of lovastatin (0."( Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin.
Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Chung, JW; Ha, SI; Han, JY; Hong, SP; Koh, YY; Yang, JS, 2011)		0.37
" Compared with the control (given diltiazem alone), the presence of lovastatin significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem."( Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin.
Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Chung, JW; Ha, SI; Han, JY; Hong, SP; Koh, YY; Yang, JS, 2011)		0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after oral and intravenous administration of diltiazem to rats in the presence and absence of simvastatin (0."( Effects of simvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, after oral and intravenous administration in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibition by simvastatin.
Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, 2011)		0.37

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The absolute bioavailability of pv DTZ (Fpv) was decreased by UN-ARF from 37."( Decreased systemic clearance of diltiazem with increased hepatic metabolism in rats with uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure.
Lee, MH; Lee, YH; Shim, CK, 1992)		0.28
"The influence of food on the bioavailability of a conventional tablet and of a slow-release capsule of diltiazem was investigated in two separate groups of 24 healthy volunteers in two open crossover studies."( Influence of food on the bioavailability of diltiazem and two of its metabolites following the administration of conventional tablets and slow-release capsules.
Boucher, S; Caillé, G; Du Souich, P; Lery, L; Lery, N; Pilon, D; Spenard, J; Varin, F; Vezina, M, 1990)		0.28
" The area under the curve of diltiazem in a dosing interval at steady state increased significantly compared with the single dose, indicating an increased bioavailability after repeated dosing, probably because of decreased presystemic elimination."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its metabolites after single and multiple dosing in healthy volunteers.
Höglund, P; Nilsson, LG, 1989)		0.28
" The rate of absorption is also slower."( A new extended-release formulation of diltiazem HCl for the treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Frishman, WH, 1993)		0.29
"The objective of this randomized five-way cross-over study with healthy male volunteers was to determine, one the one hand, the bioavailability and main pharmacokinetic parameters of 4 sustained release diltiazem (Surecaps, CAS 42399-41-7) test preparations with ascending doses (180, 240, 300, 360 mg), administered as single application, versus an immediate release 60 mg diltiazem reference preparation, which was given thrice a day at 8-h intervals."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and dose linearity of diltiazem in healthy volunteers.
Hutt, V; Jaeger, H; Janik, F; Kappler, J; Maccari, M; Pabst, G; Ravelli, V, 1993)		0.29
"Since the ability of the small intestine to biotransform a drug may decrease in distal segments of the intestine, this study aimed to assess whether the site of administration in the small intestine could affect the systemic bioavailability of diltiazem and its two active metabolites, N-desmethyldiltiazem (MA) and desacetyl-diltiazem (M1)."( The site of absorption in the small intestine determines diltiazem bioavailability in the rabbit.
Caillé, G; du Souich, P; Homsy, W, 1995)		0.29
"The site of absorption into the intestine modulates the bioavailability of diltiazem and its two active metabolites."( The site of absorption in the small intestine determines diltiazem bioavailability in the rabbit.
Caillé, G; du Souich, P; Homsy, W, 1995)		0.29
" Diltiazem HCl ER tablets administered in the evening exhibited 17% and 22% greater bioavailability compared to morning administration under single-dose and steady-state conditions, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics of a novel diltiazem HCl extended-release tablet formulation for evening administration.
Albert, KS; Eradiri, O; Lai, JC; Sista, S, 2003)		0.32
" Apparent volume of distribution normalized by the bioavailability (Vd/F) of diltiazem increased significantly in rabbits pretreated with cimetidine increased."( The influence of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite in rabbits.
Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2004)		0.32
" Compared with the control group (given diltiazem alone), pretreatment of morin significantly increased the absorption rate constant (Ka) and peak concentration (Cmax) of diltiazem (p<0."( Effects of morin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem in rats.
Choi, HJ; Choi, JS, 2005)		0.33
" Consequently, absolute and relative bioavailability values of diltiazem in the presence of naringin were significantly higher (p<0."( Enhanced oral exposure of diltiazem by the concomitant use of naringin in rats.
Choi, JS; Han, HK, 2005)		0.33
" Consequently, absolute bioavailability values of diltiazem pretreated with atorvastatin (8."( Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2007)		0.34
" Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (AB) of diltiazem in the presence of resveratrol (2."( Effects of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2008)		0.35
"This study investigated the effect of orally administered epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a flavonoid, on the bioavailability or pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main active metabolites desacetyldiltiazem in rats."( Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats.
Choi, JS; Li, C, 2008)		0.35
"This study was to investigate the effect of hesperidin, an antioxidant, on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its active major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats."( Effect of hesperidin on the oral pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Cho, YA; Choi, DH; Choi, JS, 2009)		0.35
"Hesperidin significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of diltiazem in rats."( Effect of hesperidin on the oral pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Cho, YA; Choi, DH; Choi, JS, 2009)		0.35
" Consequently, the absolute bioavailability values of diltiazem in the presence of lovastatin (11."( Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin.
Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Chung, JW; Ha, SI; Han, JY; Hong, SP; Koh, YY; Yang, JS, 2011)		0.37
" Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (AB) values of diltiazem in the presence of simvastatin (1."( Effects of simvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, after oral and intravenous administration in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibition by simvastatin.
Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, 2011)		0.37
"This study investigated the effect of piperine on the gene expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) as well as pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) activity and also its implication on the bioavailability of diltiazem, a P-gp substrate."( Repeated dosing of piperine induced gene expression of P-glycoprotein via stimulated pregnane-X-receptor activity and altered pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats.
Han, HK; Kang, KW; Qiang, F, 2012)		0.38

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Chronic oral dosing significantly lowered both the systemic and oral clearance of diltiazem, with no changes in either the volume of distribution or blood binding of diltiazem."( The effects of chronic oral diltiazem and cimetidine dosing on the pharmacokinetics and negative dromotropic action of intravenous and oral diltiazem in the dog.
Bai, SA; Lankford, S; Maskasame, C, 1992)		0.28
" The area under the curve of diltiazem in a dosing interval at steady state increased significantly compared with the single dose, indicating an increased bioavailability after repeated dosing, probably because of decreased presystemic elimination."( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its metabolites after single and multiple dosing in healthy volunteers.
Höglund, P; Nilsson, LG, 1989)		0.28
" Plasma concentrations of diltiazem and its major metabolite desacetyl-diltiazem were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) up to 48 h after single dosing of the sustained release preparations as well as after repeated doses of the immediate release formulation."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and dose linearity of diltiazem in healthy volunteers.
Hutt, V; Jaeger, H; Janik, F; Kappler, J; Maccari, M; Pabst, G; Ravelli, V, 1993)		0.29
" These observations suggested that the metabolism of diltiazem to deacetyldiltiazem was reduced by cimetidine treatment and that the dosage of diltiazem should be adjusted when the drug is co-administered chronically with cimetidine in a clinical setting."( The influence of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite in rabbits.
Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2004)		0.56
" Based on these results, if these results would be confirmed in clinical experiments, the dosage of diltiazem should be readjusted when diltiazem is used concomitantly with resveratrol."( Effects of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2008)		0.35
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
benzothiazepine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (57)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199018 (31.58)18.7374
1990's19 (33.33)18.2507
2000's16 (28.07)29.6817
2010's4 (7.02)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.01

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index10.01 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.25 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.25 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.01)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials6 (9.52%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (3.17%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other55 (87.30%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		1.9810aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		6.9810aromatic ketone
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.420aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		1.9610dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.411dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		1.9710oxopurine
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.7721naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.0110pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.0310pyrrole;
secondary amine
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.0410catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		8.135755-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0610delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.0610delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gallocatechol
gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.		2.0410gallocatechinantioxidant;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-monodemethyldiltiazem
N-monodemethyldiltiazem: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.61181benzothiazepine
naringin
[no description available]		2.0210(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0410resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.0710benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0410stilbene
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.02107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
desmethyldoxepin
desmethyldoxepin: active metabolite if doxepin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethyldoxepin : A dibenzooxepine resulting from the demethylation of the antidepressant doxepin. It is the active metabolite of doxepin.. (Z)-desmethyldoxepin : The (Z)-isomer of desmethyldoxepin.		3.411desmethyldoxepin
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.3920
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.0710
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		210folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.4651
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.4651
Adipocere
[description not available]		01.9910
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.6830
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		0210
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.3920
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.3920
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		01.9710
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		01.9710
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9710
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9710
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		01.9710
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