piperidines and gluconic-acid

Magnesium is a calcium and an NMDA-receptor antagonist and can modify important mechanisms of nociception. We evaluated the co-analgesic effect of magnesium in the postoperative setting after on-pump cardiac surgery.. Forty patients randomly received either magnesium gluconate as an i.v. bolus of 0.21 mmol kg(-1) (86.5 mg kg(-1)) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.03 mmol(-1) kg(-1) h(-1) (13.8 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) or placebo for 12 h after tracheal extubation. After surgery, remifentanil was decreased to 0.05 microg kg(-1) min(-1) and titrated according to a pain intensity score (PIS, range 1-6) in the intubated, awake patient and a VAS scale (range 1-100) after extubation. If PIS was > or =3 or VAS > or =30, the infusion was increased by 0.01 microg kg(-1) min(-1); if ventilatory frequency was < or =10 min(-1) it was decreased by the same magnitude.. Magnesium lowered the cumulative remifentanil requirement after surgery (P<0.05). PIS > or =3 was more frequent in the placebo group (P<0.05). Despite increased remifentanil demand, VAS scores were also higher in the placebo group at 8 (2 vs 8) and 9 h after extubation (2 vs 7) (P<0.05). Dose reductions attributable to a ventilatory frequency < or =10 min(-1) occurred more often in the magnesium group (17 vs 6; P<0.05). However, time to tracheal extubation was not prolonged.. Magnesium gluconate moderately reduced the remifentanil consumption without serious side-effects. The opioid-sparing effect of magnesium may be greater at higher pain intensities and with increased dosages.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gluconates; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Piperidines; Remifentanil

Exploiting suitable oxidation catalysts is of great importance in the development of sugar-based fuel cells (SFCs). Herein, a novel room-temperature glucose/O2 fuel cell (GFC), which employs 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (ACT) as an anodic electrocatalyst and air-breathing Pt-C as a cathode, is demonstrated. Under room temperature operation, the as-assembled GFCs are capable of delivering a maximum power density of 100 μW cm-2 in the presence of 50 mM glucose. Bulk electrolysis products of glucose identified by mass spectrum and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy include gluconic acid and glucaric acid, suggesting that the aldehyde and primary hydroxy groups of glucose can be deeply oxidized into carboxyl groups through a 6e- pathway. The deep glucose oxidation capability makes ACT a promising anodic electrocatalyst for SFCs.

Topics: Aldehydes; Bioelectric Energy Sources; Catalysis; Cyclic N-Oxides; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Electrolysis; Glucaric Acid; Gluconates; Glucose; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Piperidines; Surface Properties; Temperature