Compounds > methamidophos
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

methamidophos

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Description

methamidophos: structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4096
CHEMBL ID504888
CHEBI ID38721
SCHEMBL ID23291
MeSH IDM0063357

Synonyms (115)

Synonym
KBIO1_001430
DIVK1C_006486
SPECTRUM_001799
pillaron
tamaron
monitor
sniper
filitox
o,s-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate
re 9006
sra 5172
nsc 190987
metamidofos estrella
monitor (insecticide)
ortho monitor
chevron 9006
amidor
brn 1098870
caswell no. 378a
hamidop
thiophosphorsaeure-o,s-dimethylesteramid [german]
ent 27,396
tahmabon
methyl phosphoramidothioate ((meo)(mes)p(o)(nh2))
acephate-met
epa pesticide chemical code 101201
hsdb 1593
methamidophos [ansi:bsi:iso]
tamanox
chevron ortho 9006
ai3-27396
ckb 1220
ortho 9006
patrole
einecs 233-606-0
phosphoramidothioic acid, o,s-dimethyl ester
bayer 5546
BSPBIO_002309
MTD ,
methamidophos, analytical standard
SPECTRUM5_001940
methyl phosphoramidothioate
thiophosphoramidic acid o,s-dimethyl ester
o,s-dimethyl phosphoroamidothioate
metamidophos
methamidophos
o,s-dimethyl phosphoramidothiolate
o,s-dimethyl amidothiophosphate
10265-92-6
CHEBI:38721 ,
NCGC00094520-03
NCGC00094520-01
NCGC00094520-04
NCGC00094520-02
KBIOSS_002292
KBIO2_002290
KBIO2_007426
KBIO2_004858
KBIOGR_001029
KBIO3_001809
SPECTRUM3_000815
SPECTRUM4_000655
SPECPLUS_000390
SPECTRUM2_001863
SPBIO_001706
SPECTRUM330023
NCGC00094520-06
NCGC00094520-05
o,s-dimethylphosphoroamidothioate
CHEMBL504888
[amino(methylsulfanyl)phosphoryl]oxymethane
bdbm50027341
NCGC00094520-07
NCGC00094520-08
C18667
thiophosphorsaeure-o,s-dimethylesteramid
unii-8z083fm94w
8z083fm94w ,
ccris 9422
NCGC00254646-01
tox21_202250
dtxcid504177
cas-10265-92-6
NCGC00259799-01
tox21_300740
dtxsid6024177 ,
AKOS006228092
CCG-39401
SCHEMBL23291
methamidophos [mi]
sra-5172
bayer 71628
methamidophos [hsdb]
phosphoramidothioic acid o,s-dimethyl ester
(rs)-(o,s-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
methamidophos [iso]
ent-27396
o,s-dimethyl ester of amidothiophosphoric acid
o,s-dimethyl amidothiophosphate #
bay 71628
nitofol
Q-201361
[methoxy(methylsulfanyl)phosphoryl]amine
methamidophos, pestanal(r), analytical standard
methamidophos 100 microg/ml in ethyl acetate
methamidophos 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
(+/-)-methamidophos
pesticide1_methamidophos_c2h8no2ps_o,s-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate
methamidophos, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
metamidophos-d6
acephate metabolite
Q421055
DB14972
methamidophos 1000 microg/ml in toluene
methamidophos 100 microg/ml in acetone

Research Excerpts

Overview

Methamidophos (Meth) is a toxic organophosphorus compound (OP) that inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and induces neurotoxicity. Methamodophos is a racemate and we report studies with its resolved optical isomers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Methamidophos (MET) is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide widely used in agriculture in developing countries. "( The organophosphate pesticide methamidophos opens the blood-testis barrier and covalently binds to ZO-2 in mice.
Alarcón, L; Chávez-Munguía, B; González-Mariscal, L; Martín-Tapia, D; Ortega-Olvera, JM; Quintanilla-Vega, B; Shibayama, M; Winkler, R, 2018)		2.21
"Methamidophos is a toxic organophosphorus compound that inhibits acetlycholinesterase activity, and induces neurotoxicity. "( Effect of Methamidophos on cerebellar neuronal cells.
Ibhazehiebo, K; Iyawe, VI; Koibuchi, N, 2013)		2.23
"Methamidophos (MET) is a highly toxic organophosphate (OP) pesticide that is widely used in developing countries. "( Methamidophos alters sperm function and DNA at different stages of spermatogenesis in mice.
Hernández-Ochoa, I; Martínez-Aguilar, G; Piña-Guzmán, B; Quintanilla-Vega, B; Rafael-Vázquez, L; Sánchez-Gutiérrez, M; Solís-Heredia, MJ; Urióstegui-Acosta, M, 2014)		3.29
"Methamidophos (MET) is an OP widely used in agriculture, which is regarded as a highly toxic pesticide and it is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase."( Methamidophos induces cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Alarcon-Romero, LD; Flores-Alfaro, E; Guzman-Guzman, IP; Huerta-Beristain, G; Moreno-Godinez, ME; Ramirez-Vargas, MA; Rojas-Garcia, AE, 2017)		2.62
"Methamidophos is a representative organophosphate insecticide. "( Developmental Neurotoxicity of Methamidophos in the Embryo-Larval Stages of Zebrafish.
Chang, C; Chen, D; Chen, M; Dong, T; Gao, J; He, X; Luo, J; Tian, Y; Wang, C; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xia, Y; Zhou, K; Zhou, Z, 2016)		2.16
"Methamidophos (Met) is a broad spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide. "( Preparation of colloidal gold immunochromatography strip for detection of methamidophos residue.
Hong, G; Shi, C; Zhang, K; Zhao, S; Zhu, Z, 2008)		2.02
"Methamidophos (Meth) is a toxic organophosphorus compound (OP) that inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and induces neurotoxicity. "( Low concentrations of methamidophos do not alter AChE activity but modulate neurotransmitters uptake in hippocampus and striatum in vitro.
Avila, DS; Bridi, JC; da Rocha, JB; Fachinetto, R; Ferreira, J; Gubert, P; Lugokenski, TH; Pereira, ME; Saurin, S; Soares, FA; Villarinho, JG, 2011)		2.13
"Methamidophos is a racemate and we report studies with its resolved optical isomers, aimed at elucidating which isomer is responsible for the described effects."( Organophosphate polyneuropathy and neuropathy target esterase: studies with methamidophos and its resolved optical isomers.
Bertolazzi, M; Fioroni, F; Lotti, M; Moretto, A; Peraica, M, 1995)		1.24
"Methamidophos (Met) is a weak inhibitor of housefly head AChE but at the same time it is highly toxic to the common housefly. "( QSAR for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and toxicity of two classes of phosphoramidothioates.
Singh, AK; Spassova, DP, 2001)		1.75
"Methamidophos is a weak inducer of SCEs in mouse bone marrow and cultured mouse spleen cells."( Cytogenetic effects of the insecticide methamidophos in mouse bone marrow and cultured mouse spleen cells.
Amer, SM; Sayed, MA, )		1.12

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Methamidophos has a relatively weak inhibitory action on cholinesterases in rat diaphragm muscle, brain and hippocampal homogenates, with IC50 values on the order of 20-20 microM."( Methamidophos: an anticholinesterase without significant effects on postsynaptic receptors or transmitter release.
Albuguergue, EX; Aracava, Y; Braga, MF; Camara, AL; Cintra, WM; Cortes, WS; Maelicke, A; Rocha, ES; Santos, MD, 1997)		2.46
"Methamidophos has a relatively weak inhibitory action on cholinesterases in rat diaphragm muscle, brain and hippocampal homogenates, with IC50 values on the order of 20-20 microM."( Methamidophos: an anticholinesterase without significant effects on postsynaptic receptors or transmitter release.
Albuguergue, EX; Aracava, Y; Braga, MF; Camara, AL; Cintra, WM; Cortes, WS; Maelicke, A; Rocha, ES; Santos, MD, 1997)		2.46

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Methamidophos did not suppress IL-6 production in RSV-infected J774.1 cell cultures."( Perinatal exposure to insecticide methamidophos suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines responding to virus infection in lung tissues in mice.
Akashi, T; Hashiguchi, S; Hirose, A; Hongo, S; Konno, K; Kurokawa, M; Kuroki, N; Shibata, A; Takeshita, T; Watanabe, W; Yoshida, H, 2013)		1.39

Treatment

Treatment of Group 1 led to serious changes in hepatocytes and organelles. Methamidophos pretreatment in rats markedly alters the metabolism of dimethoate (another systemic insecticide)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Methamidophos treatment was associated with a decreased number of live foetuses and an increased number of dead and resorption foetuses at 2 and 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1) treated groups."( Evaluation of male-mediated reproductive toxic effects of methamidophos in the mouse.
El-Sebae, Ael-K; Elmazoudy, RH; Eweidah, MH; Farag, AT; Radwan, AH, 2012)		1.34
"Methamidophos treatment of Group 1 led to serious changes in hepatocytes and organelles."( Ultrastructural changes in rat liver treated with pralidoxime following acute organophosphate poisoning.
Kaya, M; Koseoglu, Z; Satar, D; Satar, S; Tap, O, 2004)		1.04
"Methamidophos pretreatment in rats also markedly alters the metabolism of dimethoate (another systemic insecticide) from principally carboxyamide hydrolysis to mainly other pathways."( Acephate insecticide toxicity: safety conferred by inhibition of the bioactivating carboxyamidase by the metabolite methamidophos.
Casida, JE; Mahajna, M; Quistad, GB, 1997)		1.23
"The treatment with methamidophos also decreased plasma butyrylcholinesterase and brain acetylcholinesterase activity."( Methamidophos, an Organophosphorus Insecticide, Induces Pro-aggressive Behaviour in Mice.
Abdala, AP; Beijamini, V; do Nascimento, CP; Maretto, GX; Marques, GLM; Passamani, LM; Sampaio, KN; Schenberg, LC, 2017)		2.22
"Treatment with methamidophos did not affect the pulmonary viral titers but suppressed moderately the inflammation of lung tissues of RSV-infected offspring, histopathologically."( Perinatal exposure to insecticide methamidophos suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines responding to virus infection in lung tissues in mice.
Akashi, T; Hashiguchi, S; Hirose, A; Hongo, S; Konno, K; Kurokawa, M; Kuroki, N; Shibata, A; Takeshita, T; Watanabe, W; Yoshida, H, 2013)		1.01

Toxicity

The study was planned and executed with the aims to explore corpus luteal primary cell culture as an "animal alternate testing system" in toxicity studies. Methamidophos (MET) is an OP widely used in agriculture, which is regarded as a highly toxi.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The results indicated that mayfly larvae were very sensitive to the toxic effects of acephate, whereas larvae of the stonefly, damselfly and mosquito were much less sensitive."( Studies on the toxicity, metabolism, and anticholinesterase properties of acephate and methamidophos.
Hussain, MA; Mohamad, RB; Oloffs, PC, 1985)		0.49
"The calculated, acute oral LD50 of acephate and methamidophos to dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) was 106 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg, respectively."( Toxicity of acephate and methamidophos to dark-eyed juncos.
Lasmanis, J; Roberts, RB; Shea, PJ; Zinkl, JG, 1981)		0.82
"Young organisms are often more sensitive to the toxic effects of pesticides, and this finding has spurred research on further characterization of this susceptibility."( Comparison of aldicarb and methamidophos neurotoxicity at different ages in the rat: behavioral and biochemical parameters.
Moser, VC, 1999)		0.6
"Methamidophos (Met) is a weak inhibitor of housefly head AChE but at the same time it is highly toxic to the common housefly."( QSAR for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and toxicity of two classes of phosphoramidothioates.
Singh, AK; Spassova, DP, 2001)		1.75
" The result showed that one of three test chemicals had its toxicity on the earthworm population, and the single toxic sequence of the chemicals was acetochlor > methamidophos > Cu."( [Single and binary-combined toxicity of methamidophos, acetochlor and Cu on earthworm Eisenia foetida].
Liang, J; Zhou, Q, 2003)		0.78
"To explore the inhibitory effects of highly toxic organophosphorus compound and its substitute (methamidophos and acephate) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and their toxic mechanisms."( [Comparison of the toxic effect of methamidophos and acephate on acetylcholinesterase].
Shi, N; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2002)		0.81
" The difference in inhibition on brain regions may be one of the reason of various toxic effect of them."( [Comparison of the toxic effect of methamidophos and acephate on acetylcholinesterase].
Shi, N; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2002)		0.59
" The single toxic effect test showed that the two agrochemicals had their toxicity to the earthworms living in phaiozem."( Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China.
Ji-dong, L; Qi-xing, Z; Qian-ru, Z, 2006)		0.62
" Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent."( Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil.
Li, XY; Su, ZC; Zhang, CG; Zhang, HW; Zhang, Q, 2007)		0.91
"This study was planned and executed with the aims to explore corpus luteal primary cell culture as an "animal alternate testing system" in toxicity studies and in vitro toxic effects of cypermethrin (CY) 90% (pyrethroid) and methamidophos (MTP) 73% (organophosphate) on morphology and progesterone secretory activity of bovine corpus luteal cells and tissue."( Toxic effects of cypermethrin and methamidophos on bovine corpus luteal cells and progesterone production.
Gill, SA; Khan, A; Khan, MZ; Rizvi, F, 2011)		0.83
" The current study demonstrated adverse effects of male methamidophos exposure on pregnancy outcome with effects on sperm parameters at 2 and 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ."( Evaluation of male-mediated reproductive toxic effects of methamidophos in the mouse.
El-Sebae, Ael-K; Elmazoudy, RH; Eweidah, MH; Farag, AT; Radwan, AH, 2012)		0.87
" Therefore, this study deduces that alpha-tocopherol administration may ameliorate the adverse effects of subacute exposure to MT on rat liver and kidney and this antioxidant can protect PON1 from oxidative stress induced by this organophosphorus pesticide."( Toxic effects of methamidophos on paraoxonase 1 activity and on rat kidney and liver and ameliorating effects of alpha-tocopherol.
Araoud, M; Douki, W; Houas, Z; Kenani, A; Khaled, L; Najjar, MF; Neffeti, F, 2016)		0.77
" Methamidophos (MET) is an OP widely used in agriculture, which is regarded as a highly toxic pesticide and it is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase."( Methamidophos induces cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Alarcon-Romero, LD; Flores-Alfaro, E; Guzman-Guzman, IP; Huerta-Beristain, G; Moreno-Godinez, ME; Ramirez-Vargas, MA; Rojas-Garcia, AE, 2017)		2.81
" Toxicity assays of strain Z1 using reporter recombinase gene (recA) and zebrafish showed that there was no accumulation of toxic metabolites during the degradation process."( Simultaneous degradation of triazophos, methamidophos and carbofuran pesticides in wastewater using an Enterobacter bacterial bioreactor and analysis of toxicity and biosafety.
Chen, Z; Wang, G; Xu, Z; Zhang, Y, 2020)		0.83

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Possible reasons for the different pharmacokinetic values as compared with values previously reported in healthy volunteers are discussed."( Pharmacokinetics of obidoxime in organophosphate poisoning associated with renal failure.
Bentur, Y; Nutenko, I; Raikhlin-Eisenkraft, B; Taitelman, U; Tsipiniuk, A, 1993)		0.29
" Adjusted animal biomonitoring equivalents from chimeric mice studies were scaled to human biomonitoring equivalents using known species allometric scaling factors and in vitro metabolic clearance data with a simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."( Pharmacokinetics and effects on serum cholinesterase activities of organophosphorus pesticides acephate and chlorpyrifos in chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes.
Kuronuma, M; Shimizu, M; Sota, S; Suemizu, H; Yamazaki, H, 2014)		0.4

Dosage Studied

Rats were dosed with dimehypo or methamidophos orally. Even 1/16 LD50 dose inhibited the activity of ChE by 42%. abnormal sperm morphology on a per group basis exhibited a dose-response significantly related to increased methamidsophos exposure.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" This activity level coincided with the AchE level observed at the onset of signs in animals dosed with OPs."( Study of delayed neurotoxicity caused by fatty acid anilides in hens.
Blasco, R; Moreno, E; Repetto, M; Sanz, P, 1990)		0.28
" In vivo the effects of these esters on the enzymes differ in 2 respects from effects in vitro: (i) Relative sensitivity of the enzymes was different: thus greater than 50% of brain NTE remained 24 h after an oral dose of 15 mg/kg of the n-hexyl ester while only 10-30% of AChE remained although NTE was the more sensitive enzyme in vitro; (ii) In no case could the inhibited NTE or AChE in autopsy samples from birds dosed with any of the 4 esters be reactivated by treatment with potassium fluoride in vitro: the inhibited enzymes produced by incubation of tissue with the esters in vitro had been reactivatable."( Biochemical and clinical tests of the delayed neuropathic potential of some O-alkyl O-dichlorophenyl phosphoramidate analogues of methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioamidate).
Johnson, MK; Read, DJ; Vilanova, E, 1989)		0.48
" The dose-response data for brain ChE inhibition followed a similar pattern of age-related differences, and similar levels of inhibition were measured at the MTD regardless of age."( Comparison of aldicarb and methamidophos neurotoxicity at different ages in the rat: behavioral and biochemical parameters.
Moser, VC, 1999)		0.6
" Using chlorpyrifos, there is marked age-related sensitivity: direct oral dosing of the preweanling rat (postnatal day 17; PND17) with chlorpyrifos causes a toxic response (defined either behaviorally or biochemically) at a approximately 5-fold lower dosage than in adults (oral, maximum tolerated dose for the PND17 is 20 mg/kg versus 100 mg/kg for the adult)."( Comparison of the role of esterases in the differential age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and methamidophos.
Buzzard, J; Moser, VC; Padilla, S, )		0.35
"Rats were dosed with dimehypo or methamidophos orally, and were randomly divided into four subgroups according to the pesticide doses, which were 1/16, 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 of LD50 respectively(the LD50 of dimethypo and methamidophos is 342 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg respectively)."( [The activity of blood cholinesterase in rats exposed to dimehypo].
Chen, Y; Lu, A; Shen, X; Wan, W; Xu, M; Zou, H, 2002)		0.6
" In rats dosed with methamidophos, even 1/16 LD50 dose inhibited the activity of ChE by 42."( [The activity of blood cholinesterase in rats exposed to dimehypo].
Chen, Y; Lu, A; Shen, X; Wan, W; Xu, M; Zou, H, 2002)		0.64
" Although no clear dose-response relationship was established between these milestones and exposure to methamidophos or chlorothalonil, incisor eruption was accelerated in many groups, and the majority of rat offspring exposed to methamidophos presented later ear unfolding and eye opening than did the control group offspring."( Effects of separate and combined exposure to the pesticides methamidophos and chlorothalonil on the development of suckling rats.
Heloísa Chiorato, S; Lúcia Scherholz de Castro, V, 2007)		0.8
" The attack rate of males treated with the LD10 dosage of insecticide was significantly higher than the controls, which suggests that the insecticide stimulates the performance of spiders."( Effects of methamidophos on the predating behavior of Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall) (Araneae: Linyphiidae).
Cao, H; Dai, J; Deng, L; Xu, M, 2007)		0.73
" In the specific case of paraoxon and methamidophos in whole blood samples, it was found that dose addition gave a reasonably accurate prediction of the combined effects, despite considerable difference in some of their rate constants, and mildly non-parallel dose-response curves."( Toxicodynamic analysis of the combined cholinesterase inhibition by paraoxon and methamidophos in human whole blood.
Bosgra, S; Langenberg, JP; Slob, W; van der Schans, MJ; van Eijkeren, JC, 2009)		0.85
" Despite the differences in dynamics between methamidophos and methomyl, their dose-response curves were close to parallel, and dose addition gave a reasonably accurate prediction of the combined effects."( Toxicodynamic analysis of the inhibition of isolated human acetylcholinesterase by combinations of methamidophos and methomyl in vitro.
Bosgra, S; Langenberg, JP; Slob, W; van der Schans, MJ; van Eijkeren, JC, 2009)		0.83
"Preventive treatment with insecticides at high dosing rates before planting of a new crop- soil drenching- is a common practice in some tropical intensive cropping systems, which may increase the risk of leaching, soil functioning, and pesticide uptake in the next crop."( Dissipation and leaching of acephate, chlorpyrifos, and their main metabolites in field soils of Malaysia.
Chai, LK; Hansen, HC; Hansen, S; Mohd-Tahir, N, )		0.13
"The current Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for evaluating organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) require the observation of dosed animals over several days and the sacrifice of 48 hens."( Comparative in vitro study of the inhibition of human and hen esterases by methamidophos enantiomers.
DeOliveira, GH; Ehrich, M; Emerick, GL; Oliveira, RV, 2012)		0.61
" Calpain activity in brain increased by 40% in TOCP hens compared to the control group when measured 24h after dosing and remained high (18% over control) 21 days after dosing."( Biochemical, histopathological and clinical evaluation of delayed effects caused by methamidophos isoforms and TOCP in hens: ameliorative effects using control of calcium homeostasis.
Deoliveira, GH; Ehrich, M; Emerick, GL; Jortner, BS; Oliveira, RV, 2012)		0.6
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
acaricideA substance used to destroy pests of the subclass Acari (mites and ticks).
agrochemicalAn agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
avicideA substance used to destroy bird pests (class Aves).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
organic thiophosphate
phosphoramideA compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).
organothiophosphate insecticide
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (10)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency49.05220.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347398; AID1347399
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency6.81020.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.39810.000221.22318,912.5098AID588515
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.82700.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.51020.000817.505159.3239AID1159531
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency251.18900.375827.485161.6524AID588527
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.54100.000229.305416,493.5996AID743069
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency61.23780.001024.504861.6448AID743212
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency316.22800.001019.414170.9645AID588537
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.10030.023723.228263.5986AID588543
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (5)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID407780Inhibition of human AChE2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Exploiting protein fluctuations at the active-site gorge of human cholinesterases: further optimization of the design strategy to develop extremely potent inhibitors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (278)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199032 (11.51)18.7374
1990's40 (14.39)18.2507
2000's112 (40.29)29.6817
2010's81 (29.14)24.3611
2020's13 (4.68)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 42.86

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index42.86 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.68 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.74 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index71.84 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.19 (0.95)

This Compound (42.86)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews2 (0.69%)6.00%
Case Studies19 (6.53%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other270 (92.78%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.7130amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9710azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
carbamates
[no description available]		2.7130amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
choline
[no description available]		7.0810cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		7.1510aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4320alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
parathion
[no description available]		2.9140C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.1310uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.0310isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.0210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0410acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		5.18470mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetochlor
acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.		3.5280aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		7.3920benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.86301-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		1.9810monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpropham
Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.		2.0610benzenes;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		4130chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		3.2760aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
decamethonium
decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ionmuscle relaxant;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		3.1250organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		1.9610chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		3.5380alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		4.17160monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
disulfoton
Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.		2.0610organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		8.2760cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
ethoprophos
ethoprop: structure		2.0610organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.6630organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.420aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
gallamine triethiodide
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0410secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		3.150diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		7.0510aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		3.6490C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.0410imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		1.9710benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.07102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
phorate
Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.		2.0610organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
propargite
Omite: structure		1.9610sulfite ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sulfite ester acaricide
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.0110naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
butyl phosphorotrithioate
butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide		1.9610organic thiophosphatedefoliant
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		7.1510fluoride saltmutagen
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		2.110organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
m-(n,n,n-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone
m-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone: structure in first source		2.0410
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210piperidines
donepezil hydrochloride
donepezil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)- donepezil hydrochloride. Its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.		2.0410
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0110imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.08102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		21011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.08102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.730dialkyl phosphate
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		7.3920carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		2.0210chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tabun
tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure		210
tri-o-cresyl phosphate
tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140		2.0710
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		7.110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0110mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		7.0710indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.0410phosphonic ester
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		2.4420fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
obidoxime chloride
Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.		2.7330
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		2.0610isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.0710calcium saltnutraceutical
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
paraoxon
[no description available]		7.420aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.0410benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mipafox
mipafox: structure		1.9710phosphoramide
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0410
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.5220dialdehydebiomarker
bensulide
[no description available]		2.0610benzenes
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethoxon
dimethoxon: pesticide		3.6590organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.1310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.9240aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.5720organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.0110aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
bromophos
bromophos: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOOUNDS (72) & INSECTICIDES (72) & INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-83); structure		210organic thiophosphate
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer
phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.1110ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.0610
chlorpyrifos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.0510chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.4820copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		7.9640titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		7.0210cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.8130copper group element atom;
elemental gold
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
methyl demeton
methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))		2.3920
terbufos
[no description available]		3.710organic thiophosphate;
organosulfur compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		7.0510titanium oxidesfood colouring
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester
carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl		2.1110nereistoxin analogue insecticide
fenamiphos
[no description available]		2.6930organophosphate insecticide;
organophosphate nematicide;
phosphoramidate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
pirimicarb
pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.		7.7130aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
triazophos
triazophos: structure		2.4820organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
isofenphos
[no description available]		2.3820isopropyl ester;
organic phosphonate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphonic ester;
salicylates		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.4420glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
pirimiphos methyl
pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.		1.9810aminopyrimidine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
sulprofos
[no description available]		1.9610organic thiophosphate;
organosulfur compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
thiocholine
Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.		2.0610
profenofos
[no description available]		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
vx
VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.		2.4420organic thiophosphate;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.1110cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.1150aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
buprofezin
buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.		7.4120thiadiazinane;
ureas
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.0510adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.48201,2,3-triazole
ethofenprox
ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.		2.1110aromatic etherpyrethroid ether insecticide
rivastigmine
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.71303-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium
trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; acetylcholine antag. N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(4-oxopentyl)ammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are methyl (three) and 4-oxopentyl.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
chlorfluazuron
chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor		210benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.5220hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
cyfluthrin
cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.		2.520aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
propidium iodide
[no description available]		2.0410organic iodide salt
hexyl 2,5-dichlorophenylphosphoroamidate
[no description available]		2.1710
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.0310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.6390
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		7.0310imidazolidines
propylenethiourea
[no description available]		7.0310
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		7.0310one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
nabam
mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.		2.0610dithiocarbamic acids
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		2.0610dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		2.0610
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0710organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.0110quinoxaline derivative
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.0710aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		210endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.0410carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
oleoylanilide
oleoylanilide: alters lipid metabolism of lung & adipose tissue; do not confuse with oleoanilide; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. oleylanilide : The fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of oleic acid and aniline.		1.9710anilide;
fatty amide
mevinphos
Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		2.3110
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.0710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
monocrotophos
Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		3.1250alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.0410carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.4320monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.0410boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
huperzine b
huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii		2.0410phenanthrol
thiodicarb
[no description available]		2.0210
linoleylanilide
linoleylanilide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleylanilide : A fatty amide conjugate of linoleic acid and aniline.		1.9710anilide;
fatty amide
bis(7)-tacrine
[no description available]		2.0410secondary amino compoundapoptosis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		3.0950
ganstigmine
ganstigmine: structure in first source		2.0410
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.4720
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.4820
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.4220
pyrethrins
[no description available]		4.05140
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		9.04140pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
asoxime chloride
[no description available]		2.0410
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		7.9540imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
obidoxime chloride
[no description available]		2.0410
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		2.0310
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0310
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.0310
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		03.1750
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.2510
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.2510
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		03.1750
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.7230
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.3110
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.3110
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.3110
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.3110
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.3110
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.3110
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.3110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.7230
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.1510
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.2510
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.2510
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.2510
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.2510
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.0810
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.580
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.9240
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		07.0810
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.0810
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.7430
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.0810
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.0810
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.5180
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.0810
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.1450
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.110
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		08.2760
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		08.4370
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9740
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.9640
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.0410
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.4620
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		02.0610
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0710
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.0610
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.0710
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.0710
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.420
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.0210
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.0310
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.0310
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.730
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.0310
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0310
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0310
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.0310
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.8940
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.8940
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.68100
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.68100
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		01.9810
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.8940
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		01.9810
Ciguatera
[description not available]		01.9810
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.		01.9810
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.3920
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		01.9910
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		01.9910
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9910
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		0210
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		0210
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		0210
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.420
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		0210
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.420
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.420
Aneuploid
[description not available]		0210
High T4 Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes
Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.		0210
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		0210
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		0210
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		0210
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		01.9710
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		01.9710
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9710
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		01.9710
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		01.9710
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9710
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9710
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9710