Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Paralysis, Sleep

A common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less often while falling asleep. Stimuli such as touch or sound may terminate the episode, which usually has a duration of seconds to minutes. This condition may occur in normal subjects or be associated with NARCOLEPSY; CATAPLEXY; and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS. The pathophysiology of this condition is closely related to the normal hypotonia that occur during REM sleep. (From Adv Neurol 1995;67:245-271)

Synonyms(2)

Synonym
Sleep Paralysis
Paralysis, Sleep

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny "ghost-like" hallucinations and extreme fear reactions."( Jalal, B, 2018)

Research

Studies (15)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19901 (6.67)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's8 (53.33)18.1394
2010's3 (20.00)28.8240
2020's3 (20.00)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
gamma-aminobutyric acid0low10
urea0low10
carbamazepine0low10
citalopram0low10
clomipramine0low10
diazepam0low10
imipramine0low10
mazindol0low10
methylphenidate0low10
modafinil0low30
primidone0low10
risperidone0low10
lysergic acid diethylamide0low10
psilocybin0low10
paroxetine0low10
aripiprazole0low10
mdl 1009070low10
fluvoxamine0low10
pimavanserin0low10
sodium oxybate0low30
piperidines0low10

Protein Targets (472)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
thioredoxin reductase5005
ATAD5 protein, partial4004
TDP1 protein110011
Microtubule-associated protein tau3003
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha110011
arylsulfatase A5005
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2120012
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 13003
D(1A) dopamine receptor9009
lamin isoform A-delta107007
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A3003
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE4004
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A2002
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E0214
acetylcholinesterase6006
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit2002
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma6006
SMAD family member 21001
Fumarate hydratase3003
USP1 protein, partial7007
PPM1D protein2002
SMAD family member 31001
GLI family zinc finger 3110011
AR protein120012
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)5005
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 38008
progesterone receptor6006
EWS/FLI fusion protein6006
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]6006
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 19009
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha5005
farnesoid X nuclear receptor3003
pregnane X nuclear receptor8008
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha120012
G8008
cytochrome P450 2D6120012
polyprotein3003
67.9K protein1001
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta3003
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma5005
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor4004
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor8008
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a6006
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)7007
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-10011
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 23003
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d6006
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 33003
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 29009
heat shock protein beta-12002
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 18008
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 12002
geminin5005
peripheral myelin protein 225005
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 13003
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Solute carrier family 22 member 20404
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30909
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40909
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0112
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit4004
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0214
Bile salt export pump010010
Interferon beta9009
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 8008
Cellular tumor antigen p539009
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10305
Cytochrome P450 3A40405
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A06410
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0909
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-41203
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-21102
D(2) dopamine receptor013114
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A010111
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0707
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0505
D0505
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A011112
Glutamate receptor 24004
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30707
D(1A) dopamine receptor0505
D(4) dopamine receptor0505
D(1B) dopamine receptor0202
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0707
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0707
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A014318
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C015116
D(4) dopamine receptor0404
Histamine H1 receptor0202
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter019221
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0606
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70505
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0404
Histamine H1 receptor013013
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0202
D(3) dopamine receptor0819
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B014115
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0808
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0315
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60607
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 0202
Spike glycoprotein90110
D(2) dopamine receptor0707
Inositol monophosphatase 13003
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2015015
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D0214
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C0214
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 18008
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10808
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10404
Histamine H3 receptor0202
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial8008
GLS protein5005
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha0101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma0101
Integrin alpha-50101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70102
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20405
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60101
Cytochrome P450 2B60013
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40102
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 017118
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter012012
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40203
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30202
Cytochrome P450 2C190304
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40304
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 016118
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta0101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase6006
Chain A, Beta-lactamase1001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor6006
IDH11001
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a6006
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a2002
mitogen-activated protein kinase 13003
Vpr1001
Bile salt export pump0101
Albumin0033
Major prion protein0022
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0404
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0203
Cytochrome P450 2J20202
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0303
Frizzled-80011
P2X purinoceptor 40202
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A13003
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor2002
survival motor neuron protein isoform d3003
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0505
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40808
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10808
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 10303
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0606
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Aromatase0101
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter010111
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70404
Sigma intracellular receptor 20303
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0303
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0505
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 0606
Ataxin-27007
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1010010
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10505
Transporter011011
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE2002
Thrombopoietin1001
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease3003
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4110011
caspase-33003
Histone H2A.x4004
Spike glycoprotein0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0011
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 13003
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor1001
chromobox protein homolog 14004
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor3003
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 13003
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 12002
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M14004
lethal factor (plasmid)2002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi27211
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B2002
Transmembrane protease serine 20011
Procathepsin L0011
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20505
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40505
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50505
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0404
Replicase polyprotein 1a0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0011
Cytochrome P450 2D60707
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10505
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-127211
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta27211
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-227312
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0505
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-527211
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-327211
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0505
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-127211
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-227211
Histamine H2 receptor0404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-427211
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-327211
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0606
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0404
Trypanothione reductase0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-627211
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0808
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60303
Histamine H1 receptor0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0516
Trypanothione reductase0101
Histamine H2 receptor2205
D(1A) dopamine receptor3003
Proteasome subunit alpha type-60011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-127312
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-327211
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-227312
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B0202
Envelope glycoprotein0033
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0303
GABA theta subunit27211
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon27211
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0516
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0112
glp-1 receptor, partial1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0303
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0404
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0101
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 10001
Albumin0012
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10448
Translocator protein0113
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10325
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20437
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30437
Translocator protein0101
Translocator protein0101
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0202
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50347
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30336
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20336
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20336
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40325
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0303
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0404
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0404
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60325
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0112
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 10101
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 53003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0303
Luciferase1001
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0101
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Delta-type opioid receptor0303
Mu-type opioid receptor0314
Kappa-type opioid receptor0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0213
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Kappa-type opioid receptor0202
Kappa-type opioid receptor0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10303
activating transcription factor 64004
Cytochrome P450 1A2 0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0404
D(1B) dopamine receptor0303
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0303
Chain A, Ferritin light chain2002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-30011
Hsf1 protein0011
regulator of G-protein signaling 43003
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B1001
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor1001
Histone deacetylase 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-10022
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-20011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Histone deacetylase 40101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
TAR DNA-binding protein 432002
Histone deacetylase 10101
Sterol O-acyltransferase 10011
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10101
Histone deacetylase 70101
Histone deacetylase 20101
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
Histone deacetylase 80101
Platelet glycoprotein VI0011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Histone deacetylase 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10011
Histone deacetylase 90101
Histone deacetylase 50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
Snq2p0001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 11001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 30202
Cytochrome P450 1A20102
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase0101
Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter of multiple drugs0102
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C 0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0101
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0202
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0101
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha0101
aryl hydrocarbon receptor1001
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
Catechol O-methyltransferase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
D0101
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 10101
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 10101
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
Transporter0202
Integrin beta-30101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
Integrin alpha-IIb0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70101
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-40101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10101
Nischarin0101
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
M-phase phosphoprotein 81001
Myeloperoxidase0101
Quinolone resistance protein NorA0101
Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 10101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 30101
Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 10112
Substance-P receptor0101
Rhodopsin kinase GRK10101
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 50101
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 50101
P2X purinoceptor 40101
Rhodopsin kinase GRK10101
Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 10001
dopamine D1 receptor1001
pregnane X receptor1001
DNA polymerase beta1001
flap endonuclease 11001
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)3003
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 32002
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)1001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 11001
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Carbonic anhydrase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A80001
Smad31001
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 11001
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor1001
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Free fatty acid receptor 30011
Urease subunit alpha0101
Urease subunit beta0101
Olfactory receptor 51E20011
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]