Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Freemartinism

A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric female(CHIMERISM).

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Freemartinism

Research

Studies (33)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199022 (66.67)23.3326
1990's5 (15.15)12.5806
2000's5 (15.15)18.1394
2010's1 (3.03)28.8240
2020's0 (0.00)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
estrone0low40
methyltestosterone0low20
androstenedione0low20
pregnenolone0low10
dihydrotestosterone0low10
oxytocin0low10
D-fructopyranose0low20
17-ketosteroids0low10
cyproterone0low10
pituitrin0low10
piperidines0low10
metallothionein0low10

Protein Targets (168)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain A, HADH2 protein3003
Chain B, HADH2 protein3003
interleukin 82002
acetylcholinesterase1001
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma5005
SMAD family member 22002
SMAD family member 32002
TDP1 protein5005
GLI family zinc finger 35005
AR protein6006
Smad31001
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A12002
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)5005
progesterone receptor5005
regulator of G-protein signaling 41001
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 42002
nonstructural protein 12002
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]6006
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 14004
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha5005
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha5005
farnesoid X nuclear receptor2002
pregnane X nuclear receptor5005
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha6006
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta4004
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma4004
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor5005
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a4004
Histone H2A.x3003
Caspase-71001
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 12002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 12002
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
caspase-31001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 24004
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 11001
mitogen-activated protein kinase 11001
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 11001
snurportin-11001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 14004
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 11001
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)2002
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 11001
geminin3003
peripheral myelin protein 222002
survival motor neuron protein isoform d1001
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 11001
lamin isoform A-delta102002
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Sex hormone-binding globulin0156
Beta-glucuronidase0101
Cholinesterase0101
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0404
Aromatase0407
Androgen receptor0718
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0001
Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase 30202
Alpha-synuclein0202
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma3003
TAR DNA-binding protein 433003
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 21001
Chain A, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin0011
glp-1 receptor, partial1001
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor1001
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a4004
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)2002
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA1001
chromobox protein homolog 12002
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 32002
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi2002
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit2002
Plasma kallikrein0101
Glucocorticoid receptor0304
Progesterone receptor0101
Progesterone receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0101
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0101
Sex hormone-binding globulin0101
Androgen receptor0226
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta2002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-22002
Androgen receptor0112
Glutamate receptor 22002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-52002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-32002
Mineralocorticoid receptor0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-22002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-42002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-32002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-62002
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0011
Cannabinoid receptor 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-32002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-22002
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 10011
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0101
GABA theta subunit2002
Neuropeptide FF receptor 20001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon2002
ALK tyrosine kinase receptor0101
endonuclease IV1001
ATAD5 protein, partial1001
NFKB1 protein, partial1001
GALC protein1001
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 32002
G1001
arylsulfatase A1001
activating transcription factor 61001
hexokinase-4 isoform 11001
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
glucokinase regulatory protein1001
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor2002
plasminogen precursor2002
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor2002
Bile salt export pump0101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 31001
Interferon beta1001
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 1001
Estrogen receptor0214
Steryl-sulfatase0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150101
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10203
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Mu-type opioid receptor0011
Inositol monophosphatase 11001
Cytochrome P450 1B10101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 11001
Estrogen receptor beta0113
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase0101
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20101
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial1001
thioredoxin reductase1001
pregnane X receptor1001
glucocerebrosidase1001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a1001
Cellular tumor antigen p532002
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10202
Glycine receptor subunit beta0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30202
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 51001
Ataxin-21001
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE1001
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Vasopressin V2 receptor0112
Oxytocin receptor0224
Vasopressin V1a receptor0101
Vasopressin V1a receptor0213
Vasopressin V1b receptor0112
Vasopressin V1b receptor0101
Oxytocin receptor0101
Oxytocin receptor0011
Vasopressin V2 receptor 0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20101
Chain A, Beta-lactamase1001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit1001
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase0101
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G1001
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]