Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| Flora | Rank | Flora Definition | Family | Family Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piper | genus | A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE that includes species used for spicy and stimulating qualities.[MeSH] | Piperaceae | A family of flowering plants in the order Piperales best known for the black pepper widely used in SPICES, and for KAVA and Betel used for neuroactive properties.[MeSH] |
| Piper methysticum | species | [no description available] | Piperaceae | A family of flowering plants in the order Piperales best known for the black pepper widely used in SPICES, and for KAVA and Betel used for neuroactive properties.[MeSH] |
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 5281052 |
| MeSH ID | M0328554 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| DB01322 |
| kava |
| 9000-38-8 |
| 2-[(e)-2-cyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-ylethenyl]-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one |
| Q27092746 |
| 958725-56-9 |
| EN300-28265881 |
| 6-[(1e)-2-(cyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)ethenyl]-4-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-2h-pyran-2-one |
Kava drinking is a tradition among Pacific Island people, although growing in popularity with other ethnicities. Kava appears to be a short-term treatment for anxiety, but not a replacement for prolonged anti-anxiety use.
Kava has been used for centuries by Pacific Islanders for its tranquilizing and sedative effect. Kava pyrones have been sold in Germany as OTC anxiolytics until June 2002. Kavalactones have been implicated in multiple cases of liver injury in humans.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Kavalactones have been evaluated in vitro for their potential to alter the activity of various CYP450 enzymes but have undergone little systematic investigation as to their potential influence on esterases." | ( In vitro inhibition of carboxylesterase 1 by Kava (Piper methysticum) Kavalactones. Klee, BO; Markowitz, JS; Melchert, PW; Qian, Y; Xing, C; Zhang, Q, 2022) | 1.7 |
| "Kava has been used mainly in eight communities (population > 200), and in smaller associated homeland areas since 1982 with a total population of approximately 6800, using cross-sectional description and comparison using data from three kava-using communities." | ( Enough! or too much. What is 'excessive' kava use in Arnhem Land? Clough, A, 2003) | 1.31 |
| "Kava pyrones have been sold in Germany as OTC anxiolytics until June 2002, when all preparations with a kava pyrone content of more than 10(-4) of a homeopathic stock solution were withdrawn. " | ( Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions--a case study. Raasch, W; Schulze, J; Siegers, CP, 2003) | 2.14 |
| "(kava) have been implicated in multiple cases of liver injury in humans, including 10 recently reviewed cases in which patients required liver transplantation following the usage of kava-containing products (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reprinted." | ( Identification of novel electrophilic metabolites of piper methysticum Forst (Kava). Bolton, JL; Burdette, JE; Johnson, BM; Qiu, SX; van Breemen, RB; Yu, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, S, 2003) | 1.17 |
| "Kava has been used for centuries by Pacific Islanders for its tranquilizing and sedative effects. " | ( Extracts of kava (Piper methysticum) induce acute anxiolytic-like behavioral changes in mice. Basmadjian, G; Garrett, KM; Khan, IA; Schaneberg, BT; Seale, TW, 2003) | 2.14 |
| "Kava has traditionally been used for a variety of purposes in the tropical islands of Polynesia but is becoming more frequently available in the United States health supplement market due to its calming effects in patients with anxiety. " | ( Altered mental status and ataxia secondary to acute Kava ingestion. Holmes, JF; Perez, J, 2005) | 2.02 |
| "Kava has the unique ability to promote a state of relaxation without the loss of mental alertness." | ( Determination of kavalactones in dried kava (Piper methysticum) powder using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression. Bittenbender, HC; Gautz, LD; Jackson, MC; Kaufusi, P; Tang, CS, 2006) | 1.39 |
| "Kava has been introduced into the mainstream U.S." | ( Toxicity of kava kava. Chan, PC; Fu, PP; Guo, L; Xia, Q; Yu, H, ) | 1.23 |
| "Kava has considerable potential value in the treatment of anxiety disorders." | ( Kava kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, simple phobia and specific social phobia. Boerner, RJ, 2001) | 2.47 |
Kavain displays promising pharmaceutical properties, including good solubility and high cell permeability. Kava extracts produce significant murine anxiolytic-like behavioral changes and sedation that are not mediated through the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor complex.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Kava components activate intracellular store depletion of thapsigargin-sensitive and -insensitive stores that are coupled to the calcium release activated (CRAC) current, and cause calcium entry through non-store-operated pathways." | ( Differential regulation of calcium signalling pathways by components of Piper methysticum ('Awa). Baker, JD; Borris, RP; Koomoa, DL; Lange, I; Shimoda, LM; Showman, A; Stokes, AJ; Turner, H, 2015) | 1.14 |
| "Kavain displays promising pharmaceutical properties, including good solubility and high cell permeability, but pharmacokinetic experiments in mice showed relatively rapid clearance." | ( Identification and characterization of kava-derived compounds mediating TNF-alpha suppression. Amar, S; Ashton, TD; Merrill, JC; Pollastri, MP; Tang, X; Whitty, A, 2009) | 1.34 |
| "Kava extracts produce significant murine anxiolytic-like behavioral changes and sedation that are not mediated through the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA(A) receptor complex." | ( Extracts of kava (Piper methysticum) induce acute anxiolytic-like behavioral changes in mice. Basmadjian, G; Garrett, KM; Khan, IA; Schaneberg, BT; Seale, TW, 2003) | 2.14 |
| "Kava may also cause adverse neurologic effects because of benzodiazepine and antidepressant activities on noradrenergic and/or serotoninergic pathways that may potentiate benzodiazepine and induction anesthetic potency and cause excessive perioperative sedation." | ( Anesthetic considerations of the herbal, kava. Kleshinski, JF; Raduege, KM; Ryckman, JV; Tetzlaff, JE, 2004) | 1.31 |
Kava treatments covering the initiation stage reduced the multiplicity of lung adenomas by approximately 99%. Kava treatment also inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappaBNF-kappaB. Pretreatment with kavalactones or dihydrokavain significantly decreased the NTS inhibitory effects induced by muscimol (30 microM)
Kava does not appear to be activated to toxic metabolites by enzymes known to be important in metabolic toxicity. Kava kava, Piper methysticum, were considered to be very safe alternatives to anxiolytic drugs.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "The Kava-special extract WS 1490 (3 x 100 mg/d over 8 days) was tested in a placebo-controlled randomised double-blind study to establish whether it has any adverse effects on safety-related performance when administered together with ethyl alcohol (0." | ( [Effect of Kava-Special Extract WS 1490 combined with ethyl alcohol on safety-relevant performance parameters]. Herberg, KW, 1993) | 1.23 |
| " For this reason, the adverse effects and drug interactions associated with herbal remedies are largely unknown." | ( Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. Cupp, MJ, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " Data from short-term post-marketing surveillance studies and clinical trials suggest that adverse events are, in general, rare, mild and reversible." | ( A systematic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Ernst, E; Huntley, A; Stevinson, C, 2002) | 0.59 |
| " None of them is free of adverse effects." | ( [Herbal preparations have both effects and side effects. Widespread usage dictates knowledge among physicians]. Mattsson, K; Nilsson, I, 2002) | 0.31 |
| " 2 out of 36) in Germany and Switzerland, an immunologically mediated idiosyncratic mechanism appears to be most likely, especially at higher doses, whereas a direct toxic mechanism is much less likely." | ( Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions--a case study. Raasch, W; Schulze, J; Siegers, CP, 2003) | 0.7 |
| " Toxicological and clinical studies have shown that kava extracts are virtually devoid of toxic effects with the exception of rare hepatotoxic side effects reported in few patients." | ( Kava extracts: safety and risks including rare hepatotoxicity. Gaus, W; Loew, D; Teschke, R, 2003) | 2.01 |
| "Before 1998, extracts of kava kava, Piper methysticum, were considered to be very safe alternatives to anxiolytic drugs and to possibly exert a wide range of other benefits." | ( Kava kava: examining new reports of toxicity. Clouatre, DL, 2004) | 2.07 |
| " Thus, in vitro kava does not appear to be activated to toxic metabolites by enzymes known to be important in metabolic toxicity." | ( Kava does not display metabolic toxicity in a homogeneous cellular assay. Dike, LE; Harkey, MR; Henderson, GL; Zou, L, 2004) | 2.11 |
| " Use of hypnotic drugs (primarily benzodiazepines) is associated with increasing tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects on the central nervous system." | ( Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care. Block, KI; Gyllenhaal, C; Mead, MN, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " Some herbal medications have potentially harmful side effects as well as adverse interactions with conventional drugs." | ( [Potential risks, adverse effects and drug interactions associated with herbal medicine in dental patients]. Littner, M; Zlotogorski Hurvitz, A, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " Altogether, the examples presented illustrate that natural does not equal safe and that in modern society adverse health effects, upon either acute or chronic exposure to phytochemicals, can occur as a result of use of plant- or herb-based foods, teas, or other extracts." | ( Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of important food-borne phytotoxins. Alink, GM; Boersma, MG; Martena, MJ; Rietjens, IM; Spiegelenberg, W, 2005) | 0.33 |
| "This systematic review discusses the proposed uses, dosing parameters, adverse effects, toxicology, interactions and mechanism of action of kava." | ( Safety review of kava (Piper methysticum) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Basch, E; Bent, S; Boon, H; Ernst, E; Hammerness, P; Sollars, D; Tsourounis, C; Ulbricht, C; Woods, J, 2005) | 0.87 |
| " These results indicate that the kava extracts are toxic to mitochondria, leading to inhibition of the respiratory chain, increased ROS production, a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and eventually to apoptosis of exposed cells." | ( Hepatocellular toxicity of kava leaf and root extracts. Büter, KB; Dieterle, S; Jäggi, R; Krähenbühl, S; Lüde, S; Török, M, 2008) | 0.92 |
" Only one out of these eight patients adhered to the regulatory recommendations regarding both daily dose (| ( Kava hepatotoxicity: a clinical survey and critical analysis of 26 suspected cases. | Hennermann, KH; Schwarzenboeck, A; Teschke, R, 2008) 2 | |
| " While kava's medicinal effects receive worldwide recognition, kava-containing products came under scrutiny after over 100 reports of spontaneous adverse hepatic effects." | ( Role of ethanol in kava hepatotoxicity. Li, XZ; Ramzan, I, 2010) | 1.14 |
| " Various possible pathogenetic factors have to be discussed and comprise metabolic interactions with exogenous compounds at the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 level; genetic enzyme deficiencies; toxic constituents and metabolites derived from the kava extract including impurities and adulterations; cyclooxygenase inhibition; P-glycoprotein alterations; hepatic glutathione depletion; solvents and solubilizers of the extracts; and kava raw material of poor quality." | ( Kava hepatotoxicity: pathogenetic aspects and prospective considerations. Teschke, R, 2010) | 1.98 |
| " There is circumstantial evidence for the roles of toxic metabolites, inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and depletion of liver glutathione." | ( Does inflammation play a role in kava hepatotoxicity? Ramzan, I; Rowe, A; Zhang, LY, 2011) | 0.65 |
| " Due to their liver unspecificity, however, these causality approaches are not suitable for assessing cases of primarily assumed liver related adverse reactions by drugs and herbs including kava." | ( Regulatory causality evaluation methods applied in kava hepatotoxicity: are they appropriate? Teschke, R; Wolff, A, 2011) | 0.81 |
| " When cases of liver disease in connection with the use of kava emerged, this was an unexpected and challenging event considering the long tradition of safe kava use." | ( Kava hepatotoxicity solution: A six-point plan for new kava standardization. Lebot, V; Sarris, J; Teschke, R, 2011) | 2.06 |
| " In the US, the FDA has issued warnings about the potential adverse effects of kava, but kava dietary supplements are still available to consumers." | ( Kava extract, an herbal alternative for anxiety relief, potentiates acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatic cells. Salminen, WF; Yang, X, 2011) | 2.04 |
| "Aqueous kava root preparations have been consumed in the South Pacific as an apparently safe ceremonial and cultural drink for centuries." | ( Constituents in kava extracts potentially involved in hepatotoxicity: a review. Grillo, MP; Olsen, LR; Skonberg, C, 2011) | 1.15 |
| " Kava became popular as an anti-anxiety treatment in Western countries in the late 1990s, but it was subsequently banned in many places due to adverse reports of liver toxicity." | ( Tradition and toxicity: evidential cultures in the kava safety debate. Baker, JD, 2011) | 1.53 |
| " The WHO method ignores uncertainties regarding daily dose, temporal association, start, duration, and end of herbal use, time to onset of the adverse reaction, and course of liver values after herb discontinuation." | ( Herbal hepatotoxicity and WHO global introspection method. Eickhoff, A; Frenzel, C; Schulze, J; Teschke, R; Wolff, A, ) | 0.13 |
| " This adverse potential has never been captured in animal models, and the responsible compound(s) remains to be determined." | ( Flavokawains a and B in kava, not dihydromethysticin, potentiate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice. Leitzman, P; Narayanapillai, SC; O'Sullivan, MG; Xing, C, 2014) | 0.71 |
| " Clinical trials usually lasting for 4 weeks found generally good tolerability and safety; however, dermatologic, hepatologic, and cognitive adverse effects may occur." | ( The Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Adverse Events Associated With Kava. White, CM, 2018) | 0.71 |
| " another anti-anxiety medication, 2 detailing additional adverse events, and 7 for Kava Kava vs." | ( The effectiveness and safety of Kava Kava for treating anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and analysis of randomized clinical trials. Leiras, C; Smith, K, 2018) | 0.99 |
| " Adverse events were shown to be the same as placebo (P = 0." | ( The effectiveness and safety of Kava Kava for treating anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and analysis of randomized clinical trials. Leiras, C; Smith, K, 2018) | 0.76 |
| " Among the major constituents, alkaloids appear to be the least studied and the least toxic group in general." | ( The integrated use of in silico methods for the hepatotoxicity potential of Piper methysticum. Aydın, A; Kırmızıbekmez, H; Tugcu, G, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " The FDA prohibits manufacturers and distributors from marketing adulterated or misbranded products but does not rigorously define safe practices." | ( Herbal Supplements: Precautions and Safe Use. Williams, CT, 2021) | 0.62 |
Pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed in ten healthy volunteers after oral doses of standardized kava product. Plasma samples were analyzed for six kavalactones and two flavokavains using the validated UPLC-MS/MS method. Despite the extensive use of kava, clinical pharmacokinetic data is not available in the literature.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " This indicates that kava has a high potential for causing pharmacokinetic drug interactions with other herbal products or drugs, which are metabolised by the CYP 450 enzymes." | ( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.). Anke, J; Ramzan, I, 2004) | 0.89 |
| " Comparisons of area under the curve (AUC)((0-3)), AUC((0-24)), C(max,) CL/F, and elimination half-life were used to assess the effects of goldenseal, kava kava, rifampin, and clarithromycin on digoxin pharmacokinetics." | ( Effect of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and kava kava (Piper methysticum) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Barone, GW; Breen, P; Cheboyina, S; Gurley, BJ; Hubbard, MA; Stuart, LB; Swain, A; Tong, Y; Williams, DK; Yates, CR, 2007) | 0.79 |
| " Despite the extensive use of kava, clinical pharmacokinetic data is not available in the literature; therefore, the findings of this study will be critical for the dosage calculations for future clinical evaluation of kava." | ( Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers. Kanumuri, SRR; Mamallapalli, J; Mathews, CA; McCurdy, CR; Nelson, R; Sharma, A; Xing, C, 2022) | 1.3 |
| " Pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed in ten healthy volunteers after oral doses of standardized kava product, and plasma samples were analyzed for six kavalactones and two flavokavains using the validated UPLC-MS/MS method." | ( Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers. Kanumuri, SRR; Mamallapalli, J; Mathews, CA; McCurdy, CR; Nelson, R; Sharma, A; Xing, C, 2022) | 1.23 |
| "Single and multiple-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies for kava were performed in healthy volunteers, and higher exposure to the kavalactones was observed after single-dosing (225 mg), while a longer duration of exposure was observed after three times a day (3 x 75 mg) dosing." | ( Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers. Kanumuri, SRR; Mamallapalli, J; Mathews, CA; McCurdy, CR; Nelson, R; Sharma, A; Xing, C, 2022) | 1.25 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Ginkgo biloba extract, advertised as improving cognitive functioning, has been reported to cause spontaneous bleeding, and it may interact with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents." | ( Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. Cupp, MJ, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " Nevertheless, evidence of true pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions remains unsubstantiated, and only few investigations of the potential of kava preparations to interact with specific drugs have been carried out." | ( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.). Anke, J; Ramzan, I, 2004) | 0.76 |
| "Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), an important CYP isoform with regard to drug-drug interactions, accounts for the metabolism of approximately 30% of all medications." | ( Clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort, and Echinacea. Barone, G; Battu, SK; Carrier, DJ; Cheboyina, S; Gurley, BJ; Hartsfield, F; Hubbard, MA; Swain, A; Tong, Y; Williams, DK, 2008) | 0.55 |
Caco-2 cell monolayers were used to determine the potential bioavailability of kavalactones. Not all differences in their bioavailability can be related to kavalActone structural differences as it appears that bioavailability may also be affected by co-extracted compounds.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "To examine the bioavailability of kavalactones in vitro and the possible differences in their bioavailability because of variations in either chemical structure or the method of extraction used." | ( Permeability studies of Kavalactones using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Blanchfield, JT; Bone, KM; Lehmann, RP; Matthias, A; Penman, KG; Toth, I, 2007) | 0.93 |
| "Caco-2 cell monolayers were used to determine the potential bioavailability of kavalactones." | ( Permeability studies of Kavalactones using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Blanchfield, JT; Bone, KM; Lehmann, RP; Matthias, A; Penman, KG; Toth, I, 2007) | 0.87 |
| " Not all differences in their bioavailability can be related to kavalactone structural differences as it appears that bioavailability may also be affected by co-extracted compounds." | ( Permeability studies of Kavalactones using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Blanchfield, JT; Bone, KM; Lehmann, RP; Matthias, A; Penman, KG; Toth, I, 2007) | 0.89 |
| " Thus, the use of in silico methods is an attractive alternative to predict the qualitative intestinal permeability of the active constituents for the selection of appropriate bioavailability markers." | ( Selection of bioavailability markers for herbal extracts based on in silico descriptors and their correlation to in vitro permeability. Pade, D; Stavchansky, S, ) | 0.13 |
| " In the range 2-4mM of host, solubility of DHK was increased only two-fold, but being beta-CyD also a penetration enhancer, in vivo studies will be performed to clarify a possible role of the complex on the bioavailability of DHK." | ( Cyclodextrins as carriers for kavalactones in aqueous media: spectroscopic characterization of (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain and beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Bergonzi, MC; Bilia, AR; Di Bari, L; Pescitelli, G; Vincieri, FF, 2010) | 0.65 |
| " Concomitantly, more research should be conducted on the bioavailability of kavalactones and non-kavalactones derived from aqueous kava extracts." | ( Kava and kava hepatotoxicity: requirements for novel experimental, ethnobotanical and clinical studies based on a review of the evidence. Lebot, V; Qiu, SX; Teschke, R; Xuan, TD, 2011) | 2.04 |
A high dose (equivalent to approximately 380mg kavalactones/kg/day; 100 times of the suggested dosage for human use) of two different types of kava products for 8 days significantly increased liver weights. We thereby propose a six-point kava solution plan: (1) use of a noble kava cultivar such as Borogu, at least 5 years old at time of harvest, use of peeled and dried rhizomes and roots, (3) aqueous extraction, (4) dosage recommendation of ≤250mg kvalactones per day (for medicinal use), and (5) systematic rigorous future research.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Dihydrokawain, kawain, desmethoxyyangonin, and yangonin were administered ip to mice at a dosage of 100 mg/kg." | ( Uptake into mouse brain of four compounds present in the psychoactive beverage kava. Duffield, AM; Duffield, PH; Jamieson, DD; Keledjian, J; Lidgard, RO, 1988) | 0.5 |
| " Many supplements are potent drugs that lack sufficient data on safety, dose-response relationships, drug interactions, and purity." | ( Over-the-counter psychotropics: a review of melatonin, St John's wort, valerian, and kava-kava. Guenther, G; Heiligenstein, E, 1998) | 0.52 |
| " The therapeutic dosage is in the range of 50-70 mg kava lactones three times daily." | ( Piper methysticum (kava kava). , 1998) | 0.88 |
| " These dosage adjustments were followed by 3 weeks of monotherapy with WS1490 or placebo." | ( Efficacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Kieser, M; Malsch, U, 2001) | 0.69 |
| " Higher-throughput was achieved with direct UV by the use of 96-well microtitre plate formats and with LC-MS by the use of cassette dosing (five-in-one)." | ( Drug absorption in vitro model: filter-immobilized artificial membranes. 2. Studies of the permeability properties of lactones in Piper methysticum Forst. Avdeef, A; Balogh, MP; Block, E; Chambliss, W; Khan, I; Strafford, M, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " Prescriptions for Kavasporal forte showed that the daily dosage of 2 capsules per day complied with the recommendations in only 49." | ( Doctors' prescription behaviour regarding dosage recommendations for preparations of kava extracts. Dietlein, G; Schröder-Bernhardi, D, ) | 0.68 |
| " On the other hand, we saw a trend to under-dose in the case of a higher dosage recommendation." | ( Doctors' prescription behaviour regarding dosage recommendations for preparations of kava extracts. Dietlein, G; Schröder-Bernhardi, D, ) | 0.36 |
| " There was no kava dose-response relationship." | ( Case-control study of the association between kava use and pneumonia in eastern Arnhem and Aboriginal communities (Northern Territory, Australia). Bailie, RS; Burns, CB; Clough, AR; Currie, BJ; Wang, Z, 2003) | 0.94 |
| " The goal of the placebo-controlled double-blind outpatient trial was to obtain more information on the dosage range and efficacy of a kava special extract WS 1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety." | ( Kava treatment in patients with anxiety. Geier, FP; Konstantinowicz, T, 2004) | 1.97 |
| "This systematic review discusses the proposed uses, dosing parameters, adverse effects, toxicology, interactions and mechanism of action of kava." | ( Safety review of kava (Piper methysticum) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Basch, E; Bent, S; Boon, H; Ernst, E; Hammerness, P; Sollars, D; Tsourounis, C; Ulbricht, C; Woods, J, 2005) | 0.87 |
| " A high dose (equivalent to approximately 380mg kavalactones/kg/day; 100 times of the suggested dosage for human use) of two different types of kava products for 8 days significantly increased liver weights." | ( High dose of commercial products of kava (Piper methysticum) markedly enhanced hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA expression with liver enlargement in rats. Arita, A; Hamaguchi, K; Hashida, H; Shimura, F; Yamazaki, Y, 2008) | 0.88 |
| " We thereby propose a six-point kava solution plan: (1) use of a noble kava cultivar such as Borogu, at least 5 years old at time of harvest, (2) use of peeled and dried rhizomes and roots, (3) aqueous extraction, (4) dosage recommendation of ≤250mg kavalactones per day (for medicinal use), (5) systematic rigorous future research, and (6) a Pan Pacific quality control system enforced by strict policing." | ( Kava hepatotoxicity solution: A six-point plan for new kava standardization. Lebot, V; Sarris, J; Teschke, R, 2011) | 2.1 |
| " Mean body weights of all dosed groups of rats were similar to those of the vehicle controls." | ( Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of kava kava extract (CAS No. 9000-38-8) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage Studies). , 2012) | 0.64 |
| " Kava is safe and well tolerated for short-term (4-8 weeks) therapeutic use at a dosage of 120-280 mg per day of Kavalactones, regardless of dosage schedule." | ( Kava for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence. Henderson, P; Ooi, SL; Pak, SC, 2018) | 2.83 |
| " Clinical trials verify anxiolytic effects in excess of placebo, but the effects are not seen immediately and the optimal dose and dosing schedule needs to be determined." | ( The Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Adverse Events Associated With Kava. White, CM, 2018) | 0.71 |
| " Despite the extensive use of kava, clinical pharmacokinetic data is not available in the literature; therefore, the findings of this study will be critical for the dosage calculations for future clinical evaluation of kava." | ( Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers. Kanumuri, SRR; Mamallapalli, J; Mathews, CA; McCurdy, CR; Nelson, R; Sharma, A; Xing, C, 2022) | 1.3 |
| "The aim of the current study is to examine the clinical pharmacokinetics of six major kavalactones following oral dosing of flavokavain A/B-free standardized kava extract capsules in healthy volunteers using two dosage regimens." | ( Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers. Kanumuri, SRR; Mamallapalli, J; Mathews, CA; McCurdy, CR; Nelson, R; Sharma, A; Xing, C, 2022) | 1.24 |
| Product Category | Products |
|---|---|
| Beauty & Personal Care | 1 |
| Product | Brand | Category | Compounds Matched from Ingredients | Date Retrieved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mill Creek Amazon Organics™ Volumizing Shampoo Lavender and Lemongrass -- 12 fl oz | Mill Creek | Beauty & Personal Care | citric acid, chamomile, benzoic acid, biotin, citral, citric acid, decyl glucoside, panthenol, geraniol, kava, linalool | 2024-11-29 10:47:42 |
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 43 (8.50) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 40 (7.91) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 256 (50.59) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 115 (22.73) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 52 (10.28) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (66.11) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 38 (7.01%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 103 (19.00%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 40 (7.38%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 1 (0.18%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 360 (66.42%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||