entonox profile

Entonox, also known as nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O/O2), is a premixed medical gas that is commonly used as an analgesic for pain relief. It is a 50:50 mixture of nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxygen (O2). Nitrous oxide is a colorless, odorless gas that is often used as a recreational drug, but it is also used in medicine as an anesthetic and analgesic. Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for life. Entonox is administered by inhalation through a mask or nasal cannula. It is a rapid-acting analgesic that provides pain relief within seconds. The effects of entonox usually last for 3-5 minutes. Entonox is widely used in healthcare settings, including hospitals, clinics, and emergency departments. It is used to relieve pain from a variety of conditions, including childbirth, dental procedures, and minor injuries. The use of Entonox is particularly common in childbirth, where it is used to relieve pain during labor and delivery. Entonox is also used in the treatment of acute pain, such as pain from burns and fractures. The use of Entonox is generally safe, but it can cause some side effects, such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Entonox is typically not recommended for people with certain medical conditions, such as certain lung diseases or heart problems. '

Entonox: combination drug containing premixed 50% nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide) & 50% oxygen [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	108123
MeSH ID	M0041239

Synonym
eutonal
nitronox
anesoxyn-50
entonox
nitralgin
nitrogen oxide (n2o), mixt. with oxygen
54510-89-3
kalinox
kalinox 170 bar
molecular oxygen;nitrous oxide

Research Excerpts

Overview

Entonox is a 50 : 50 combination of nitrous oxide and oxygen, which may be used to manage pain during colonoscopy. Some women are interested in continuous breathing in face mask.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Entonox (N2O2) which is an inhalational gas for relieving labor pain is commonly used intermittently; however some women are interested in continuous breathing in face mask. "	( Effects of continuous use of Entonox in comparison with intermittent method on obstetric outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. Agah, J; Baghani, R; Safiabadi Tali, SH; Tabarraei, Y, 2014)	2.14
"Entonox is a 50 : 50 combination of nitrous oxide and oxygen, which may be used to manage pain during colonoscopy. "	( A randomized controlled trial comparing continuous and as-required nitrous oxide use during screening colonoscopy. Ball, AJ; Din, S; Donnelly, M; Riley, SA, 2015)	1.86

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Entonox has been used effectively in different specialties for pain relief. "	( Use of inhaled nitrous oxide for minor eyelid surgery: a placebo-controlled study. Bhatt, R; Child, V; Johns, S; Kurli, M; Musadiq, M; Sandramouli, S; Stott, M, 2003)	1.76

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Success (completion of planned treatment), cooperation (modified Venham scale), and adverse events were recorded."	( A clinical trial of efficacy and safety of inhalation sedation with a 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix (Kalinox™) in general practice. Collado, V; Faulks, D; Hennequin, M; Koscielny, S; Nicolas, E; Onody, P, 2012)	0.38

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid that is well absorbed via the oral mucosa."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo for painful dressing changes: a crossover trial. Barker, L; Larsen, D; MacIntyre, PA; Margetts, L, 2007)	0.34

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	24 (20.51)	18.7374
1990's	23 (19.66)	18.2507
2000's	46 (39.32)	29.6817
2010's	18 (15.38)	24.3611
2020's	6 (5.13)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	43 (34.68%)	5.53%
Reviews	11 (8.87%)	6.00%
Case Studies	11 (8.87%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.81%)	0.25%
Other	58 (46.77%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Analgesia of Acute Coronary Syndromes With ST-segment Elevation in a Pre-hospital Setting. Randomized Non-inferiority Trial of the Association MEOPA + Paracetamol Versus Morphine. [NCT02198378]	Phase 4	680 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
Optimizing the Use of Entonox® During Screening Colonoscopy: an Open Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01865721]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Entonox on Stages of Labor in Nulliparous Women :a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04321642]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-01	Completed
Effect of Nitrous Oxide in Treating Neuropathic Pain: A Pilot Study in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients [NCT01172600]		78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
A Single-centre, Randomised Controlled Study of Entonox Versus Midazolam Sedation in Gastroscopy. [NCT01744184]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Recruiting
Inhaled Nitrous Oxide and Labor Analgesia [NCT01738672]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Terminated
Comparison of the Role of Epidural Analgesia Versus Non-epidural Analgesia in Postnatal Depression and Persistent Pain Development: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03167905]	Phase 2/Phase 3	881 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-15	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 2nd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3 Months Follow-up
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3rd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to 3 Month Follow-up
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 2nd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 3rd Block
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Usage of Opioid
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Usage of Opioid
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Usage of Opioids
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Biomarkers
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Biomarkers
NCT01172600 (12) [back to overview]	Biomarkers
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Crossover To Epidural
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Emesis
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Participant Satisfaction
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Anxiety
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Labor Pain
NCT01738672 (6) [back to overview]	Nausea

Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 2nd Block

Oswestry score ranges from 0% to 100%, which measures % of disability. The outcome is change in the Oswestry score from baseline (before 1st block) to before 2nd block. (NCT01172600)
Timeframe: At baseline (before 1st block) and before the 2nd block, typically at 1 month from baseline

Intervention	absolute percentage (Mean)
Entonox	-7
Oxygen	-6

Intervention	pg/ml (Median)
	IL-1β	IL-6	IL-10	IL-17A	IFN-γ	TNF-α
Entonox	206	226	174	146	93	13
Oxygen	140	198	176	137	85	9

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	1 hour after initiation of nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide	2.50	2.00

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.38	1	1	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.11	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	16.56	117	43	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.13	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	5.19	3	1	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	3.77	2	1	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	12.73	7	3	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	8.64	1	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
halothane [no description available]	1.99	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	8.29	8	5	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	6.16	9	4	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	8.64	1	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	7.79	9	4	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	8.31	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	7.38	7	4	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.37	1	1	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	8.35	1	1	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	8.45	1	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	9.34	1	1	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.13	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	3.13	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	3.75	2	1	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	3.14	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.76	3	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	3.06	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.06	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	12.08	5	2	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	8.64	1	1	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	1.99	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.13	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.13	1	0
psd 502 Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.	3.37	1	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.14	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Labor Pain Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.	7.07	8	4
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	11.72	37	13
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	2.6	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	5.96	3	3
Pain, Procedural Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.	3.64	1	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.64	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	5.96	3	3
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	5.96	3	3
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	9.83	2	0
Ache [description not available]	12.13	27	15
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	12.13	27	15
Angioedema, Hereditary [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.1	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.1	1	0
Angioedemas, Hereditary Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.1	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Colon Diverticula [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.	2.11	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.52	2	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.11	1	0
Forearm Injuries Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.	2.13	1	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	2.13	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Diverticula [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.13	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.13	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.13	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.13	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.13	1	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	2.13	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.13	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.4	2	0
Glenohumeral Dislocation [description not available]	6.9	5	2
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	2.05	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.	2.05	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.05	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.85	4	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.85	4	2
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.98	1	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	2.98	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	3.9	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	3.39	1	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	3.1	5	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	6.13	4	1
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.93	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.93	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	2.93	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.68	3	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.68	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	4.36	2	2
Ataxia of Gait [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.02	1	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.02	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.96	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	1.96	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	1.96	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	1.98	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	4.62	3	2
Bends [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.91	1	0
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	4.69	2	1
Dizzyness [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	3.39	1	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.39	1	1
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.01	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	1.97	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	3.36	1	1

entonox

Description

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Synonyms (10)

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Overview

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Research

Studies (117)

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Research Demand Index: 72.96

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Clinical Trials (7)

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Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 2nd Block

Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3 Months Follow-up

Change in Oswestry Score (% of Disability) From Baseline to 3rd Block

Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to 3 Month Follow-up

Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 2nd Block

Change in VAS Pain Score From Baseline to Before 3rd Block

Usage of Opioid

Usage of Opioid

Usage of Opioids

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Crossover To Epidural

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Related Drugs (34)

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