Compounds > pirmenol
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

pirmenol

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

pirmenol: an antiarrhythmic with class Ia activity [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID65502
CHEMBL ID2110988
CHEBI ID135436
SCHEMBL ID9762841
MeSH IDM0082447

Synonyms (28)

Synonym
pirmenol
CHEBI:135436
D08394
68252-19-7
2-pyridinemethanol, alpha-(3-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl)-alpha-phenyl-, cis-(+)-
(-)-pirmenol
(+)-pirmenol
129885-18-3
129885-19-4
2-pyridinemethanol, alpha-(3-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl)-alpha-phenyl-, cis-(-)-
NCGC00249926-01
dtxsid1043839 ,
dtxcid9023839
cas-68252-19-7
tox21_113702
APUDBKTWDCXQJA-QIDMFYOTSA-N
(+,-)-cis-alpha-[3-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-alpha-phenyl-2-pyridinemethanol
CHEMBL2110988
SCHEMBL9762841
AKOS032960447
68252-19-7 (free base)
F20698
EX-A2926
4-((2r,6s)-2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)butan-1-ol
4-[(2s,6r)-2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl]-1-phenyl-1-pyridin-2-ylbutan-1-ol
()-pirmenol
CS-0020441
HY-100795

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pirmenol hydrochloride is a new orally effective, long-acting antiarrhythmic agent. It is currently used in patients with supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirmenol is a promising therapeutic agent that warrants further evaluation."( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a concentration-maintaining regimen of intravenous pirmenol.
Hammill, SC; McCarthy, E; Pritchett, EL; Reiter, MJ; Shand, DG; Verghese, C, 1983)		1.21
"Pirmenol hydrochloride is a new orally effective, long-acting antiarrhythmic agent currently used in patients with supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "( Pirmenol hydrochloride-induced QT prolongation and T wave inversion on electrocardiogram during treatment for symptomatic atrial fibrillation.
Abe, H; Hanada, H; Kohshi, K; Nakashima, Y; Numata, T, 1998)		3.19
"Pirmenol is a new drug with class Ia antiarrhythmic action."( Pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic drug with potassium- and sodium-channel blocking activity; a voltage-clamp study in rabbit Purkinje fibres.
Hauswirth, O; Konzen, G; Reichardt, B, 1990)		2.44
"Pirmenol is an investigational type 1A antiarrhythmic drug the long-term efficacy of which has not been fully determined. "( Long-term efficacy of oral pirmenol in suppressing ventricular premature depolarizations.
Crevey, BJ; de Buitleir, M; Johnson, T; Kou, WH; Morady, F; Nelson, SD; Schmaltz, S, 1988)		2.01
"Pirmenol is a new orally effective antiarrhythmic agent. "( Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic drug.
Garg, DC; Jallad, NS; Ng, KF; Singh, S; Weidler, DJ, 1988)		1.99
"Pirmenol hydrochloride is a promising antiarrhythmic agent with quinidine-like (Class Ia) properties presently undergoing evaluation. "( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of pirmenol.
Reiter, MJ, 1988)		1.98

Effects

Pirmenol has a convenient twice-daily dosing regimen, dependable antiarrhythmic action and a good safety record. Pirmenil has an antifibrillatory effect on the atria.

Pirmenol has an antifibrillatory effect on the atria. It has shown efficacy for ventricular arrhythmias even in some patients refractory to Class Ia agents.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirmenol has a convenient twice-daily dosing regimen, dependable antiarrhythmic action and a good safety record."( A multicenter dose-response study of pirmenol hydrochloride in patients with ventricular premature contractions.
Farnham, DJ, 1987)		1.27
"Pirmenol has an antifibrillatory effect on the atria."( Conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by intravenous pirmenol.
Frick, H; Manninen, V; Nieminen, MS; Toivonen, LK, 1987)		1.22
"Pirmenol has a convenient twice-daily dosing regimen, dependable antiarrhythmic action and a good safety record."( A multicenter dose-response study of pirmenol hydrochloride in patients with ventricular premature contractions.
Farnham, DJ, 1987)		1.27
"Pirmenol has an antifibrillatory effect on the atria."( Conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by intravenous pirmenol.
Frick, H; Manninen, V; Nieminen, MS; Toivonen, LK, 1987)		1.22
"Pirmenol has shown efficacy for ventricular arrhythmias even in some patients refractory to Class Ia agents."( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of pirmenol.
Reiter, MJ, 1988)		1.25

Treatment

Pirmenol treatment was not associated with syncope during ordinary HUT, but nausea, sweating, and syncope occurred during HUT with provocative administration of isosorbide dinitrate. Pretreatment with pirmanol afforded protection in a dose-related fashion.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirmenol treatment was not associated with syncope during ordinary HUT, but nausea, sweating, and syncope occurred during HUT with provocative administration of isosorbide dinitrate."( A patient responding to combined therapy with pirmenol and midodrine for refractory neurally mediated syncope complicated by prostatic hypertrophy.
Emi, S; Ishimoto, T; Kageyama, N; Mizuguchi, Y; Nagase, N; Oishi, Y; Oki, T, 2004)		1.3
"Pirmenol treatment prolonged the shortest preexcited RR interval from 253 +/- 38 to 459 +/- 19 ms (p less than 0.05) and the average RR interval from 354 +/- 26 to 421 +/- 60 ms (p less than 0.01) during atrial fibrillation in all 6 patients with preexcitation."( Acute electrophysiologic effects of pirmenol in normal subjects and in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Brown, JE; Klein, GJ; Yee, R, 1986)		1.27
"Pretreatment with pirmenol afforded protection in a dose-related fashion."( Pirmenol hydrochloride (CI-845) and reference antiarrhythmic agents: effects on early ventricular arrhythmias after acute coronary artery ligation in anesthetized rats.
Kaplan, HR; Mertz, TE, 1982)		2.03

Pharmacokinetics

The antiarrhythmic response of coronary artery ligated dogs to pirmenol was described by a sigmoid Emax model. No statistically significant differences were observed in the pharmacodynamic parameters. Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, the dosage of pirmanol is unlikely to differ in young and elderly subjects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, the dosage of pirmenol is unlikely to differ in young and elderly subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of pirmenol in young and elderly subjects.
Beasley, M; Bland, R; Campbell, AJ; Edwards, IR; Ferry, DG; Gazeley, L, 1992)		0.85
" Mean pirmenol concentration-time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters, including elimination rate constant, were not significantly altered by concomitant administration of cimetidine."( Effect of cimetidine administration on the pharmacokinetics of pirmenol.
Bockbrader, HN; Cetnarowski-Cropp, AB; Chang, T; Goldfarb, AL; Lebsack, ME; Radulovic, LL; Sedman, AJ; Stringer, KA, 1992)		1
" The author summarizes the hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of pirmenol noting that its effects are relatively independent of potassium concentration."( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of pirmenol.
Reiter, MJ, 1988)		0.77
" The mean half-life of elimination was 10."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral pirmenol.
Ellenbogen, KA; Kates, RE; McCarthy, EA; Pritchett, EL; Roark, SF; Sintetos, AL; Smith, MS; Smith, WM, 1987)		0.53
"This article reviews clinical pharmacokinetic data on 8 new antiarrhythmic agents."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents.
Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )		0.13
" Blood, plasma and free drug concentrations declined biexponentially after cessation of a 150-mg infusion (n = 4), with a terminal half-life of 7-9."( Pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic agent: initial study of efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics.
Baker, JT; Hammill, SC; Hindman, MC; Pritchett, EL; Routledge, PA; Shand, DG, 1982)		1.71
" The antiarrhythmic response of coronary artery ligated dogs to pirmenol was described by a sigmoid Emax model, and no statistically significant differences were observed in the pharmacodynamic parameters [i."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pirmenol enantiomers in coronary artery ligated dogs.
Chang, T; Janiczek, N; Mertz, TE; Smith, DE; Ventura, A, 1997)		0.8

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Systemic oral bioavailability averaged 87% in humans."( Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of pirmenol.
Chang, T, 1987)		0.53
" The mean absolute bioavailability for the oral dose was 87%."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pirmenol hydrochloride in the treatment of ventricular dysrhythmia.
Chang, T; Goldberg, AD; Goldstein, S; Johnson, EL; Lee, TG; Serkland, MT; Toole, JG; Yakatan, GJ, )		0.41
" Lorcainide is also a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, the bioavailability of which is nonlinear."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents.
Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )		0.13

Dosage Studied

Only one of eight postinfarction dogs tested remained noninducible throughout the pirmenol dosing schedule. Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, the dosage of pirmedol is unlikely to differ in young and elderly subjects. At a daily dosage of 200 to 400 mg, pirmanol was effective in suppressing VPCs.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, the dosage of pirmenol is unlikely to differ in young and elderly subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of pirmenol in young and elderly subjects.
Beasley, M; Bland, R; Campbell, AJ; Edwards, IR; Ferry, DG; Gazeley, L, 1992)		0.85
" At a daily dosage of 200 to 400 mg, pirmenol was effective in suppressing VPCs."( A multicenter dose-response study of pirmenol hydrochloride in patients with ventricular premature contractions.
Farnham, DJ, 1987)		0.82
" Serious adverse reactions necessitate a change in antiarrhythmic therapy, as opposed to lowering drug dosage to an ineffective level."( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Recent advances and current status.
Somberg, J, 1985)		0.27
" Based on these findings, pirmenol dosage adjustment will be required when pirmenol is given to patients concurrently receiving rifampin."( Enhanced pirmenol elimination by rifampin.
Cetnarowski, AB; Chang, T; Goldfarb, A; Lebsack, ME; Sedman, AJ; Stringer, KA, 1988)		0.99
" The favorable pharmacokinetics of pirmenol permit dosage at less frequent intervals than with procainamide, quinidine, disopyramide."( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of pirmenol.
Reiter, MJ, 1988)		0.81
" In a similar study in beagle dogs, pirmenol was tolerated clinically at a dosage up to 30 mg/kg/day."( Preclinical toxicology of pirmenol hydrochloride.
de la Iglesia, FA; Martin, RA, 1987)		0.85
" The dosage was 200 or 250 mg (both 3 times/day) in 2 and 5 patients, respectively."( Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic effects of pirmenol in ventricular tachycardia.
Cameron, J; Estes, NA; Gold, R; Haffajee, C; Mack, K; Marshall, M; Salem, DN, 1987)		0.52
" Pirmenol was administered in a 100 mg, 150 mg or 200 mg twice daily dosing schedule."( Preliminary study of pirmenol in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.
Algarra Vidal, FJ; Gimeno Gascon, JV, 1987)		1.5
" Only one of eight postinfarction dogs tested remained noninducible throughout the pirmenol dosing schedule."( Electrophysiologic actions of pirmenol in dogs with recent myocardial infarction.
DiCarlo, LA; Hassan, T; Lucchesi, BR; Lynch, JJ; Montgomery, DG, 1986)		0.78
" If side effects intervene that may cause continued therapy to be intolerable, changing the antiarrhythmic agent, as opposed to decreasing the dosage to an ineffective range, may be appropriate."( New directions in antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
Somberg, JC, 1984)		0.27
"Stimulation of complex dosage regimens for drugs with multicompartmental kinetics is described using the method of separate exponentials."( The method of separate exponentials: a simple aid to devising intravenous drug-loading regimens.
Bjornsson, TD; Desjardins, RE; Hammill, SC; Pritchett, EL; Shand, DG, 1981)		0.26
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
racemateA racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (4)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.60830.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347398
GALC proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.707928.183828.183828.1838AID1159614
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.87090.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency39.81070.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (31)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (101)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199056 (55.45)18.7374
1990's32 (31.68)18.2507
2000's5 (4.95)29.6817
2010's2 (1.98)24.3611
2020's6 (5.94)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 22.91

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index22.91 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.82 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.39 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index26.67 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (22.91)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials15 (13.89%)5.53%
Reviews7 (6.48%)6.00%
Case Studies4 (3.70%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other82 (75.93%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9710chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9710methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.0610imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.49401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		9.540indanes
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0110ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		3.4720pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		3.4720guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.4720aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
cifenline
[no description available]		4.2830diarylmethane
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		6.9810aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.6890monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		1.9710sulfonamide
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.9770aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		7.4792benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.6850aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		7.0210amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		8.7930organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		1.9710inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.9840benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.4940aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.0610naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.3920ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		3.4720organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		1.9710alkane
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.7630carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.4720monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
lorcainide
[no description available]		4.2730acetamides
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		4.2730benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.0710aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
propisomide
propisomide: RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 8/85; structure given in first source		3.0750
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.6730
4-hydroxypropranolol
4-hydroxypropranolol: metabolite of propanolol; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.0610naphthols
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		1.951011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		10.3741cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		3.4720
bisaramil
[no description available]		1.9710
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		12.159314
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		6.9710benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		1.9510
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.9710cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		05.6873
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		05.6873
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.420
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		02.0210
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.0210
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		07.3920
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.2820
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		010.06101
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		05.06101
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		06.5296
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		08.52193
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		08.52193
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		06.0862
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		05.3751
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		06.0862
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		05.3751
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		01.9610
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		01.9510
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.6530
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.3711
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		03.7721
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		01.9910
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		01.9910
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9810
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9810
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9710
Carditis
[description not available]		03.3511
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		03.3511
Recrudescence
[description not available]		01.9710
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9710
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		01.9710
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		01.9710
Asialia
[description not available]		01.9710
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		01.9710
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		01.9710
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9610
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		01.9610