Page last updated: 2024-12-08

m 8218

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

M 8218: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	137356
CHEMBL ID	4594416
SCHEMBL ID	6920037
MeSH ID	M0155784

Synonyms (29)

Synonym
penehyclidine
benzenemethanol, alpha-((1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yloxy)methyl)-alpha-cyclopentyl-
87827-02-9
353cx8cshd ,
3-quinuclidinyloxy-2,2,2-(hydroxy-cylcopentane-phenyl)ethane
unii-353cx8cshd
m-8218
c20h29no2
m 8218
2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yloxy)-1-cyclopentyl-1-phenylethanol
3-(2'-phenyl-2'-cyclopentyl-2'-hydroxyethoxy)quinuclidine
SCHEMBL6920037
penequinine
2-(1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)octan-3-yloxy)-1-cyclopentyl-1-phenylethanol
penequine
benzenemethanol, .alpha.-((1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yloxy)methyl)-.alpha.-cyclopentyl-
penethequinine
p8018
penehyclidine [who-dd]
3-(2-hydroxyl-2-cyclopentyl-2-phenyl-ethoxy) quinuclidine
AKOS030573264
BCP32296
1-cyclopentyl-1-phenyl-2-(quinuclidin-3-yloxy)ethanol
Q27256418
2-[(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl)oxy]-1-cyclopentyl-1-phenylethan-1-ol
DTXSID301007814
CHEMBL4594416
HY-142119
penequinine, penehyclidine

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" With the exception of treatment-unrelated abnormality in surface righting reflex in the F1 generation, penequine hydrochloride did not produce any adverse effects at doses up to and including 12."	( The pre- and post-natal toxicity of penequine hydrochloride in mice. Huang, C; Jin, H; Wang, A; Wang, Z; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2006)	0.33
" Under the experimental conditions, penequine hydrochloride did not produce any adverse effects (expect the decreases in certain relative organ weights) up to and including 12."	( Fertility and early embryonic development toxicity of penequine hydrochloride in mice. Huang, C; Jin, H; Wang, A; Wang, Z; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2007)	0.34
" Tolerability was assessed based on adverse events and clinical laboratory tests."	( Safety of the muscarinic receptor-antagonist (R,R)-penehyclidine fumarate in healthy subjects: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, single-dose escalation study . Fu, C; Guo, C; Huang, J; Pei, Q; Yang, G; Yang, S; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This method was successfully applied to quantification and pharmacokinetic studies of PH in the subjects."	( Determination of penehyclidine by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetics in humans, rabbits and mice. Liu, K; Qiao, J; Ruan, J; Xu, Y; Xue, M; Yuan, S; Zhang, Z, 2006)	0.33

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride(PH)/atropine combined with neostigmine for antagonizing residual neuromuscular block on the hemodynamics."	( [Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride or atropine combined with neostigmine for antagonizing residual neuromuscular block on patient's hemodynamics]. Chen, YM; Liang, SW, 2005)	0.33
"To study the effects of ketamine combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride on the learning and memory abilities and the expression of synaptophysin in the hippocampus CA3 region in the brain of neonatal rats."	( [Effect of ketamine combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride on the expression of synaptophysin in the brain of neonatal rats]. Guo, YZ; Lin, L; Zhang, LC, 2010)	0.36
"Ketamine combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride may inhibit more significantly learning and memory abilities and the synaptophysin expression in the hippocampus CA3 region than ketamine alone in neonatal rats."	( [Effect of ketamine combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride on the expression of synaptophysin in the brain of neonatal rats]. Guo, YZ; Lin, L; Zhang, LC, 2010)	0.36
"This study aimed to observe the clinical curative effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) combined with hemoperfusion in treating acute severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning."	( Clinical analysis of penehyclidine hydrochloride combined with hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Liang, MJ; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"To investigate the effects of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction (ACI) in rats."	( Curative efficacy of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction and their effects on serum TNF-α and NDS score in rats. Chen, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)	0.48
" After grouping, rats in the treatment groups were treated with edaravone combined with phenecyclidine."	( Curative efficacy of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction and their effects on serum TNF-α and NDS score in rats. Chen, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)	0.48
"Penehyclidine combined with edaravone has a better clinical treatment effect on ACI rats, which can significantly reduce the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 and the NDS score, so it is worthy of popularization in clinical application."	( Curative efficacy of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction and their effects on serum TNF-α and NDS score in rats. Chen, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)	0.48
"To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride combined with dexmedetomidine on pulmonary function in patients undergoing heart valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."	( Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride combined with dexmedetomidine on pulmonary function in patients undergoing heart valve surgery: a double-blind, randomized trial. Chen, Y; He, F; Lu, Y; Mao, Q; Xie, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The assay is simple and accurate, with good reproducibility, and can satisfy to the needs of pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability studies on penehyclidine hydrochloride."	( [Detecting penehyclidine hydrochloride in rats plasma and tissues with HPLC-MS/MS]. Liang, MZ; Nan, F; Qin, YP; Xiang, J; Yu, Q, 2010)	0.36

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"19 mg/kg/day in females) corresponding to approximately 72 times above anticipated dosage in human."	( Fertility and early embryonic development toxicity of penequine hydrochloride in mice. Huang, C; Jin, H; Wang, A; Wang, Z; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2007)	0.34
" A total of 60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including fake surgery group, model group, low PHC dosage group and high dosage penehvclidine hvdrochloride (PHC) group."	( Protective effect of penehvclidine hvdrochloride on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Cai, W; Su, Z, 2014)	0.4
"Compared with rats in model group, decreased urine volume, diet volume, Cre, PU, BUN, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NO MDA concentration and increased SOD and GSH-Px activity could be seen in low PHC dosage group and high dosage PHC group (P<0."	( Protective effect of penehvclidine hvdrochloride on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Cai, W; Su, Z, 2014)	0.4

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (112)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (0.89)	18.7374
1990's	2 (1.79)	18.2507
2000's	20 (17.86)	29.6817
2010's	69 (61.61)	24.3611
2020's	20 (17.86)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.89

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	10.89 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.96 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	5.86 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.89)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	24 (20.34%)	5.53%
Reviews	4 (3.39%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.85%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	89 (75.42%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
adenine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.41	1	0	amino-acid anion
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.41	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.06	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.06	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.05	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
edaravone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.41	1	1	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	3.8	1	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.25	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	15.81	109	23	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.9	8	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.58	8	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.05	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.48	2	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	3.8	1	1	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	3.43	1	1
brusatol brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.41	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	8.23	7	3
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.21	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.21	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.05	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	4.37	1	1	indolyl carboxylic acid
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.1	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.25	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	3.99	1	1	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.64	1	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.3	8	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.8	1	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.06	1	0
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	8.08	22	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	6.61	20	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.13	9	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.13	9	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	8.08	22	1
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	7.83	5	5
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	7.83	5	5
Atelectasis [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Bronchospasm [description not available]	7.94	5	5
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	10.04	9	8
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	7.94	5	5
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	10.04	9	8
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.41	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.41	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.91	11	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.06	4	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.91	11	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.67	8	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	6.13	6	1
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	5.27	3	1
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	5.27	3	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.71	3	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	6.13	6	1
Flatus [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	3.99	1	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	5.93	10	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	5.93	10	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	3.03	4	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.21	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.52	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.25	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	4.94	2	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	4.62	1	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	8.12	5	5
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	8.12	5	5
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.81	3	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.17	1	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	4.37	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.17	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	2.21	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.21	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	4.73	3	2
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	4.73	3	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.59	1	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	4.43	2	2
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	4.43	2	2
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.47	1	1
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	3.47	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.39	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.08	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	7.52	4	4
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2.11	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	3.5	1	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.79	3	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.13	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.13	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.13	1	0
Harelip [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.04	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.04	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.05	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.05	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	3.44	1	1
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	3.44	1	1
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.45	1	1
Bruise [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	2.99	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	2.07	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	3.46	1	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	3.9	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	3.9	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Anesthesia Awareness [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.87	2	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.03	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.43	1	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.72	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.44	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.03	1	0

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