piperidines and Movement-Disorders

Psychosis is a major psychiatric problem that often occurs at the interface of psychiatry and the neurological specialty of movement disorders. Psychotic syndromes are common in treated movement disorder patients, and almost all antipsychotic drugs produce movement disorders. There is little published data on psychosis in movement disorders aside from Parkinson's disease (PD).. In this review, we focus primarily on PD, in which about 30% of treated patients have visual hallucinations and 5-10% have paranoid delusions; dementia with Lewy bodies, a variant of PD in which dementia occurs early and psychotic symptoms are common; Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited disorder that causes behavioral problems, frequently including psychosis; and tardive dyskinesia (TD), a group of movement disorder syndromes caused by antipsychotic drugs. All articles were reviewed in each of the more common movement disorders and indexed in PubMed with keywords including psychosis, psychotic symptoms, antipsychotics, hallucinations and delusions.. Although there are no approved drugs for treating psychotic symptoms in any of the movement disorders, pimavanserin, a 5-HT2A inverse agonist, is thought likely to gain approval in 2015 for treating PD psychosis. We present evidence that clozapine is currently the drug of choice for treating psychosis in patients with parkinsonism; however, blood monitoring requirements make it difficult to use. The choice of treatment of hyperkinetic disorders such as HD and the TD disorders depends on the clinical scenario.

Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Clozapine; Humans; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Psychotic Disorders; Treatment Outcome; Urea

Topics: Amiodarone; Angina Pectoris; Benzofurans; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Electromyography; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Lipid Metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Movement Disorders; Muscles; Nervous System Diseases; Paresthesia; Perhexiline; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Pigments, Biological; Piperidines; Polyradiculoneuropathy; Schwann Cells; Skin; Tremor

24 hospitalized psychiatric patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia were treated with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), 4 g daily for 3 days, and biperiden, 12 mg daily for 3 weeks. The results were evaluated blindly by means of videotape technique. The frequency of tardive dyskinesia was significantly reduced by AMPT and significantly increased by biperiden. The amplitude was reduced by AMPT in ten cases, unchanged in 12 cases and increased in two cases. Biperiden significantly increased the amplitude. The duration of each separate tongue protrusion and/or mouth opening was significantly increased by AMPT and reduced or unchanged by biperiden. It is concluded that a reduced dopaminergic activity (pharmacological or organic) may constitute the primary pathogenetic background for tardive dyskinesia, but that dopaminergic hypersensitivity and/or cholinergic hypofunction is necessary before the hyperkinetic element of the movement disturbances can minifest itself.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biperiden; Cheek; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Methyltyrosines; Middle Aged; Mouth; Movement Disorders; Parkinson Disease; Piperidines; Tongue; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Evaluation; Fatigue; Female; Fluorobenzenes; Fluphenazine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Schizophrenia; Spiro Compounds; Tranquilizing Agents; Xerostomia

Topics: 1-Propanol; Adult; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Benztropine; Biperiden; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Piperidines; Procyclidine; Pyrrolidines; Schizophrenia; Tranquilizing Agents; Trihexyphenidyl; Tropanes

Topics: Adult; Benzimidazoles; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Placebos; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia; Tranquilizing Agents; Trifluoperazine

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Benztropine; Benzyl Compounds; Clinical Trials as Topic; Delayed-Action Preparations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Haloperidol; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Piperidines; Piperidones; Placebos; Psychotic Disorders; Tropanes

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Child; Extrapyramidal Tracts; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Parkinson Disease; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Piperidines; Placebos; Psychotic Disorders; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Tranquilizing Agents; Trihexyphenidyl

Patient 1, an 80-year-old woman with Alzheimer's disease, had been taking donepezil 5 mg for 2 years. Donepezil was increased to 10 mg, and 2 months later, the patient developed dropped head syndrome. MRI and needle EMG abnormality of the neck extensor muscles suggested focal myopathy, but the symptom disappeared within 2 months by discontinuing donepezil. Patient 2, a 78-year-old man with Lewy body dementia, had been taking levodopa and pramipexole (PPX). One month after tapering levodopa, donepezil 3 mg was introduced, and Pisa syndrome (bending of the trunk to the right anterior direction) developed 10 days later. Donepezil and PPX were discontinued and levodopa was increased. Within 5 months, his posture had almost recovered. Cholinesterase inhibitors can induce abnormal posture of the trunk, and clinicians should be aware of this uncommon but important side effect.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Donepezil; Female; Humans; Indans; Levodopa; Male; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Posture

Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) is a disabling non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that is challenging to treat. Dopamine receptor blockers (DRB) are used to treat PDP, though these may be associated with adverse effects, including worsening of Parkinsonism. Pimavanserin, a selective 5-HT. A retrospective chart review of patients prescribed pimavanserin was performed in August, 2017. Data on demographics, psychotic features, sleep, and adverse effects was collected using a semi-structured telephone interview with patients or caregivers. Hallucination severity (HS) was quantified as mild (< 1 episode/week), moderate (1/week to < 1/day), or severe (daily/continuous).. Seventeen patients consented to participate in the study; 16 were diagnosed with PDP, 1 with Lewy body dementia. Fourteen had co-morbid cognitive impairment/dementia. The mean duration of Parkinsonism was 11.8 ± 8.0 years, with 2.6 ± 1.9 years of psychosis. Eleven of the seventeen patients reported improvement of hallucinations of which 5/8 were initiated on pimavanserin monotherapy, and 6/9 reported improvement of HS with combination of DRB. Six of nine patients prescribed DRB were able to discontinue this medication after introduction of pimavanserin. Four patients discontinued medications (2, no benefit; 1, spontaneous resolution; 1, cost). No major side effects were reported, and two patients noted subjective improvement of sleep.. In our series based on a small sample size, pimavanserin is well-tolerated and effective as both monotherapy and adjuvant treatment for moderate to severe. This medication can facilitate reduction or cessation of DRB medication.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Retrospective Studies; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists; Severity of Illness Index; Surveys and Questionnaires; Treatment Outcome; Urea

Cannabinoid-induced tetrad is a preclinical model commonly used to evaluate if a pharmacological compound is an agonist of the central type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor in rodents. The tetrad is characterized by hypolocomotion, hypothermia, catalepsy, and analgesia, four phenotypes that are induced by acute administration of CB1 agonists exemplified by the prototypic cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This unit describes a standard protocol in mice to induce tetrad phenotypes with THC as reference cannabinoid. We provide typical results obtained with this procedure showing a dose effect of THC in different mouse strains. The effect of the CB1 antagonist rimonabant is also shown. This tetrad protocol is well adapted to reveal new compounds acting on CB1 receptors in vivo. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Topics: Animals; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; Catalepsy; Disease Models, Animal; Dronabinol; Exploratory Behavior; Hypothermia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Pyrazoles; Rimonabant

The anesthetic management of patients requiring surgery for movement disorders needs to balance microrecording quality and patient cooperation with safety and comfort. Anesthetics can alter microrecording, although the effect on outcome is debatable. They also provide a rested and cooperative patient and minimize complications such as intracranial hemorrhage by providing better hemodynamic control. Most teams use local anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care or conscious sedation with propofol. Recently, dexmedetomidine has emerged as an alternative that, at low doses, does not affect microrecording, and that does not impair respiratory drive.. In the past 15 years, we have used in our institution local anesthesia, remifentanil, or dexmedetomidine sedation. We compared functional outcome and rate of complications in a group of 145 patients with similar characteristics.. We found 5 (3.4%) intracranial hemorrhages. Two (1.4%) were symptomatic. The remifentanil group had the highest risk of having systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg during surgery (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-9.9), whereas the dexmedetomidine group had the lowest (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.2-1.8), compared with the local anesthesia group. Surgical time was shortest with dexmedetomidine (mean, 283 minutes) and longest with local anesthesia only (mean, 328 minutes). Functional outcome (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III motor component scale) was similar among groups. The dexmedetomidine group had a statistically significant lower risk of perioperative neurologic events compared with the local anesthesia group (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.002-0.68).. Sedation can be used safely without affecting outcome, and dexmedetomidine provides better hemodynamic management. Clinical significance remains unclear and larger studies need to be undertaken.

Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Nervous System Diseases; Perioperative Care; Piperidines; Remifentanil; Retrospective Studies; Statistics, Nonparametric

Bispectral index (BIS) is considered very useful to guide anesthesia care in elderly patients, but its use is controversial for the evaluation of the adequacy of analgesia. This study compared the BIS changes in response to loss of consciousness (LOC) and loss of somatic response (LOS) to nociceptive stimuli between elderly and young patients receiving intravenous target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol and remifentanil.. This study was performed on 52 elderly patients (aged 65-78 years) and 52 young patients (aged 25-58 years), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II. Anesthesia was induced with propofol administered by TCI. A standardized noxious electrical stimulus (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, [TENS]) was applied (50 Hz, 80 mA, 0.25 ms pulses for 4 s) to the ulnar nerve at increasing remifentanil predicted effective-site concentration (Ce) until patients lost somatic response to TENS. Changes in awake, prestimulus, poststimulus BIS, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, predicted plasma concentration, Ce of propofol, and remifentanil at both LOC and LOS clinical points were investigated.. BISLOCin elderly group was higher than that in young patient group (65.4 ± 9.7 vs. 57.6 ± 12.3) (t = 21.58, P < 0.0001) after TCI propofol, and the propofol Ce at LOC was 1.6 ± 0.3 μg/ml in elderly patients, which was significantly lower than that in young patients (2.3 ± 0.5 μg/ml) (t = 7.474, P < 0.0001). As nociceptive stimulation induced BIS to increase, the mean of BIS maximum values after TENS was significantly higher than that before TENS in both age groups (t = 8.902 and t = 8.019, P < 0.0001). With increasing Ce of remifentanil until patients lost somatic response to TENS, BISLOSwas the same as the BISLOCin elderly patients (65.6 ± 10.7 vs. 65.4 ± 9.7), and there were no marked differences between elderly and young patient groups in BISawake, BISLOS, and Ce of remifentanil required for LOS.. In elderly patients, BIS can be used as an indicator for hypnotic-analgesic balance and be helpful to guide the optimal administration of propofol and remifentanil individually.. CTRI Reg. No: ChiCTR-OOC-14005629; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=9875.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Pain; Piperidines; Propofol; Remifentanil; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; Unconsciousness

Neurodegenerative processes are often accompanied by disruption of cholinergic systems; therefore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) may have therapeutic potential in some neurological conditions. We evaluated the effects of administration of donepezil, a widely used AChEI, in the cerebellum in a murine model of Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). The NPC mice developed Purkinje cell loss at the age of 8 weeks; 4-week-old NPC mice given donepezil led to improvement of Purkinje cell survival that was associated with improvement of motor dysfunction in the mice. Because abnormal accumulation of cholesterol caused by impaired lipid homeostasis is the principal pathogenetic mechanism underlying NPC, we investigated the effects of donepezil on cholesterol metabolism in the NPC mice. Donepezil treatment reduced cholesterol accumulation in adult neural stem cells in vitro, and it downregulated the expression of the cholesterol synthesis factors' sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the cerebellum, implying that AChE activity might be associated with cholesterol homeostasis. Taken together, our findings suggest the role of a cholinergic pathway as a novel regulator of NPC progression and the potential application of AChEIs for the treatment of human NPC.

Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Donepezil; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Indans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Lateral Ventricles; Liver X Receptors; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Transgenic; Movement Disorders; Mutation; Niemann-Pick C1 Protein; Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C; Orphan Nuclear Receptors; Piperidines; Proteins; Psychomotor Performance; Purkinje Cells; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2

Following a cerebral cortex injury such as stroke, excessive inhibition around the core of the injury is thought to reduce the potential for new motor learning. In part, this may be caused by an imbalance of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI); therefore, treatments that relieve the inhibitory drive from the healthy hemisphere to the peri-lesional area may enhance motor recovery. Theta burst stimulation delivered by transcranial magnetic stimulation has been tested as a means of normalizing IHI, but clinical results have been variable. Here we use a new rat model of synaptic IHI to demonstrate that electrical intracranial theta burst stimulation causes long-lasting changes in motor cortex excitability. Further, we show that contralateral intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) blocks IHI via a mechanism involving cannabinoid receptors. Finally, we show that contralesional iTBS applied during recovery from cortical injury in rats improves the recovery of motor function. These findings suggest that theta burst stimulation delivered through implanted electrodes may be a promising avenue to explore for augmenting rehabilitation from brain injury.

Topics: Animals; Biophysics; Brain Injuries; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Functional Laterality; Male; Membrane Potentials; Motor Cortex; Movement Disorders; Neural Inhibition; Piperidines; Pyrazoles; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

The present Letter describes a one-pot multi-component method that allows the efficient and mild preparation of 3,5-diphenylpiperidin-2,6-dione and a new series of 3,5-diarylpiperidin-2,6-dione derivatives from ethyl 2-arylacetates, formaldehyde and ammonia/aliphatic/aromatic amines. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by IR, NMR spectroscopic data and microanalyses. The anticonvulsant activities of these compounds were evaluated by maximal electroshock seizure test and were also evaluated for motor impairment. Among the synthesized compounds, 5a, 5b, 5d, and 5e could be considered potentially the most useful and safe therapeutic compound and 5g, 5i, 5j, 5m, and 5o exhibit potent activities.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Electroshock; Mice; Molecular Structure; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Seizures; Stereoisomerism

Pisa syndrome or pleurothotonus is the persistent flexion of the body and head to one side giving the appearance of the leaning tower of Pisa. It is most commonly caused by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. We report a case of Pisa Syndrome caused by prolonged use of high dose cholinesterase inhibitor, rivastigmine. Symptoms subsided when rivastigmine was withdrawn and did not reappear when a different cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil was introduced. Physicians should be aware of Pisa syndrome and should alert patient of this possibility when starting and stepping up medications. The purpose of reporting this case is to create awareness among general practitioners as it is a reversible condition which responds to removal of the offending drug.

Topics: Aged; Benzodiazepines; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Delusions; Dementia; Donepezil; Humans; Indans; Male; Movement Disorders; Olanzapine; Phenylcarbamates; Piperidines; Posture; Rivastigmine; Syndrome

Emerging data implicate nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammation. NAMPT inhibitors have proven beneficial in inflammatory animal models of arthritis and endotoxic shock as well as in autoimmune encephalitis. Given the role of inflammatory responses in spinal cord injury (SCI), the effect of NAMPT inhibitors was examined in this setting.. We investigated the effects of the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 in an experimental compression model of SCI.. Twenty-four hr following induction of SCI, a significant functional deficit accompanied widespread edema, demyelination, neuron loss and a substantial increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, PAR, NAMPT, Bax, MPO activity, NF-κB activation, astrogliosis and microglial activation was observed. Meanwhile, the expression of neurotrophins BDNF, GDNF, NT3 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased significantly. Treatment with FK866 (10 mg/kg), the best known and characterized NAMPT inhibitor, at 1 h and 6 h after SCI rescued motor function, preserved perilesional gray and white matter, restored anti-apoptotic and neurotrophic factors, prevented the activation of neutrophils, microglia and astrocytes and inhibited the elevation of NAMPT, PAR, TNF-α, IL-1β, Bax expression and NF-κB activity.We show for the first time that FK866, a specific inhibitor of NAMPT, administered after SCI, is capable of reducing the secondary inflammatory injury and partly reduce permanent damage. We also show that NAMPT protein levels are increased upon SCI in the perilesional area which can be corrected by administration of FK866.. Our findings suggest that the inflammatory component associated to SCI is the primary target of these inhibitors.

Topics: Acrylamides; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gene Expression Regulation; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Laminectomy; Male; Mice; Movement Disorders; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neutrophil Infiltration; NF-kappa B; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; Peroxidase; Phosphorylation; Piperidines; Silver Staining; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Time Factors

Topics: Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Dopamine; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Huntington Disease; Movement Disorders; Piperidines

Pharmacovigilance has revealed hundreds of reports of neuropsychiatric disorders and several deaths by suicide.

Topics: Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depression; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Europe; Humans; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Psychotic Disorders; Pyrazoles; Suicide

We report the case of a patient who presented visual hallucinations and identification disorders associated with a Capgras syndrome. During the Capgras periods, there was not only a misidentification of his wife's face, but also a more global perceptive and emotional sexual identification disorder. Thus, he had sexual intercourse with his wife's "double" without having the slightest recollection feeling of familiarity towards his "wife" and even changed his sexual habits. To the best of our knowledge, he is the only neurological patient who made his wife a mistress. Starting from this global familiarity loss, we discuss the mechanism of Capgras delusion with reference to the role of the implicit system of face recognition. Such behavior of familiarity loss not only with face but also with all intimacy aspects argues for a specific disconnection between the ventral visual pathway of face identification and the limbic system involved in emotional and episodic memory contents.

Topics: Aged; Amnesia; Antipsychotic Agents; Atrophy; Brain; Capgras Syndrome; Donepezil; Hallucinations; Humans; Indans; Male; Memory; Movement Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Nootropic Agents; Parkinsonian Disorders; Piperidines; Recognition, Psychology; Risperidone; Sexual Behavior; Spouses; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Dyskinesias and seizures are both medically refractory disorders for which cannabinoid-based treatments have shown early promise as primary or adjunctive therapy. Using the Borna disease (BD) virus rat, an animal model of viral encephalopathy with spontaneous hyperkinetic movements and seizure susceptibility, we identified a key role for endocannabinoids in the maintenance of a balanced tone of activity in extrapyramidal and limbic circuits. BD rats showed significant elevations of the endocannabinoid anandamide in subthalamic nucleus, a relay nucleus compromised in hyperkinetic disorders. While direct and indirect cannabinoid agonists had limited motor effects in BD rats, abrupt reductions of endocannabinoid tone by the CB1 antagonist SR141716A (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) caused seizures characterized by myoclonic jerks time-locked to periodic spike/sharp wave discharges on hippocampal electroencephalography. The general opiate antagonist naloxone (NLX) (1 mg/kg, s.c.), another pharmacologic treatment with potential efficacy in dyskinesias or L-DOPA motor complications, produced similar seizures. No changes in anandamide levels in hippocampus and amygdala were found in convulsing NLX-treated BD rats. In contrast, NLX significantly increased anandamide levels in the same areas of normal uninfected animals, possibly protecting against seizures. Pretreatment with the anandamide transport blocker AM404 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented NLX-induced seizures. These findings are consistent with an anticonvulsant role for endocannabinoids, counteracting aberrant firing produced by convulsive agents, and with a functional or reciprocal relation between opioid and cannabinoid tone with respect to limbic convulsive phenomena.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Arachidonic Acids; Basal Ganglia; Borna Disease; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; Convulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Endocannabinoids; Limbic System; Male; Movement Disorders; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Piperidines; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Pyrazoles; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Rimonabant; Seizures

Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Donepezil; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Indans; Male; Movement Disorders; Piperidines

Rats were injected with either saline; A-4 (40 mg/kg, i.p.), a bis tertiary amine derivative of hemicholinium-3; or A-5 (50 micrograms/kg, i.p.), a bis quaternary amine derivative of hemicholinium-3, 1 h prior to moderate fluid percussion brain injury. A variety of reflexes and responses were measured up to 60 min following injury, and body weight and several neurological measures were taken daily up to 10 days following injury. Pretreatment with either A-4 or A-5 significantly attenuated components of transient behavioral suppression, as well as more enduring deficits in body weight and beam walk and beam balance performance. A-4 administered prior to fluid percussion was found to reduce striatal, but not pontine, acetylcholine content. A-5 did not significantly reduce acetylcholine content in either area. Both A-4 and A-5 pretreatment prevented a significant increase in acetylcholine content in the cerebrospinal fluid following fluid percussion injury; however, only A-5 significantly reduced plasma acetylcholine content. These results confirm cholinergic involvement in the production of both transient and longer-lasting behavioral deficits following traumatic brain injury. Furthermore, traumatic brain injury may allow plasma constituents to gain access to the central nervous system.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain Injuries; Cholinergic Fibers; Male; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) destroys nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways and thereby produces a syndrome similar to Parkinson's disease. MPTP is oxidized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) to the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), which is taken up in dopaminergic neurons through the dopamine (DA) uptake system, where it develops its toxic effect. Our observations show a new aspect of the MPP+ mode of action, in which deprenyl in mice has a partially protective effect against MPP+. Furthermore budipine, a therapeutic agent for Parkinsonism, is also able to partially prevent MPP+ toxicity. A MAO B-inhibitory component of budipine, as shown in receptor binding studies previously, could contribute to this effect. Comparable experiments with nomifensine do not exclude the possibility of budipine as an effect as a DA uptake inhibitor. An unexplained after effect of budipine leads to a large increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels five weeks after the last administration.

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Catecholamines; Caudate Nucleus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Female; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Movement Disorders; Nomifensine; Phenethylamines; Piperidines; Pyridinium Compounds; Selegiline; Serotonin

Topics: Butyrophenones; Facial Muscles; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Movement Disorders; Phenothiazines; Piperazines; Piperidines; Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Care; Antipsychotic Agents; Chronic Disease; Delayed-Action Preparations; Depression; Electrocardiography; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Palmitic Acids; Phenothiazines; Piperidines; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia; Self-Assessment; Spermatogenesis; Sulfonamides

Topics: Depression; Humans; Movement Disorders; Phenothiazines; Piperidines; Pyridoxine; Sulfonamides; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Amines; Antiparkinson Agents; Basal Ganglia; Butyrophenones; Dementia; Female; Gait; Haloperidol; Humans; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Phenothiazines; Piperidines; Posture

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Butyrophenones; Dogs; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Rats; Seizures; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Atropine; Biperiden; Cyclohexanes; Cyclopentanes; Depression, Chemical; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Methamphetamine; Motor Activity; Motor Neurons; Movement Disorders; Parasympathomimetics; Phenytoin; Piperidines; Rats; Reserpine; Spinal Cord; Sympathomimetics; Trihexyphenidyl

Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Atropine; Biperiden; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Methamphetamine; Motor Neurons; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Phenytoin; Physostigmine; Piperidines; Rats; Reserpine; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerves; Tetrabenazine; Trihexyphenidyl

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Benperidol; Butyrophenones; Central Nervous System; Extrapyramidal Tracts; Female; Fluorine; Haloperidol; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Movement Disorders; Peripheral Nerves; Piperidines; Sweating; Trifluperidol

Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Biperiden; Cerebral Decortication; Electromyography; Methamphetamine; Models, Neurological; Motor Neurons; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Parkinson Disease; Piperidines; Rats; Reserpine

Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Biperiden; Cyclohexanes; Depression, Chemical; Electromyography; Methamphetamine; Movement Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Phenytoin; Piperidines; Rats; Reserpine; Sympathomimetics

Topics: Amphetamine; Analgesics; Anesthetics; Animals; Ataxia; Atropine; Azocines; Behavior, Animal; Cyclazocine; Levallorphan; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mescaline; Morphine; Motor Activity; Movement Disorders; Nalorphine; Narcotic Antagonists; Pentazocine; Phencyclidine; Piperidines; Psilocybin; Psychopharmacology; Rats

Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Catecholamines; Chlorine; Depression; Drug Antagonism; Drug Synergism; Humans; Methyltyrosines; Mice; Motor Activity; Movement Disorders; Naphthyridines; Norepinephrine; Phenoxybenzamine; Phenylalanine; Piperidines; Reserpine; Stimulation, Chemical

Topics: Animals; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Methylphenidate; Mice; Morpholines; Movement Disorders; Myoclonus; Neuroleptanalgesia; Paresthesia; Piperidines; Rabbits; Tropanes

Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorpromazine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mephenesin; Movement Disorders; Muscles; Piperidines; Reserpine; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Butyrophenones; Chorea; Drug Therapy; Electromyography; Haloperidol; Humans; Huntington Disease; Mental Disorders; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Psychotic Disorders; Temperament

Topics: Amphetamine; Amphetamines; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Iproniazid; Methylphenidate; Movement Disorders; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Piperidines